共轭微孔聚合物热解制备氮、硫杂原子硬炭及其储锂性能

选取溴代噻唑和三乙炔基苯为单体,利用聚合反应自下而上构建含噻唑共轭微孔聚合物(NSCMP),通过热解和KOH活化热解NSCMP制备了氮、硫杂原子硬炭(NSHC)和活化NSHC(KNSHC)。利用扫描电子显微镜、能量色散谱、氮气吸附-脱附和恒流充放电等表征2个样品的结构与电化学性能。研究表明KNSHC中N和S的质量分数分别为10.42%和2.23%,KNSHC比表面积高达2 140 m²·g^-1。在0.2 A·g^-1电流密度下循环500次后KNSHC和NSHC的可逆比容量分别为946.2和493.7 mAh·g^-1。KNSHC的优异电化学性能归因于其独特的孔结构和氮、硫杂原子的协同作用。     

共轭微孔聚合物多孔硬炭的KOH活化碳化与储锂性能

以1,3,5-三乙炔基苯为单体自聚合成了共轭微孔聚合物（CMP）,经直接碳化、KOH活化碳化分别制备了多孔硬炭（PHC）和KOH活化多孔硬炭（K-PHC）。用SEM、N₂吸附-脱附测试对K-PHC和PHC形貌结构进行了分析。K-PHC具有丰富的孔结构和较大的比表面积（1234.5 m²·g^-1）。恒流充放电测试表明：K-PHC的首次充放电比容量为972.1和2438.2 mAh·g^-1; 0.6 A·g^-1电流密度下循环300次,仍可达到627.2 mAh·g^-1的高比容量。      

氮掺杂多孔炭片的模板法制备及其储锂性能研究

以氧化镁/三聚氰胺/聚乙二醇混合物为初始原料,通过模板辅助的方法成功地制备了高储锂性能的氮掺杂多孔炭片（NPCSs）.采用红外光谱（FTIR）、X射线粉末衍射（XRD）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）、扫描电镜（SEM）、透射电镜（TEM）、循环伏安（CV）、恒流充放电（GCD）和交流阻抗（EIS）对样品进行了详细地表征和分析.结果显示：NPCSs为交错连接的多孔炭片网络,并显示出较高的比表面积（370.8 m²·g^-1）、多级的孔道和高的氮含量（8.5 at%）.这种连续多孔的结构,有利于电子在三维方向的传输,缩短了锂离子扩散的距离,扩大了锂离子与电极的接触面积,也为锂离子的储存提供了有利场所.此外,高的氮掺杂水平为锂离子的嵌入和脱出提供了大量的活性位点,增强了材料的导电性.基于此独特的结构,NPCSs电极显示了高的首次可逆比容量（电流密度为100 mA·g^-1时,扣除乙炔黑贡献后的比容量为914 mAh·g^-1）和较好的循环稳定性（电流密度为1000 mA·g^-1,循环至300圈,仍保留523 mAh·g^-1的比容量）.而且,该材料显示出较高的倍率性能,在电流密度为3000 mA·g^-1时的可逆比容量达到355 mAh·g^-1.因此,所获得的NPCSs有望成为锂离子电池负极材料.     

芘基共轭微孔聚合物用于锂离子电池电极材料性能研究

共轭微孔聚合物由于其高的比表面积、优良的物理化学稳定性以及沿分子链延伸的共轭结构等特点,使其在锂离子电池电极材料方面具有巨大的应用前景.本工作以四溴芘和对苯二硼酸为构建单元,通过Suzuki偶联反应合成了具有高比表面积的芘基共轭微孔聚合物PyDB,并研究了其作为锂离子电池电极材料的电化学性能.当PyDB用作锂离子电池正极材料时,在50 mA·g^-1的电流密度下,放电容量达到163 mAh·g^-1,即使在3000 mA·g^-1的电流密度下仍具有62 mAh·g^-1的可逆容量,在100 mA·g^-1的电流密度下循环300次仍具有167 mAh·g^-1的容量.当该聚合物用作负极材料时,在50 mA·g^-1电流密度下的放电容量达到495 mAh·g^-1,在200 mA·g^-1的电流密度下循环300次,仍具有245 mAh·g^-1的容量.PyDB优异的电化学性能主要归因于其延伸的共轭结构和高比表面积的多孔结构,大的共轭结构有利于分子链的掺杂反应和电子传导,高比表面积的多孔结构有利于提供大量的活性位点并促进离子的迁移.     

含氟共轭微孔聚合物的制备及其吸附应用研究

共轭微孔聚合物由于其高的比表面积、优良的物理化学稳定性、多样的合成方法以及沿分子骨架延伸的共轭结构等特点,近几年得到广泛关注和快速发展.本工作以1,3,5-三氟-2,4,6-三碘苯作为含氟单体与1,3,5-三乙炔基苯通过Sonogashira偶联反应聚合得到含氟共轭微孔聚合物F-CMP.通过把氟原子引入到共轭微孔聚合物骨架中,F-CMP显示出良好的疏水性能,与水的接触角达到145°.得益于良好的疏水性能和适宜的孔隙结构,相比于骨架结构相似的不含氟共轭微孔聚合物（H-CMP）,F-CMP对油和有机溶剂的吸附量得到大幅提高,且显示出高的吸附速率和良好的吸附循环性.     

共轭微孔聚合物及其复合材料的制备及应用

共轭微孔聚合物是一类具有扩展共轭体系的骨架材料,具有比表面积大、稳定性高、微孔大小和体积可精确调控等特点。由于其独特的结构特点,共轭微孔聚合物在各方面展现出巨大的应用潜力,本文综述了共轭微孔聚合物及复合材料的制备方法,以及共轭微孔聚合物在气体吸附和储存、污染物的富集、非均相催化、光发射、化学传感器、光捕集、电能存储等方面的应用。     

可逆高储锂的锂离子电池炭负极材料的研究进展

对近几年所研究的高能可储锂炭材料进行了综述。主要为以下几个方面：石墨的改性、有机裂解炭、低温聚合物裂解炭和其它炭材料。     

核壳纳米球钴基金属有机聚合物的制备及其储锂性能

以偏苯三甲酸和六水合硝酸钴为原料,通过水热法合成了2种反应时间不同的钴基金属有机聚合物(Co-MOP)。采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和N₂吸附-脱附对Co-MOP材料进行了结构和形貌表征。将2种Co-MOP材料用作锂离子电池负极材料,并进行了电化学性能测试。结果表明,Co-MOP-12(水热反应12 h)展示出了优异的电化学性能,在100 mA·g^-1的电流密度下,Co-MOP-12电极的首圈可逆比容量达到979 mAh·g^-1,循环100圈后比容量高达1 345 mAh·g^-1。     

共轭微孔聚合物的制备与应用

共轭微孔聚合物(CMPs)是一类有机多孔聚合物,与常规共轭聚合物或多孔材料相比,其最大的特点是既有π共轭骨架又具有大量微孔.这类材料在解决能源和环境问题方面显示出巨大的潜力,已在气体吸附、非均相催化、发光材料、化学传感器、电能存储和生物杂化物等领域显示出巨大的应用前景.目前已开发出多种用于CMPs结构单元设计与合成的新...     

基于不同前驱体制备的硬碳负极材料的储锂性能

以聚丙烯腈、石油沥青和花生壳为前驱体,在1200℃下碳化制备三种不同的硬碳材料.通过扫描电子显微、X射线衍射、氮气吸附/脱附测试和拉曼光谱等方法探究不同前驱体所制备的硬碳材料的表面形貌和物相结构.通过恒流充放电测试考察了这三种硬碳负极材料的电化学性能.结果表明,花生壳基硬碳的初始放电比容量最高,但首圈库仑效率最低,石油...     

Microporous carbon aerogel prepared through ambient pressure drying route as anode material for lithium ion cells

Carbon aerogel synthesized through a cost‐effective and easy method was evaluated and found to be a promising anode material for lithium ion cells. Carbon aerogel was prepared by carbonizing resorcinol–formaldehyde (RF) aerogel under inert atmosphere. Resorcinol–formaldehyde aerogel in turn was prepared through sol gel polymerization of resorcinol with formaldehyde using sodium carbonate as catalyst adopting ambient pressure drying route. The structure and the morphology of the prepared carbon aerogel are investigated using X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and surface area determined using N₂–Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method. The TEM images reveal microporous morphology of the carbon aerogel particles. The evaluation of carbon aerogel as an anode material revealed promising specific capacity synergized with outstanding cyclability. The first cycle specific capacity was 288 mAh/g with an efficiency of 63% at C/10 rate. The material retained a capacity of 96.9% of the initial capacity with about 100% efficiency after 100 cycles, showing the excellent cyclability of the material. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Synthesis and properties of nanosized tin-zinc composite oxides as lithium storage materials

After preparing the precursor by a liquid precipitation method, a series of tin-zinc composite oxides with different components and structures were synthesized as the anode materials for lithium ion batteries when the precursor was pyrolyzed at different temperatures. The products were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and electrochemical measurements. The reversible capacity of amorphous ZnSnO₃ is 844 mA · h/g in the first cycle and the charge capacity is 695 mA · h/g in the tenth cycle. The reversible capacity of ZnO · SnO₂ is 845 mA · h/g in the first cycle and the charge capacity is 508 mA · h/g in the tenth cycle. The reversible capacity of SnO₂ · Zn₂SnO₄ is 758 mA · h/g in the first cycle and the charge capacity is 455 mA · h/g in the tenth cycle. Results show that amorphous ZnSnO₃ exhibits the best electrochemical property among all of the tin-zinc composite oxides. With the formation of crystallites in the samples, the electrochemical property of the tin-zinc composite oxides decreases. Translated from Chem J Chin Univ, 2006, 27(12): 2252–2255 [译自: 高等学校化学学报]     

Electrochemical intercalation of lithium into carbon nanoparticles

This paper reports properties of carbon nanoparticles used as anode of lithium-ion battery. It shows that carbon nanoparticles have a high first-charge capacity and good potential for cycling and, if properly modified, are a promising anode material for lithium-ion batteries. Published in Russian in Elektrokhimiya, 2006, Vol. 42, No. 8, pp. 999–1001. The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

Synthesis of carbon nanofibers@MnO2 3D structures over copper foil as binder free anodes for lithium ion batteries

A 3D structured composite of carbon nanofibers@MnO₂ on copper foil is reported here as a binder free anode of lithium ion batteries, with high capacity, fast charge/discharge rate and good stability. Carbon nanofiber yarns were synthesized directly over copper foil through a floating catalyst method. The growth of carbon nanofiber yarns was significantly enhanced by mechanical polishing of the copper foils, which can be attributed to the increased surface roughness and surface area of the copper foils. MnO₂ was then grown over carbon nanofibers through spontaneous reduction of potassium permanganate by the carbon nanofibers. The obtained composites of carbon nanofibers@MnO₂ over copper foil were tested as an anode in lithium ion batteries and they show superior electrochemical performance. The initial reversible capacity of carbon nanofibers@MnO₂ reaches up to around 998 mAh·g^?1 at a rate of 60 mmA·g^?1 based on the mass of carbon nanofibers and MnO₂. The carbon nanofibers@MnO₂ electrodes could deliver a capacity of 630 mAh·g^?1 at the beginning and maintain a capacity of 440 mmAh·g^?1 after 105 cycles at a rate of 600 mA·g^?1. The high initial capacity can be attributed to the presence of porous carbon nanofiber yarns which have good electrical conductivity and the MnO₂ thin film which makes the entire materials electrochemically active. The high cyclic stability of carbon nanofibers@MnO₂ can be ascribed to the MnO₂ thin film which can accommodate the volume expansion and shrinking during charge and discharge and the good contact of carbon nanofibers with MnO₂ and copper foil.     

氯化锂活化制备活性炭及吸附锂离子性能研究

采用化学活化法,用猪血粉为前驱体和新型活化剂氯化锂活化制备锂离子活性炭（LB-AC）并进行吸附锂离子研究。用氯化锂对猪血粉进行活化后我们得到比表面积为695 m2?g-1,总孔体积为0.3 cm3?g-1的LB-AC。通过扫描电子显微镜、元素分析、X 射线衍射分析和红外光谱分析等分析手段对LB-AC表面形貌和表面基团进行表征。吸附?解吸实验结果表明,随着温度升高,锂离子的吸附容量随之增加,表明LB-AC对锂离子的吸附是一种吸热反应。当温度增加至35 ℃和45 ℃时,其吸附容量分别增加至1.41 mg?g-1和1.52 mg?g-1。锂离子的初始浓度增加,吸附容量也增加。锂的脱附随着盐酸浓度的升高而增加。LB-AC对锂离子的选择性很高,且吸附剂在碱性环境下吸附容量更高,在酸性环境下基本不吸附。     

金属改性与碳包覆的多孔硅微球复合材料的制备及其电化学储锂性能

以工业级SiAl合金微球为前驱物,采用多步刻蚀-热处理策略,制备了金属(Sb-Sn)改性与碳包覆的多孔硅微球复合材料(pSi/Sb-Sn@C)。pSi/Sb-Sn@C具有以 Sb-Sn改性的多孔硅微球(pSi/Sb-Sn)为核、碳包覆层为壳的三维结构。碳外壳可以提高多孔硅微球的电子导电性和机械稳定性,有利于获得稳定的固体电解质界面(SEI)膜;而三维多孔核可以促进锂离子的扩散,增加嵌/脱锂活性位,缓冲嵌锂过程中的体积膨胀。此外,活性金属(Sb-Sn)的引入能够提高复合材料的导电性,并可以贡献一定的储锂容量。由于其特殊的组成和独特的微观结构,pSi/Sb-Sn@C复合材料在1.0 A·g^-1电流密度下充放电300次后的可逆容量为1 247.4 mAh·g^-1,显示了良好的高速率储锂性能和优异的电化学嵌/脱锂循环稳定性。     

Polyhedral magnetite nanocrystals with multiple facets: facile synthesis, structural modelling, magnetic properties and application for high capacity lithium storage

Polyhedral magnetite nanocrystals with multiple facets were synthesised by a low temperature hydrothermal method. Atomistic simulation and calculations on surface attachment energy successfully predicted the polyhedral structure of magnetite nanocrystals with multiple facets. X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and high resolution transmission microscopy confirmed the crystal structure of magnetite, which is consistent with the theoretical modelling. The magnetic property measurements show the superspin glass state of the polyhedral nanocrystals, which could originate from the nanometer size of individual single crystals. When applied as an anode material in lithium ion cells, magnetite nanocrystals demonstrated an outstanding electrochemical performance with a high lithium storage capacity, a satisfactory cyclability, and an excellent high rate capacity.     

Dispersing SnO2 nanocrystals in amorphous carbon as a cyclic durable anode material for lithium ion batteries

We demonstrate a facile route for the massive production of SnCb/carbon nanocomposite used as high-capacity anode materials of nextgeneration lithium-ion batteries.The nanocomposite had a unique structure of ultrafine SnO2 nanocrystals（5 nm,80 wt%） homogeneously dispersed in amorphous carbon matrix.This structure design can well accommodate the volume change of Li＋ insertion/desertion in SnO2,and prevent the aggregation of the nanosized active materials during cycling,leading to superior cycle performance with stable reversible capacity of 400 mAh/g at a high current rate of 3.3 A/g.