后向受激布里渊散射诱导的光学材料破坏机理研究

 区别于传统的受激布里渊散射(SBS)发生器和放大器，提出了一种新型的SBS模型：自供种子光模型 (self Stokes seeding，SSS)。数值求解了SBS耦合波方程组，得到了SBS诱导应力的时空分布。基于SSS建立了高功率激光辐照下光学材料破坏阈值的计算模型，研究了SBS破坏阈值与激光脉宽以及作用区长度的关系。研究发现，SBS作为一种破坏机制，表现为前表面破坏，且破坏阈值与激光脉宽以及作用区长度均成反比。     

Maximum repeaterless transmission of lightwave systems imposed by stimulated Brillouin scattering in fibres

To aid in designing high-speed optical networks, the fundamental limitations of lightwave transmission systems are investigated from the viewpoint of fibre nonlinearities, particularly of stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS). When SBS occurs, the fibre launch power is usually restricted; thus, SBS is detrimental to lightwave systems. The effects of SBS on signals transmitted in fibres are clarified for several modulation schemes, especially coherent modulation schemes. A generalized model based on the maximum power spectrum density in the signals is proposed to estimate the degree of SBS generation. The maximum repeaterless transmissions for various bit rates, laser diode linewidths, and Brillouin gains of optical fibres are presented. The degradation of transmission due to SBS is clarified experimentally, focusing on the bit error rate, fibre input power, and spectra of signals transmitted in fibres. In addition, various techniques for suppressing the SBS effects are proposed. A repeaterless transmission experiment conducted over 364.3 km using optical booster amplifiers is presented to verify the effectiveness of the SBS suppression technique.     

Optical fibre beam delivery of high-energy laser pulses: beam quality preservation and fibre end-preparation

This paper investigates the extension of optical fibre beam delivery to high-brightness applications, in particular laser percussion drilling, where both a good beam quality and high peak power are required. Beam quality preservation through a number of optical fibres is studied both experimentally and by using a ray propagation model. It is determined that in order to achieve the beam quality required for percussion drilling (M²<30) the largest fibre which can be used is 400 μm diameter. The laser-induced damage threshold is measured for a number of 400 μm fibres, and a CO₂ laser-annealing technique is shown to increase the damage threshold by a factor of 10, allowing 28 J, 1 ms pulses to be transmitted.     

Stimulated supercontinuum-radiation generation of carbon disulfide by all-trans-β-carotene fluorescence enhancement effect in liquid core optical fibre

We demonstrate stimulated supercontinuum-radiation of carbon disulfide (CS₂) influenced by biological molecules all-trans-β -carotene in liquid core optical fibre (LCOF). By virtue of the broad fluorescence characteristics and large third-order optical nonlinearities of all-{trans}-β-carotene,the high-order Stokes lines of stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) and the multi-order Stokes lines of stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) excitated by SRS are observed at low input-laser energies. The results indicate that the fluorescence not only enhances the SRS, but also the SBS. These Stokes lines generate the SRS--SBS supercontinuum radiation (RBSR). A flat-amplitude bandwidth of 110 nm from 515nm to 625nm is observed when a frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser at 532nm with an energy of 0.86mJ is used. This result is expected to be useful for the multi-wavelength fibre laser.     

Random distributed feedback fibre lasers

The concept of random lasers exploiting multiple scattering of photons in an amplifying disordered medium in order to generate coherent light without a traditional laser resonator has attracted a great deal of attention in recent years. This research area lies at the interface of the fundamental theory of disordered systems and laser science. The idea was originally proposed in the context of astrophysics in the 1960s by V.S. Letokhov, who studied scattering with “negative absorption” of the interstellar molecular clouds. Research on random lasers has since developed into a mature experimental and theoretical field. A simple design of such lasers would be promising for potential applications. However, in traditional random lasers the properties of the output radiation are typically characterized by complex features in the spatial, spectral and time domains, making them less attractive than standard laser systems in terms of practical applications. Recently, an interesting and novel type of one-dimensional random laser that operates in a conventional telecommunication fibre without any pre-designed resonator mirrors–random distributed feedback fibre laser–was demonstrated. The positive feedback required for laser generation in random fibre lasers is provided by the Rayleigh scattering from the inhomogeneities of the refractive index that are naturally present in silica glass. In the proposed laser concept, the randomly backscattered light is amplified through the Raman effect, providing distributed gain over distances up to 100 km. Although an effective reflection due to the Rayleigh scattering is extremely small (∼0.1%), the lasing threshold may be exceeded when a sufficiently large distributed Raman gain is provided. Such a random distributed feedback fibre laser has a number of interesting and attractive features. The fibre waveguide geometry provides transverse confinement, and effectively one-dimensional random distributed feedback leads to the generation of a stationary near-Gaussian beam with a narrow spectrum. A random distributed feedback fibre laser has efficiency and performance that are comparable to and even exceed those of similar conventional fibre lasers. The key features of the generated radiation of random distributed feedback fibre lasers include: a stationary narrow-band continuous modeless spectrum that is free of mode competition, nonlinear power broadening, and an output beam with a Gaussian profile in the fundamental transverse mode (generated both in single mode and multi-mode fibres).     

激光与材料参数对瞬态SBS 诱导的激光超声破坏效果的影响

 通过数值求解一维瞬态受激布里渊散射（SBS）声光耦合波方程，从理论上分析了泵浦激光参数及光学材料参数对SBS过程发生阈值的影响。以SBS过程中建立起来的应力场抗拉（压）强度和散射场的反射率为判据，分析了激光脉宽及作用区域长度对激光超声破坏材料效果的影响，探讨了短脉冲激光（约ns）引起的激光超声对材料的破坏机理；讨论了通过参数配置有效遏制SBS过程激光超声对光学材料的破坏问题。     

Output dynamics and stabilisation of a multi-mode double-clad Yb-doped silica fibre laser

The intensity dynamics of the double-clad Yb fibre laser have been characterised. Stabilisation of the fibre laser intensity by using uniform bi-directional pumping is demonstrated. For the single-end-pumped Yb fibre laser, the output becomes more stable for the shorter fibre length due to the higher threshold of stimulated Brillouin scattering, SBS, and Kerr effects and the reduction of saturated absorber effects caused by any unpumped fibre section. By additional pumping in a double-end-pumped configuration, the output power can be scaled higher before detecting high intensity pulses initiated by SBS in the Yb fibre laser due to the reduction of saturable absorption effect. It is confirmed that uniform pumping enhances the stability of the laser output.     

Wavelength dependence of laser-induced damage: determining the damage initiation mechanisms

A novel experimental approach is employed to understand the mechanisms of laser induced damage. Using an OPO (optical parametric oscillator) laser, we have measured the damage thresholds of deuterated potassium dihydrogen phosphate (DKDP) from the near ultraviolet into the visible. Distinct steps, whose width is of the order of k(B)T, are observed in the damage threshold at photon energies associated with the number of photons (3-->2 or 4-->3) needed to promote a ground state electron across the energy gap. The wavelength dependence of the damage threshold suggests that a primary mechanism for damage initiation in DKDP is a multiphoton process in which the order is reduced through excited defect state absorption.     

The damage of the optical components induced by the stimulated Brillouin scattering

A theory of excitation of ultrasonic waves in the stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) process is presented in this paper. By using several reasonable approximations, a numerical calculation of the transient longitudinal SBS shows that large amplitude of acoustic waves can be built up by the nanosecond pulse of high-power laser, which may result in the damage of optical glasses. The maximal density change and the maximal acoustic wave intensity in optical glasses of 5\,cm in thickness are calculated by using different parameters of the high-energy laser, such as the intensity, the pulse width, and the wave length. The damage threshold of the optical glasses is about 80 GW/cm^{2} when using a 1064 nm laser. The dynamic mechanism of SBS is the electrostriction effect of the components coupling with the high-power laser.     

窄线宽纳秒脉冲光纤拉曼放大器的理论模型和数值分析

窄线宽纳秒脉冲光纤拉曼放大器在非线性频率变换、遥感探测和量子信息等领域有广泛的应用前景.综合考虑受激拉曼散射(stimulated Raman scattering,SRS)、受激布里渊散射(stimulated Brillouin scattering,SBS)、自相位调制(self-phase modulation)和交叉相位调制(cross-phase modulation)等非线性效应,建立了窄线宽纳秒脉冲光纤拉曼放大器的非线性动力学模型.仿真分析了放大器中脉冲激光的时频演化特性,对比研究了抽运脉冲宽度、光纤长度和信号光功率等因素对放大器性能的影响.研究发现,上述因素会影响放大器的SRS阈值、SBS阈值、输出激光线宽、激光转换效率等.例如,当脉冲宽度为800 ns时,SBS随着抽运功率的增加而发生,限制了激光功率的提升;减短抽运脉宽可以抑制SBS,但是输出激光的线宽易于展宽到数百MHz以上;增加光纤长度可以获得更低的SRS阈值和更高的转换效率,但是SBS效应和光谱展宽程度也随之增强.系统搭建中需要平衡各非线性效应,选择合适的系统参数.研究内容可以为窄线宽纳秒脉冲光纤拉曼放大器的设计搭建提供参考.     

Bandwidths of single-mode and multimode optical fibre

An analysis is given of the effect of carrier spectral width on bandwidth of optical fibre transmission lines and a simple generalized expression is deduced relating carrier bandspread and maximum permissible pulse rate. It is shown that for the case of a semiconductor laser carrier source the bandwidth of a multimode fibre can be made to approach that expected from single-mode and graded-index fibres.     

Analysis of bottlenecks in DWDM fiber optic communication system

This paper deals with the limiting factors like Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (SBS), Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS) and Four Wave Mixing (FWM) in DWDM Fiber Optic Communication. The variation of SBS threshold power level for the spectral width of the source is analyzed and it is found that addition of spectral width in the source lowers the SBS effect. By reducing the SBS effect, we could transmit more optical power in a single channel and maintain high OSNR. Similarly the effect of phase mismatching (dispersion) and wavelength spacing on both FWM and SRS are analyzed. This work aims at finding the optimal value of spectral width, dispersion and channel spacing, thereby exploring the possibilities of increasing the overall capacity of the fiber optic trunk line.     

PMMA材料在线偏振和圆偏振光下的超连续光谱特性分析

飞秒激光在透明材料加工过程中会出现超连续光谱现象。在阐述超连续光谱产生的原理的基础上,为了分析PMMA材料在不同偏振光下产生的超连续光谱的阈值,设计了线偏光和圆偏光及不同能量加工PMMA材料的实验方案。利用光谱仪对产生的超连续光谱信号进行采集及处理,分析出不同能量下的线偏振(TE和TM)和圆偏振两种偏振态的超连续光谱的变化规律,并对比了相同能量下线偏振和圆偏振的超连续光谱的区别。实验中采用脉宽160 fs、中心波长为775 nm的飞秒激光,实验结果表明,同一偏振下能量越大,光谱谱宽越宽;通过对比不同能量下的光谱特性,观测出产生超连续光谱的阈值, 线偏振光的阈值为0.46 μJ,圆偏振光的阈值为0.586 μJ;对比相同能量下的线偏振和圆偏振光,线偏振的谱宽比圆偏振的宽。     

Generation of supercontinuum radiation in conventional single-mode fibre and its application to broadband absorption spectroscopy

High-pulse-energy supercontinuum radiation with a width exceeding 900 nm in the near-infrared spectral region has been generated in conventional single-mode fibre. The fibre was pumped at 1064 nm which is in the normal dispersion regime, resulting in predominantly red-shifted spectral broadening. Supercontinuum pulse energies exceeding 450 nJ were obtained. The use of conventional fibre allows for inexpensive generation of near-infrared supercontinuum radiation, featuring high pulse energies and good spatial beam quality. This supercontinuum radiation was used to acquire high-resolution (15 pm) broadband absorption spectra of H₂O, C₂H₂ and C₂H₄ in the near-infrared spectral region (1340–1700 nm), using an optical spectrum analyser for detection. H₂O spectra were also recorded at high repetition rates, by dispersing the supercontinuum pulses and detecting the transmitted signal in the time domain. A spectral resolution of 38 pm was obtained employing the dispersed supercontinuum pulses, which is comparable to the H₂O line widths at ambient conditions. PACS 07.07.Df; 42.62.Fi; 42.79.Nv; 42.81.-i     

A mirror based on stimulated brillouin scattering with a double feedback loop in a laser cavity

The possibility of switching an external mirror based on stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) with a double feedback loop to a laser cavity is shown experimentally. A significant increase in the output laser power is obtained with conservation of the diffraction quality of the initial radiation. Experimental comparison with an ordinary SBS mirror, excited in a single pass through a nonlinear medium, is performed and the advantage in the energy parameters of the scheme with a double feedback loop is shown. The threshold characteristics of the SBS mirror under study are calculated and good agreement with the experimental data is obtained.     

窄线宽脉冲光纤激光的自相位调制预补偿研究

自相位调制(SPM)效应会展宽窄线宽脉冲光纤激光的光谱宽度,降低其相干性.通过相位调制对SPM引起的非线性相移进行预补偿,能够使脉冲激光在光纤中进行放大和传输后保持种子激光的光谱特性.基于三波耦合方程开展数值仿真,研究了在对SPM进行"欠补偿","完全补偿"和"过补偿"的情况下,SPM预补偿对受激布里渊散射阈值和激光光谱特性的影响.开展了SPM预补偿实验研究,将脉冲激光的光谱宽度从1.4 GHz压缩到120 MHz.研究内容可以为窄线宽脉冲光纤激光系统的设计搭建提供参考.     

Measurement of stimulated Brillouin scattering （SBS） threshold based on waveform variation of SBS optical limiting

This paper proposes a method for measuring the stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) threshold based on waveform variation of SBS optical limiting. The output waveforms for different pump power densities are numerically simulated, and validated in the Nd:YAG seed-injected laser system. The results indicate that SBS does not take place in the case of a low pump power density and thus the output power scales up linearly with pump power. Once the pump power density exceeds the SBS threshold, SBS takes place and thereby the energies are transferred from pump to Stokes. As a result, a small shoulder appears in the trailing edge of the output waveform, which provides another method to determine the SBS threshold.     

一种激光损伤阈值测试新方法

随着激光器朝向大功率、高能量的方向发展,激光损伤阈值成为了衡量光学元件抗激光损伤能力的重要参数之一,因此,能否准确地测量出光学元件的激光损伤阈值成为研究的重点。而光学元件激光损伤阈值测试的关键是能否准确地判别光学元件是否发生激光损伤。为解决目前常见的损伤判别方法存在的精度低、识别时间长、适用材料范围窄、操作复杂等不足,提出了一种新的激光损伤的判别方法,即等离子体诊断法。以K9玻璃为例,搭建激光损伤阈值的测试平台,利用光纤光谱仪采集强激光辐照K9玻璃时所产生的激光等离子体闪光光谱,并对该光谱进行诊断分析,将该光谱中是否含有待测试光学元件材料中特征元素的光谱峰作为其是否收到激光损伤的标准。同时,对K9玻璃进行了激光损伤阈值的测试,并将测试结果与等离子体闪光法和显微镜法所测的激光损伤阈值进行了对比分析。实验表明,提出的等离子体诊断方法的判别精度高、速度快、测试装置结构简单,易实现在线测量,可以大大地提高光学元件激光损伤阈值测试工作的效率。     

Stimulated Raman scattering of copper vapour laser radiation in optical fibres

Wideband frequency conversion of copper vapour laser radiation has been achieved by stimulated Raman scattering in multimode silica fibres. Up to nine Stokes' orders have been generated in the 511 to 649 nm spectral region with a conversion efficiency greater than 90% of the fibre output. Four-wave mixing processes involving laser and Stokes' lines have also been observed.     

Investigation of stimulated Brillouin scattering for broadband KrF laser

Stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) numerical mode for broadband multimode KrF laser pump with optical breakdown has been built up in this paper. The basic premises of the model are that KrF spectrum is composed of an umber of lines and SBS arises from these lines with coupling to some extent. The broadband SBS threshold strongly depends on pump bandwidth. SBS and optical breakdown occur nearly simultaneously when broadband SBS and breakdown have the same threshold. The decrease of saturation reflectivity for broadband pump radiation is explained with this model. Experimental results agree well with the model.