Stability of carotenoid diets during feed processing and under different storage conditions

The stability of formulated carotenoid diets during feed processing and under different storage conditions were studied. All carotenoid diets were split into two groups with one group containing BHT (acting as an antioxidant) at 250 ppm and the other without BHT. The experiment was divided into two parts. First, all diets were evaluated in total carotenoid (TC) loss during feed processing, in dry mixed feeds after being processed and dried. In the final part, the completed dietary carotenoids were stored in an aluminum foil bag, the top of which was sealed with a bag sealer and kept under different storage conditions at 26-28 °C and 4 °C. The stability of the TC was observed during an 8-week trial period. The results showed that the diet pelleting process did not affect the carotenoid content of the diets, and the best storage temperature for the formulated carotenoid diet was at 4 °C. However, an antioxidant was added to assist in energy saving before feed processing. Thus, the addition of BHT at 250 ppm can be done at normal room temperature in order to reduce oxidation that might cause a loss of TC quantities in diets.     

High-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry fingerprinting of metabolites from cecum and distal colon contents of rats fed resistant starch

Time-of-flight mass spectrometry along with statistical analysis was utilized to study metabolic profiles among rats fed resistant starch (RS) diets. Fischer 344 rats were fed four starch diets consisting of 55 % (w/w, dbs) starch. A control starch diet consisting of corn starch was compared against three RS diets. The RS diets were high-amylose corn starch (HA7), HA7 chemically modified with octenyl succinic anhydride, and stearic-acid-complexed HA7 starch. A subgroup received antibiotic treatment to determine if perturbations in the gut microbiome were long lasting. A second subgroup was treated with azoxymethane (AOM), a carcinogen. At the end of the 8-week study, cecal and distal colon content samples were collected from the sacrificed rats. Metabolites were extracted from cecal and distal colon samples into acetonitrile. The extracts were then analyzed on an accurate-mass time-of-flight mass spectrometer to obtain their metabolic profile. The data were analyzed using partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). The PLS-DA analysis utilized a training set and verification set to classify samples within diet and treatment groups. PLS-DA could reliably differentiate the diet treatments for both cecal and distal colon samples. The PLS-DA analyses of the antibiotic and no antibiotic-treated subgroups were well classified for cecal samples and modestly separated for distal colon samples. PLS-DA analysis had limited success separating distal colon samples for rats given AOM from those not treated; the cecal samples from AOM had very poor classification. Mass spectrometry profiling coupled with PLS-DA can readily classify metabolite differences among rats given RS diets.     

Lipid lowering effects of high linoleate and high alpha-linolenate diets in rats and mice. Consequence of long-term feedings.

Diets high in linoleate (safflower oil) or high in alpha-linolenate (perilla oil) were fed to rats for 11 months, and the effects of the diets on plasma and tissue lipids were compared. The plasma levels of total cholesterol (Cho), phospholipids (PL) and triacylglycerol (TG) were significantly lower in the high alpha-linolenate group than in the high linoleate group, the differences being more than 30% in the levels of total Cho and TG. The diets had differential effects on the lipid contents of major tissues: the TG level in muscle was higher but both the TG level in depot fat and the PL level in muscle were lower in the high alpha-linolenate group than in the high linoleate group. In order to clarify whether or not the hypolipidemic effect of the high alpha-linolenate diet was due to changes in the distribution of lipids among tissues, whole body lipids were estimated in mice fed these diets for 5 months. The whole body Cho content was significantly lower, by 28%, in the high alpha-linolenate group compared with the high linoleate group, but the total lipid content, PL and neutral lipids were similar between the groups. Our results indicate that the high alpha-linolenate diet has a more potent cholesterol lowering effect in plasma and body tissue than the high linoleate diet; interestingly, whole body TG levels are similar but tissue distributions of TG are different between the two dietary groups.     

Benefits of Anthocyanin-Rich Black Rice Fraction and Wood Sterols to Control Plasma and Tissue Lipid Concentrations in Wistar Kyoto Rats Fed an Atherogenic Diet

Background: This study reports on the relative effects of administrating a cyanidin-3-O-glucoside-rich black rice fraction (BRF), a standardized wood sterol mixture (WS), and a combination of both to lower plasma and target tissue lipid concentrations in Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats fed atherogenic diets. Methods: Male WKY (n = 40) rats were randomly divided into five groups, which included a nonatherogenic control diet and atherogenic diets that included a positive control and atherogenic diets supplemented with BRF or WS, respectively, and a combination of both BRF + WS. Plasma and target tissue liver, heart and aorta cholesterol, and triacylglycerides (TAG) content were also measured. Results: Rats fed atherogenic diets exhibited elevated hyperlipidemia compared to counterparts fed nonatherogenic diets (p < 0.001); this effect was mitigated by supplementing the atherogenic diets with BRF and WS, respectively (p < 0.05). Combining BRF with WS to enrich the supplement lowered cholesterol similar to the WS effect (p < 0.05) and lowered TAG characteristic to the BRF effect (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Rats fed diets containing BRF or WS effectively mitigate the hypercholesterolemia and elevated TAG induced by feeding an atherogenic diet. The benefit of adding BRF + WS together is relevant to the lipid parameter measured and is target tissue-specific.     

Multielemental analysis of vegetarian human diets and dietary components by neutron activation

Two vegetarian diet samples representative of the Indian sub-continent were prepared (in raw form) by the proportionate blending method for adolescent and adult age groups. These along with its components, viz. wheat, rice flours and pulses, were analyzed for 12 minor and trace elements by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) and high resolution -ray spectrometry. Bowen's kale was also analyzed to check the accuracy of the method. The concentrations of Br, Co, Cu, Fe, K, Mn and P are comparable to the non-vegetarian American and European diets. Zinc concentrations are however lower than the recommended dietary allowances (RDA) and the western non-vegetarian diets.     

Ginseng Prong Added to Broiler Diets Reduces Lipid Peroxidation in Refrigerated and Frozen Stored Poultry Meats

Fatty acid content and lipid oxidation products were compared in chicken breast and leg meats derived from birds fed on animal-fat- and vegetable-oil-based diets, supplemented with ginseng prong powder. The first experiment examined polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content and the formation of primary and secondary lipid oxidation products in meats stored at refrigeration temperatures (4 °C) for up to 10 days, while the second experiment examined similar changes in the poultry meats when frozen stored at −18 °C, for up to six months. Results showed that initial lipid hydroperoxide concentrations increased in both breast and leg meat within the first week of refrigerated storage and also was ongoing during the first three to four months of frozen storage. A higher (p < 0.05) PUFA content in leg meat, especially in broilers fed a vegetable-oil-blended diet, corresponded to greater tendency for generation of primary lipid oxidation products after refrigerated and frozen storage (p < 0.05). The inclusion of powdered ginseng prong in broiler diets significantly inhibited (p < 0.05) secondary lipid oxidation products (e.g., malonaldehyde [MDA]) formation in both stored leg and breast meat, compared to controls. Significant interactions (p < 0.05) were obtained for storage time and inclusion of ginseng against production of primary and secondary lipid oxidation in broiler breast and leg meats from broilers fed PUFA-containing diets. We conclude that including ginseng prong in broiler growing diets represents a viable strategy to control lipid oxidation in refrigerated/cold-stored meat products.     

Brain regional distribution of the minor and trace elements, Na, K, Sc, Cr, Mn, Co, Zn and Se, in mice bred under Zn-deficient, -adequate and -excessive diets

Instrumental neutron activation analysis was to study the regional distributions of the minor (Na, K) and trace (Sc, Cr, Mn, Co, Zn, Se) elements in mice bred under the controlled diets with Zn content from 0.7 to 3520 ppm in small amounts of brain regions (cerebral cortex, corpus striatum, hippocampus, thalamus and hypothalamus, midbrain, cerebellum, pons and medulla, olfactory bulb). The trace elements were distributed heterogeneously among all brain regions and concentrated in corpus striatum and hippocampus. No significant changes were observed in Zn concentration of most brain regions among the mice bred under Zn-deficient ([Zn] = 3.6 ppm), -adequate and -excessive diets. The results indicate that the homeostasis of Zn seems to be maintained and the brain regional concentrations of Zn seem to be generally constant in all brain regions over a wide range of dietary Zn content from a deficient content as few ppm up to apparently excessive content as 3520 ppm. In an extremely severe Zn-deficient diet ([Zn]<0.7 ppm) where mice can hardly survive, the brain regions may have higher Zn concentration.     

Mass spectrometric evidence for the modification of small molecules in a cobalt‐60‐irradiated rodent diet

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of radiation on the content of animal diet constituents using global metabolomics. Aqueous methanolic extracts of control and cobalt‐60‐irradiated Teklad 7001 diets were comprehensively analyzed using nano‐liquid chromatography–MS/MS. Among the over 2000 ions revealed by XCMS followed by data preprocessing, 94 positive and 143 negative metabolite ions had greater than 1.5‐fold changes and p‐values <0.01. Use of MetaboAnalyst statistical software demonstrated complete separation of the irradiated and non‐radiated diets in unsupervised principal components analysis and supervised partial least squares discriminant analysis. Irradiation led to an increase in the content of phytochemicals such as glucosinolates and oxidized lipids in the diet. Twenty‐eight metabolites that were significantly changed in the irradiated samples were putatively identified at the level of molecular formulae by MS/MS. MS/MS^ALL analysis of chloroform–methanol extracts of the irradiated diet showed increased levels of a number of unique linoleic acid‐derived branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids. These data imply that gamma irradiation of animal diets causes chemical changes to dietary components, which in turn may influence the risk of mammary cancer. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Variation in the Gut Microbiota of Termites (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Tsaitermes ampliceps</Emphasis>) Against Different Diets

Termites are well recognized for their thriving on recalcitrant lignocellulosic diets through nutritional symbioses with gut-dwelling microbiota; however, the effects of diet changes on termite gut microbiota are poorly understood, especially for the lower termites. In this study, we employed high-throughput 454 pyrosequencing of 16S V1–V3 amplicons to compare gut microbiotas of Tsaitermes ampliceps fed with lignin-rich and lignin-poor cellulose diets after a 2-week-feeding period. As a result, the majority of bacterial taxa were shared across the treatments with different diets, but their relative abundances were modified. In particular, the relative abundance was reduced for Spirochaetes and it was increased for Proteobacteria and Bacteroides by feeding the lignin-poor diet. The evenness of gut microbiota exhibited a significant difference in response to the diet type (filter paper diets < corn stover diets < wood diets), while their richness was constant, which may be related to the lower recalcitrance of this biomass to degradation. These results have important implications for sampling and analysis strategies to probe the lignocellulose degradation features of termite gut microbiota and suggest that the dietary lignocellulose composition could cause shifting rapidly in the termite gut microbiota.     

EFFECT OF DIETARY LIPID ON UV LIGHT CARCINOGENESIS IN THE HAIRLESS MOUSE

Abstract— Isocaloric feeding of diets varying in lipid content to albino hairless mice has shown that their susceptibility to skin tumorigenesis induced by simulated solar UV light was not affected by the level of polyunsaturated fat, 5% or 20%. However a qualitative effect of dietary lipid was demonstrated. Mice fed 20% saturated fat were almost completely protected from UV tumorigenesis when compared with mice fed 20% polyunsaturated fat. Multiple latent tumours were detected in the saturated fat-fed mice by subsequent dietary replenishment, suggesting that a requirement for dietary unsaturated fat exists for the promotion stage of UV-induced skin carcinogenesis.     

New Eco-Sustainable Feed in Aquaculture: Influence of Insect-Based Diets on the Content of Potentially Toxic Elements in the Experimental Model Zebrafish (Danio rerio)

According to the concept of circular economy, insects represent good candidates as aquafeed ingredients. Nevertheless, there are some potential chemical risks linked with insect consumption. In this study, we reared the teleost Danio rerio, used as an experimental model, with five experimental diets characterized by increasing levels (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) of full-fat Hermetia illucens (Hi) prepupae, substituting for fish meal (FM) and fish oil (FO). We investigated the presence of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) Cd, Pb, Ni, As, and Hg in larval (20 days), juvenile (2 months), and adult (6 months) fish. Quantitative determinations of Cd, Pb, Ni, and As were made with an atomic absorption spectrometer; the total mercury content was determined by a direct mercury analyzer. The substitution of FM and FO with Hermetia illucens meal led to a reduction in the content of some PTEs, such as Pb, As, and Ni, in fishfeed, leading to concentrations below the legal limit of undesirable substances in animal feed. By increasing the Hi meal dietary content, we observed in the Danio rerio specimens an increase in Cd, Pb, and Ni content and a reduction in As content for all life stages. Moreover, a general increase in the content of Cd, Pb, Hg, and Ni from larvae to juvenile was measured, while the shift of Danio rerio from the juvenile to the adult stage involved a significant increase in the content of Pb, Hg, and Ni. Larvae had a reduced ability to bioaccumulate metal(loid)s compared to juveniles and adults. In conclusion, the content of PTEs in Danio rerio is influenced both by the type of diet administered and by the life stage of the animal itself. This research demonstrates the possibility of using Hi prepupae as an aquafeed ingredient without exposing fish to a chemical risk and, in perspective, allows applying these eco-sustainable diets for the breeding of edible fish species, without endangering human health.     

食用菌中Cu、Mn、Fe、Zn含量的测定

采用火焰原子吸收法测定洛阳地区11种栽培食用菌中Cu、Mn、Fe、Zn的含量,旨在指导人们调节膳食结构,同时也为食用菌产品的开发利用和深加工提供科学依据。测定结果表明,食用菌中含有丰富的微量元素,是不可多得的营养补品,也是值得开发的保健食品,大量种植将会有更加广阔的市场前景。     

Palatability Enhancement Potential of Hermetia illucens Larvae Protein Hydrolysate in Litopenaeus vannamei Diets

Marine feed ingredients derived from cephalopods (e.g., squid) and crustaceans (e.g., krill) are commercially used to improve the palatability of shrimp diets. Increase in global demand for shrimps has resulted in overfishing of these marine organisms and is a matter of concern. Insect protein hydrolysate could be a sustainable alternative for the possible replacement of these marine feed ingredients. During this study, four formulations: diet A (control: not containing any palatability enhancer), diet B (containing squid meal and krill oil), diet C (containing 1% insect protein hydrolysate), and diet D (containing 2% insect protein hydrolysate) were tested for (1) time required by first subject to begin feeding (time to strike) and (2) palatability in Litopenaeus vannamei. Additionally, the chemical composition of all four diet formulations was also analyzed. Results indicate that all diets had similar crude composition. The major essential amino acids in all diets were leucine and lysine, whereas eicosapentaenoic acid was the major omega-3 fatty acid in all diets. There were no significant differences between the mean time to strike for all the tested formulations. Palatability of tested formulations was found in the following order: diet D > diet C > diet B = diet A (p < 0.05), indicating that addition of squid meal and krill oil has no effect on palatability in comparison to control, whereas inclusion of insect protein hydrolysates significantly improves the palatability of formulations. Palatability enhancement potential of insect protein hydrolysate could be attributed to the high free amino acid content and water solubility in comparison to squid meal.     

Radionuclides in whole diets of people living near the Sellafield nuclear complex, UK

The British Nuclear Fuels Limited (BNFL) complex (Sellafield) in Cumbria discharges into the atmosphere, under authorization by the Environment Agency (and previously, the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (MAFF), radioactive waste consisting of gases, mists and dusts. As part of MAFF's radiological surveillance programme, the intake of radionuclides via food ingestion by members of the public living near this nuclear installation is routinely assessed from measurements made on local food and environmental samples and by using computer models simulating the dispersion and incorporation of radioactivity into foodstuffs. In this study, the individual diets of adults and children living near the Sellafield complex and those from a control group were assessed for their radionuclide content. The participants were selected via a food survey questionnaire which was aimed at identifying those who consume home grown fruits and vegetables or derive these from local sources. The diets were collected over a one-week period in August 1995 and following radiochemical analyses of the diets for^239+240Pu,¹³⁷Cs,⁹⁰Sr,¹⁴C, and¹²⁹I, the doses received by the participants from these nuclides were extrapolated over a one-year period and compared to doses calculated from food surveillance data and to doses predicted using the MAFF food-chain computer model.     

Application of NAA to the Determination of Mineral and Trace Elements in Brazilian Diets at IPEN/CNEN/SP

In the present work, the concentration of the 14 elements Br, Ca, Cl, Co, Cs, Fe, K, Mn, Na, Rb, Sc Se and Zn have been determined by INAA in diets of four different groups: (a) 19 pre-school children, (b) 18 healthy adults, (c) 23 elderly people living in private institutions and (d) 19 patients with chronic renal failure (CRF). The contents of proteins, lipids and carbohydrates were also analysed in the diets. The daily intakes of the elements analysed were compared to the recommended values set by RDA or WHO.     

Feasibility study on the use of infrared spectroscopy for the direct authentication of Iberian pig fattening diet

The feasibility of using both middle- and near-infrared spectroscopy for discrimination between subcutaneous fat of Iberian pigs reared on different fattening diets has been evaluated. The sample set was formed by subcutaneous fat of pigs fattened outdoors (extensively) with natural resources (montanera) and pigs fattened on commercial feeds, either with standard feed or with especial formulations with higher content in oleic acid (HO-formulated feed). Linear discriminant analysis was used to classify the samples according to the fattening diet using the scores obtained from principal component analysis of near- and middle-infrared spectra as variables to construct the discriminant functions. The most influential variables were identified using a stepwise procedure. The discriminant potential of each spectral region was investigated. Best results were obtained with the combination of both regions with 91.7% of the standard feed and 100% of montanera and HO-formulated feed samples correctly classified. Chemical explanations are provided based on the correlation of these variables with fatty acid content in the samples.     

Determination of As,Cd, Cr,Cu, Hg,Sb and Se concentrations by radiochemical neutron activation analysis in different Brazilian regional diets

The present paper describes radiochemical separation procedures developed for the determination of seven elements: As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Sb and Se in different Brazilian regional diets. In the case of the elements As, Hg, Sb and Se, the procedure was based on retention in inorganic exchanger TDO (tin dioxide) and determination of Hg by extraction with Ni(DDC)₂. For determination of Cd, Cr, Cu and Se the procedure chosen was based on retention in inorganic exchanger HMD (hydrated managese dioxide) and extraction of Cu and Cd as diethyldithiocarbamate compounds. The accuracy and precision of the methods studied were tested by means of analyses of different reference materials. Due to the lack of data on trace element levels in Brazilian foodstuffs and diets, these methods were applied to determination of these elements in different Brazilian regional diets. These diets were supplied by the Food and Experimental Nutrition Department of the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, University of São Paulo. The daily dietary intake values for these diets are presented for As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Sb and Se.     

Identification of compounds from high‐fat and extra virgin olive oil‐supplemented diets in whole mouse liver extracts and isolated mitochondria using mass spectrometry

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a fatty liver disorder that could be improved with extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) supplementation in diet. We propose the monitoring, in whole mouse liver extracts and in isolated mitochondria, of the absorption of compounds from three different diets: standard (CT), high‐fat (HFD) and high‐fat supplemented with EVOO (HFSO). Male mice were submitted to one of the following three diets: CT or HFD for 16 weeks or HFD for 8 weeks followed by additional 8 weeks with HFSO. Following this period, liver was extracted for histological evaluation, mitochondria isolation and mass spectrometry analyses. Diets, liver extracts and Percoll‐purified mitochondria were analyzed using ESI‐MS and the lipidomics approach. Morphological, histological and spectrometric results indicated a decrease in NASH severity with EVOO supplementation in comparison with animals maintained with HFD. Spectrometric data also demonstrated that some compounds presented on the diets are absorbed by the mitochondria. EVOO was shown to be a potential therapeutic alternative in food for NASH. Our results are in accordance with the proposition that the major factor that influences different responses to diets is their composition – and not only calories – especially when it comes to studies on obesity. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Toxicologically important trace elements in Iranian diets

The intake of aluminum, arsenic, cadmium, lead and mercury via the daily diet by Iranian population groups was determined. The relevant daily diets were prepared through dietary recording and duplicate portion, and the trace elements were measured using analytical methods based on NAA, ICP and AAS. The results for the Iranian diets are discussed and compared with corresponding ones from other countries. The project has been performed in the frame of a co-ordinated research project of the International Atomic Energy Agency with participants from various countries. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Determination of minor and trace elements in Turkish diet by duplicate portion technique

The minor and trace element content of diet samples from two different social population groups were determined. Samples were prepared by duplicate portion technique by colecting everything 16 subjects ate and drank during a 3-day period. Samples were homogenized, freeze-dried and elemental concentrations of Br, Co, Cr, Cs, Fe, K, Na, Rb, Sc, Se and Zn were determined by instrumental neutron activation analysis. Elemental concentrations and daily dietary intake of the elements were compared with the diets of other nations.