Efficient CO oxidation at low temperature on Au(111)

The rate of CO oxidation to CO2 depends strongly on the reaction temperature and characteristics of the oxygen overlayer on Au(111). The factors that contribute to the temperature dependence in the oxidation rate are (1) the residence time of CO on the surface, (2) the island size containing Au-O complexes, and (3) the local properties, including the degree of order of the oxygen layer. Three different types of oxygen--defined as chemisorbed oxygen, a surface oxide, and a bulk oxide--are identified and shown to have different reactivity. The relative populations of the various oxygen species depend on the preparation temperature and the oxygen coverage. The highest rate of CO oxidation was observed for an initial oxygen coverage of 0.5 monolayers that was deposited at 200 K where the density of chemisorbed oxygen is maximized. The rate decreases when two-dimensional islands of the surface oxide are populated and further decreases when three-dimensional bulk gold oxide forms. Our results are significant for designing catalytic processes that use Au for CO oxidation, because they suggest that the most efficient oxidation of CO occurs at low temperature--even below room temperature--as long as oxygen could be adsorbed on the surface.     

氮化硼负载的高分散Au-CuOx纳米颗粒用于低温CO氧化

负载型金催化剂显示出高的低温CO氧化活性,其催化性能与载体的性质密切相关.近年来,六方氮化硼作为一种新型催化材料引起了极大关注.已有研究表明,二维结构的氮化硼纳米片有利于传质扩散,并且暴露出大量的表面和边缘,作为新型非金属催化剂在烷烃氧化脱氢中表现出优异的活性.同时,CO氧化反应是强放热过程,氮化硼具有优良的导热性能,...     

Water activated by atomic oxygen on Au(111) to oxidize CO at low temperatures

The Au(111) surface was populated with atomic oxygen [16O] followed by oxygen-labeled water [H218O] at surface temperatures as low as 77 K. When a CO beam was impinged on this surface, both [C16O16O] and [C16O18O] were produced. The results strongly suggest the direct involvement and promoting role of water in CO oxidation on oxygen covered Au(111) at low temperatures.     

CO oxidation mechanism on CeO(2)-supported Au nanoparticles

Density functional theory was used to study the CO oxidation catalytic activity of CeO(2)-supported Au nanoparticles (NPs). Experimental observations on CeO(2) show that the surface of CeO(2) is enriched with oxygen vacancies. We compare CO oxidation by a Au(13) NP supported on stoichiometric CeO(2) (Au(13)@CeO(2)-STO) and partially reduced CeO(2) with three vacancies (Au(13)@CeO(2)-3VAC). The structure of the Au(13) NP was chosen to minimize structural rearrangement during CO oxidation. We suggest three CO oxidation mechanisms by Au(13)@CeO(2): CO oxidation by coadsorbed O(2), CO oxidation by a lattice oxygen in CeO(2), and CO oxidation by O(2) bound to a Au-Ce(3+) anchoring site. Oxygen vacancies are shown to open a new CO oxidation pathway by O(2) bound to a Au-Ce(3+) anchoring site. Our results provide a design strategy for CO oxidation on supported Au catalysts. We suggest lowering the vacancy formation energy of the supporting oxide, and using an easily reducible oxide to increase the concentration of reduced metal ions, which act as anchoring sites for O(2) molecules.     

CeO2纳米管负载Pd纳米颗粒催化CO低温氧化

高效负载型Pd催化剂的制备及其在CO低温氧化反应中的机理探究是近年来的研究热点.普遍认为,Pd催化剂上的CO氧化反应遵循Langmuir-Hinshelwood机理:首先,CO吸附于Pd物种表面;然后,CO与催化剂表面的晶格氧发生反应转化为CO2,反应发生在金属-载体界面.另外,高分散的Pd活性物种有利于CO氧化反应.同时载体的形貌、暴露的晶面、氧空位以及孔结构等都是影响催化剂活性的重要因素.CeO2纳米管具有独特的管状特征和较高的比表面积,是一种潜在的CO低温氧化催化剂载体.本文利用乙醇还原法,以CeO2纳米管为载体,制备不同Pd含量的Pd/CeO2-nanotube纳米催化剂,并利用N2吸附脱附、X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、CO程序升温脱附(CO-TPD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等表征手段,探索纳米催化剂载体形貌对CO氧化反应活性的影响.氮气吸脱附结果表明,Pd/CeO2-nanotube具有较高的比表面积(58.0 m2/g),且存在介孔结构.XRD表征发现,Pd/CeO2-nanotube的衍射峰对应立方萤石型结构的CeO2的(111),(200),(220),(311)等品面.TEM结果表明,Pd/CeO2-nanotube具有均匀的纳米管形貌,其外径为40-60 nm,Pd纳米颗粒均匀分散在其表面.CO-TPD结果表明,Pd/CeO2-nanotube在1 10℃附近具有很强的脱附峰,在370℃和600℃附近分别具有较宽和较弱的脱附峰,这表明该催化剂具有较多的吸附位,且具有很强的CO吸附能力;CO不可逆吸附量计算结果表明,该催化剂上的Pd具有很高的表面分散度(23.3％),Pd颗粒尺寸为7.3 nm.XPS表征显示,Pd以pd2+的形式分散于CeO2纳米管的表面,且与载体发生相互作用,存在Pd-O-Ce键;同时该催化剂表面存在丰富的Ce3+,为反应提供更多的氧空位.0.9Pd/CeO2-nanotube纳米催化剂在CO氧化反应中表现出优良的活性,能在100℃实现CO的完全转化;通过计算发现,该催化剂具有较高的TOF值(0.63 s-1),由Arrhenius 曲线可得到该催化剂的活化能为26.5 kJ/mol.综上可见:金属活性组分的尺寸和分散度、载体的结构特征、CO吸附能力以及金属-载体间的相互作用决定催化剂的性能.Pd/CeO2-nanotube的高比表面积有利于Pd的分散;其强CO吸附能力有利于CO吸附于Pd物种表面;催化剂表面丰富的Ce3+能为反应提供更多的氧空位,Pd-O-Ce键的形成能增强金属-载体间的相互作用,有利于CO与催化剂表面品格氧发生反应.同时催化剂介孔结构有利于反应气体和产物气体的吸附和扩散,因此,Pd/CeO2-nanotube纳米催化剂在CO氧化反应中表现出优良的活性.     

铂族金属催化剂低温 CO氧化研究近期进展

CO氧化可能是多相催化领域最常见的反应,它不仅能作为探针反应研究催化剂结构、反应活性位等,而且在诸多实际过程如空气净化、汽车尾气污染物控制、燃料电池所用氢源净化等扮演重要角色.最早的 CO氧化催化剂为霍加拉特剂,其组分主要为 CuO与 MnO2混合氧化物,然而在实际应用过程中存在低温活性低、吸湿易失活等缺点.1987年, Haruta等发现湿化学法制备的氧化物负载 Au催化剂表现出非常高的低温 CO氧化活性及耐水稳定性,其 Au粒子以纳米尺度分散,进而引发了催化研究领域的“淘金热”及纳米催化研究热潮.而 CO氧化通常作为考察 Au催化剂结构性质的探针反应,也成为考核其它金属催化剂是否具有高活性的判据之一. Pt族金属上 CO氧化反应从 Langmuir等研究开始至今已有100多年,然而低温下该金属催化剂活性与 Au催化剂相比要低一个数量级.本质原因为 Pt族金属上 CO吸附较强, O2吸附与活化受到抑制,而该步骤被认为是 CO氧化的速控步,因而表现出较低的催化活性.通常 Pt族金属催化剂需要100oC以上 CO才能脱附, O2进而得以吸附.目前研究人员采取多种策略,其基本原则为削弱 Pt族金属上 CO吸附强度或者提供其它活性位供 O2吸附与活化.本综述将概括近十年来Pt族金属催化剂 CO氧化研究进展,主要总结室温甚至超低温条件下的研究成果.高活性 CO氧化催化剂主要是通过采用可还原氧化物为载体或助剂,或者改变催化剂表面性质如使表面富 OH基物种来形成. Au催化剂的研究发现,改变金属粒子尺寸极有可能获得不同寻常的催化性能,而常规的 Pt族金属催化剂研究主要是在纳米尺度.近期人们发现逐渐减小 Pt族金属粒子尺寸,从纳米到亚纳米甚至单原子时,其电荷状态逐渐呈正价形式,这有利于削弱其 CO吸附强度.此外,可通过增强金属载体间的相互作用,改变金属载体接触方式,如从核壳到交叉结联结构,构筑出更多的金属载体界面,使得 O2更容易吸附与活化或稳定更多的 OH基物种进而在此界面与吸附的 CO反应.伴随着表征技术的发展, CO氧化机理的认识也更加深入,这给催化剂的设计带来更多新的思路.(1)改变 CO吸附活化位,将 CO吸附活化位从金属转移到载体上,从而大大降低 CO吸附强度,活化的 CO物种在反应过程中容易溢流到金属载体界面处,这甚至有利于超低温度下(–100oC左右) CO氧化.(2)改变 O2活化形式. O2通常在 Pt族金属上容易以解离氧原子形式存在,通过改变载体、金属载体界面性质使得 O2以分子氧形式活化,如形成超氧或过氧物种,这有利于降低 CO氧化的活化能垒,进而提高其低温甚至超低温下 CO氧化活性.今后,设计并合成出在超低温度下能够氧化 CO的 Pt族金属催化剂将成为 CO氧化催化剂研究的重要方向之一.     

Magnetic field effects on the luminescence of Cs[Au(CN)2] at low temperatures

The effects of a magnetic field on the luminescence lifetime and spectrum of microcrystalline Cs[Au(CN)₂] from 2 to 20 K are reported. The lifetime of the 458 nm phosphorescence band at 4 K decreased. In addition, the field produces a blue shift of the band, reaching 75 cm⁻¹ at H = 1.0 T. These effects are in accord with our previously proposed model and are used to determine further details of that model. A new assignment of the 416 nm emission band as fluorescence is made based on its observed lifetime (τ < 10 ns), energy, and intensity variation with temperature.     

Adsorption of O2 and oxidation of CO at Au nanoparticles supported by TiO2(110)

Density functional theory calculations are performed for the adsorption of O2, coadsorption of CO, and the CO+O2 reaction at the interfacial perimeter of nanoparticles supported by rutile TiO2(110). Both stoichiometric and reduced TiO2 surfaces are considered, with various relative arrangements of the supported Au particles with respect to the substrate vacancies. Rather stable binding configurations are found for the O2 adsorbed either at the trough Ti atoms or leaning against the Au particles. The presence of a supported Au particle strongly stabilizes the adsorption of O2. A sizable electronic charge transfer from the Au to the O2 is found together with a concomitant electronic polarization of the support meaning that the substrate is mediating the charge transfer. The O2 attains two different charge states, with either one or two surplus electrons depending on the precise O2 adsorption site at or in front of the Au particle. From the least charged state, the O2 can react with CO adsorbed at the edge sites of the Au particles leading to the formation of CO2 with very low (approximately 0.15 eV) energy barriers.     

甲酸在Au（997）台阶表面的氧化反应

金催化是纳米催化的代表性体系之一,但对金催化作用的理解还存在争议,特别是金颗粒尺寸对其催化作用的影响.金颗粒尺寸减小导致的表面结构主要变化之一是表面配位不饱和金原子密度的增加,因此研究金原子配位结构对其催化作用的影响对于理解金催化作用尺寸依赖性具有重要意义.具有不同配位结构的金颗粒表面可以利用金台阶单晶表面来模拟.我们研究组以同时具有Au(111)平台和Au(111)台阶的Au(997)台阶表面为模型表面,发现Au(111)台阶原子在CO氧化、NO氧化和NO分解反应中表现出与Au(111)平台原子不同的催化性能.负载型Au颗粒催化甲酸氧化反应是重要的Au催化反应之一.本文利用程序升温脱附/反应谱(TDS/TPRS)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)研究了甲酸在清洁的和原子氧覆盖的Au(997)表面的吸附和氧化反应,观察到Au(111)台阶原子和Au(111)平台原子不同的催化甲酸根氧化反应行为.与甲酸根强相互作用的Au(111)台阶原子表现出比与甲酸根弱相互作用的Au(111)平台原子更高的催化甲酸根与原子氧发生氧化反应的反应活化能.在清洁Au(997)表面,甲酸分子发生可逆的分子吸附和脱附.甲酸分子在Au(111)台阶原子的吸附强于在Au(111)平台原子的吸附. TDS结果表明,吸附在Au(111)台阶原子的甲酸分子的脱附温度在190 K,吸附在Au(111)平台原子的甲酸分子的
　　脱附温度在170 K. XPS结果表明,分子吸附甲酸的C 1s和O 1s结合能分别位于289.1和532.8 eV.利用多层NO2的分解反应在Au(997)表面控制制备具有不同原子氧吸附位和覆盖度的原子氧覆盖Au(997)表面,包括氧原子吸附在(111)台阶位的0.02 ML-O(a)/Au(997)、氧原子同时吸附在(111)台阶位和(111)平台位的0.12 ML-O(a)/Au(997)、氧原子和氧岛吸附在(111)平台位和氧原子吸附在(111)台阶位的0.26 ML-O(a)/Au(997). TPRS和XPS结果表明,甲酸分子在105 K与Au(997)表面原子氧物种反应生成甲酸根和羟基物种,但甲酸根物种的进一步氧化反应依赖于Au原子配位结构和各种表面物种的相对覆盖度.在0.02 ML-O(a)/Au(997)表面暴露0.5 L甲酸时, Au(111)台阶位氧原子完全反应,甲酸过量.表面物种是Au(111)台阶位吸附的甲酸根、羟基和甲酸分子.在加热过程中,甲酸分子与羟基在181 K反应生成甲酸根和气相水分子(HCOOH(a)+ OH(a)= H2O + HCOO(a)),甲酸根在340 K发生歧化反应生成气相HCOOH和CO2分子(2HCOO(a)= CO2+ HCOOH).在0.12 ML-O(a)/Au(997)和0.26 ML-O(a)/Au(997)表面暴露0.5 L甲酸时,甲酸分子完全反应,原子氧过量.表面物种是Au(111)平台位和Au(111)台阶位吸附的甲酸根、羟基和原子氧.在加热过程中, Au(111)平台位和Au(111)台阶位的甲酸根分别在309和340 K同时发生氧化反应(HCOO(a)+ O(a)= H2O + CO2)和歧化反应(2HCOO(a)= CO2+ HCOOH)生成气相CO2, H2O和HCOOH分子.在0.26 ML-O(a)/Au(997)表面暴露10 L甲酸时,甲酸分子和原子氧均未完全消耗.表面物种是Au(111)平台位和Au(111)台阶位吸附的甲酸根、羟基、甲酸分子和原子氧.在加热过程中,除了上述甲酸根的氧化反应和歧化反应,还发生171 K的甲酸分子与羟基的反应(HCOOH(a)+ OH(a)= H2O + HCOO(a))和216 K的羟基并和反应(OH(a)+ OH(a)= H2O + O(a)).     

Reduction and oxidation of SrCoO(2.5) thin films at low temperatures

Brownmillerite SrCoO(2.5) (010) thin films synthesized by pulsed laser deposition became amorphous when reduced at low temperatures by CaH(2), indicating that the infinite-layer structure with the square planar Co(2+)O(4) configuration is unstable. Ferromagnetic and conducting perovskite SrCoO(3) epitaxial thin films, on the other hand, were obtained topotactically at room temperature by oxidation with NaClO.     

Simultaneous adsorption of CO and O2 on Ni(100) plane at low temperatures

LEED, AES and TPD studies of CO adsorption at 170 K on the oxygen-covered surface of Ni(100) have revealed its great amount throughout the range of oxygen coverage. With thermal desorption from a mixed layer the appearance of CO₂ due to the reaction CO_ads+O_ads, indicates that a part of oxygen adsorbed on Ni(100) at T=170 K is reactive.

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, () CO 170 Ni(100). . CO₂ Co+ +O, , Ni(100) T=170 .

     

Reaction mechanism of CO oxidation on Cu(2)O(111): A density functional study

The possible reaction mechanisms for CO oxidation on the perfect Cu(2)O(111) surface have been investigated by performing periodic density functional theoretical calculations. We find that Cu(2)O(111) is able to facilitate the CO oxidation with different mechanisms. Four possible mechanisms are explored (denoted as M(ER1), M(ER2), M(LH1), and M(LH2), respectively): M(ER1) is CO((gas))+O(2(ads))→CO(2(gas)); M(ER2) is CO((gas))+O(2(ads))→CO(3(ads))→O((ads))+CO(2(gas)); M(LH1) refers to CO((ads))+O(2(ads))→O((ads))+CO(2(ads)); and M(LH2) refers to CO((ads))+O(2(ads))→OOCO((ads))→O((ads))+CO(2(ads)). Our transition state calculations clearly reveal that M(ER1) and M(LH2) are both viable; but M(ER1) mechanism preferentially operates, in which only a moderate energy barrier (60.22 kJ/mol) needs to be overcome. When CO oxidation takes place along M(ER2) path, it is facile for CO(3) formation, but is difficult for its decomposition, thereby CO(3) species can stably exist on Cu(2)O(111). Of course, the reaction of CO with lattice O of Cu(2)O(111) is also considered. However, the calculated barrier is 600.00 kJ/mol, which is too large to make the path feasible. So, we believe that on Cu(2)O(111), CO reacts with adsorbed O, rather than lattice O, to form CO(2). This is different from the usual Mars-van Krevene mechanism. The present results enrich our understanding of the catalytic oxidation of CO by copper-based and metal-oxide catalysts.     

Water-enhanced low-temperature CO oxidation and isotope effects on atomic oxygen-covered Au(111)

Water-oxygen interactions and CO oxidation by water on the oxygen-precovered Au(111) surface were studied by using molecular beam scattering techniques, temperature-programmed desorption (TPD), and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Water thermally desorbs from the clean Au(111) surface with a peak temperature of approximately 155 K; however, on a surface with preadsorbed atomic oxygen, a second water desorption peak appears at approximately 175 K. DFT calculations suggest that hydroxyl formation and recombination are responsible for this higher temperature desorption feature. TPD spectra support this interpretation by showing oxygen scrambling between water and adsorbed oxygen adatoms upon heating the surface. In further support of these experimental findings, DFT calculations indicate rapid diffusion of surface hydroxyl groups at temperatures as low as 75 K. Regarding the oxidation of carbon monoxide, if a C (16)O beam impinges on a Au(111) surface covered with both atomic oxygen ( (16)O) and isotopically labeled water (H 2 (18)O), both C (16)O (16)O and C (16)O (18)O are produced, even at surface temperatures as low as 77 K. Similar experiments performed by impinging a C (16)O beam on a Au(111) surface covered with isotopic oxygen ( (18)O) and deuterated water (D 2 (16)O) also produce both C (16)O (16)O and C (16)O (18)O but less than that produced by using (16)O and H 2 (18)O. These results unambiguously show the direct involvement and promoting role of water in CO oxidation on oxygen-covered Au(111) at low temperatures. On the basis of our experimental results and DFT calculations, we propose that water dissociates to form hydroxyls (OH and OD), and these hydroxyls react with CO to produce CO 2. Differences in water-oxygen interactions and oxygen scrambling were observed between (18)O/H 2 (16)O and (18)O/D 2 (16)O, the latter producing less scrambling. Similar differences were also observed in water reactivity toward CO oxidation, in which less CO 2 was produced with (16)O/D 2 (16)O than with (16)O/H 2 (16)O. These differences are likely due to primary kinetic isotope effects due to the differences in O-H and O-D bond energies.     

CO bond cleavage on supported nano-gold during low temperature oxidation

The oxidation of CO by Au/Fe(2)O(3) and Au/ZnO catalysts is compared in the very early stages of the reaction using a temporal analysis of products (TAP) reactor. For Au/Fe(2)O(3) pre-dosing the catalyst with (18)O labelled water gives an unexpected evolution order for the labelled CO(2) product with the C(18)O(2) emerging first, whereas no temporal differentiation is found for Au/ZnO. High pressure XPS experiments are then used to show that CO bond cleavage does occur for model catalysts consisting of Au particles deposited on iron oxide films but not when deposited on ZnO films. DFT calculations, show that this observation requires carbon monoxide to dissociate in such a way that cleavage of the CO bond occurs along with dynamically co-adsorbed oxygen so that the overall process of Au oxidation and CO dissociation is energetically favourable. Our results show that for Au/Fe(2)O(3) there is a pathway for CO oxidation that involves atomic C and O surface species which operates along side the bicarbonate mechanism that is widely discussed in the literature. However, this minor pathway is absent for Au/ZnO.     

Activation of Au/TiO2 catalyst for CO oxidation

Changes in a Au/TiO(2) catalyst during the activation process from an as-prepared state, consisting of supported AuO(x)(OH)(4-2x)(-) species, were monitored with X-ray absorption spectroscopy and FTIR spectroscopy, complemented with XPS, microcalorimetry, and TEM characterization. When the catalyst was activated with H(2) pulses at 298 K, there was an induction period when little changes were detected. This was followed by a period of increasing rate of reduction of Au(3+) to Au(0), before the reduction rate decreased until the sample was fully reduced. A similar trend in the activation process was observed if CO pulses at 273 K or a steady flow of CO at about 240 K was used to activate the sample. With both activation procedures, the CO oxidation activity of the catalyst at 195 K increased with the degree of reduction up to 70% reduction, and decreased slightly beyond 80% reduction. The results were consistent with metallic Au being necessary for catalytic activity.     

常温常湿条件下Au/MeO~x催化剂上CO氧化性能

利用共沉淀法制备了Au/MeO~x催化剂(Me=Al,Co,Cr,Cu,Fe,Mn,Ni,Zn)。在常温常湿条件下,考察了不同氧化物负载的金基催化剂的CO氧化性能。结果表明,氧化物种类对催化剂的活性和稳定性均有较大的影响。Cu,Mn,Cr等氧化物负载的金基催化剂的活性较差,而Zn,Fe,Co,Ni,Al等金属氧化物负载的金基催化剂可将CO完全氧化,又具有一定的稳定性,在相同反应条件下,CO完全转化时的稳定性顺序为Au/ZnO>Au/α-Fe~2O~3>Au/Co~3O~4>Au/γ-Al~2O~3≈Au/NiO。还发现水对Au/MnO~x催化剂的活性和稳定性有负作用,而对180℃焙烧制备的Au/ZnO-180催化剂的活性和稳定性均有明显的湿度增强作用。     

Oxygen-assisted reduction of Au species on Au/SiO2 catalyst in room temperature CO oxidation

An unexpected oxygen-assisted reduction of cationic Au species by CO was found on a Au/SiO(2) catalyst at room temperature and the produced metallic Au species plays an essential role in CO oxidation on Au/SiO(2).