The influence of dissociation on simultaneous determination of zirconium and hafnium with Xylenol Orange

The molar absorptivities of the zirconium and hafnium Xylenol Orange (1:1) complexes are said to be similar in the acidity range 0.1-2.0M HCl. However, the absorbances obtained for the zirconium-Xylenol Orange complex in the acidity range 0.5-2.0M HCl are much higher than those for the same concentrations of hafnium. The absorbance differences are generally due to the higher stability of the zirconium complex at such acidities. Calculations based on the conditional stability constants of these complexes show the influence of dissociation on the results of simultaneous determination of zirconium and hafnium with Xylenol Orange.     

Simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of uranium and zirconium using cloud point extraction and multivariate methods

A cloud point extraction (CPE) process using the nonionic surfactant Triton X-114 to simultaneous extraction and spectrophotometric determination of uranium and zirconium from aqueous solution using partial least squares (PLS) regression is investigated. The method is based on the complexation reaction of these cations with Alizarin Red S (ARS) and subsequent micelle-mediated extraction of products. The chemical parameters affecting the separation phase and detection process were studied and optimized. Under the optimum experimental conditions (i.e. pH 5.2, Triton X-114?=?0.20%, equilibrium time 10?min and cloud point 45?°C), calibration graphs were linear in the range of 0.01?C3?mg?L^?1 with detection limits of 2.0 and 0.80???g L^?1 for U and Zr, respectively. The experimental calibration set was composed of 16 sample solutions using an orthogonal design for two component mixtures. The root mean square error of predictions (RMSEPs) for U and Zr were 0.0907 and 0.1117, respectively. The interference effect of some anions and cations was also tested. The method was applied to the simultaneous determination of U and Zr in water samples.     

Cloud point extraction, preconcentration and simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of nickel and cobalt in water samples

Cloud point extraction has been used for the preconcentration and simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of nickel and cobalt after the formation of a complex with 2-amino-cyclopentene-1-dithiocarboxylic acid (ACDA), and latter analysis by spectrophotometer using Triton X-114 as surfactant. The parameters affecting the separation phase and detection process were optimized. Under the optimum experimental conditions (i.e. pH=5, 0.07 mM ACDA, Triton X-114=0.25% (w/v)), calibration graphs were linear in the range of 20-500 and 20-200 microg l(-1) with detection limits of 10 and 7.5 microg l(-1) for Ni and Co, respectively. The method was applied to the determination of Ni and Co in natural and waste water samples with satisfactory results.     

Precise simultaneous determination of zirconium and hafnium in silicate rocks,meteorites and lunar samples

A precise, sensitive and rapid analytical technique has been developed for the simultaneous determination of Zr and Hf in natural silicate matrices. The technique is based on radiochemical neutron activation analysis and employs a rapid fusion dissolution of the sample and simultaneous precipitation of the Zr−Hf pair with p-hydroxybenzene arsonic acid in an acidic medium. The indicator radionuclides,⁹⁵Zr and¹⁸¹Hf, are counted with a pair of high resolution Ge(Li) detectors and the⁹⁵Zr activity is corrected for the contribution from U fission. The chemical yields of the radiochemical separation are based on Hf carrier, which quantitatively carries both Zr and Hf. The yield is determined by reactivation of the processed samples and standards with a²⁵²Cf isotopic neutron source and by counting the 18.6 sec half-life^179mHf. The sensitivity, precision and accuracy of the procedure are demonstrated by replicate analyses of several standard rocks, meteorites and lunar samples which exhibit a wide range of Zr and Hf abundances.     

Simultaneous determination of hafnium and zirconium in low grade uranium ores using INAA

A non-destructive neutron activation analysis technique has been developed for the determination of hafnium and zirconium in low grade uranium ores. In order to calculate the fission contribution of²³⁵U, thermal neutron absorption cross-section /_a/ for⁹⁴Zr has been determined. The study shows that 1 g of uranium produces the same activity as from 10.03 g of zirconium. Based on this fact, the degree of interferences have been calculated for each sample and the necessary corrections have been applied. The values have been compared with the reported IAEA and NBS values.     

Complexometric determination of aluminium, zirconium, and hafnium

Summary Methods for the complexometric titration of aluminium, zirconium and hafnium are described using pyrocatechol violet as indicator. The EDTA titration of zirconium and hafnium is performed in acid medium and that of aluminium in a solution buffered with acetate.

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Zusammenfassung Methoden zur komplexometrischen Titration von Aluminium, Zirkonium und Hafnium unter Verwendung von Brenzcatechinviolett als Indicator werden beschrieben. Die ÄDTA-Titration von Zirkonium und Hafnium erfolgt in relativ stark saurer Lösung, während die des Aluminiums in acetatgepufferter Lösung ausgeführt wird.

     

Liquid-liquid extraction of trace level zirconium and hafnium with trioctylamine

Extraction behavior of zirconium and hafnium tracers,⁹⁵Zr and^175,181Hf, in HF, HCl, HNO₃ and H₂SO₄ media with the liquid anion exchanger TOA has been studied. Under optimum conditions, TOA was found to be very effective for quantitative extraction of the individual elements at their trace scale concentrations, but due to higher extractibility and almost identical chemical behavior of the radiotracers towards TOA, the reagent was not so effective for mutual separation of the elements when they were present as congeneric pairs in the aqueous solutions. Extents of extraction of the elements at different stages were measured by -ray spectrometry.     

Simultaneous determination of zirconium and hafnium as ternary complexes with 5-Br-PADAP and fluoride using solid-phase extraction and reversed-phase liquid chromatography

Solid-phase extraction (SPE) along with reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RP-LC) was used for the simultaneous determination of Zr(IV) and Hf(IV) by means of their ternary chelates with fluoride and 2-(5-bromo-2-pyridylazo)-5-diethylaminophenol (5-Br-PADAP). The conditions of SPE sorption were examined in detail: type of SPE column, volume of the sample, volume of the eluent, concentrations of metal ions, fluoride salt, chromogenic reagent, organic phase, and pH. It was established that the sorption of Zr(IV) and Hf(IV), as their ternary chelates, on SPE Zorbax SPE C18 (EC) cartridge was the most efficient, when the sample containing metal ion (Zr(IV), Hf(IV), both, up to 2 μg), 5-Br-PADAP 1.5×10⁻⁴, NaF 7.5×10⁻⁵ mol l⁻¹, methanol 40%, pH 4.5±1 was applied for the SPE sorption. The chelates were discarded from SPE cartridge using acetonitrile/water (99.75+0.25, v/v) eluent containing 3.8×10⁻⁴ mol l⁻¹ sodium fluoride and subsequently separated by RP-LC method. The RP-LC separation of both chelates was optimized and Zorbax SB-C18 analytical LC column along with acetonitrile/water (65+35, v/v) eluent containing the 1.5×10⁻⁴ mol l⁻¹ sodium fluoride was used. The established SPE/LC conditions allow Zr(IV) 0.08-2.0 μg and Hf(IV) 0.04-2.0 μg determination in a sample volume up to 150 ml. The detection limits, 0.03 μg Hf(IV) and 0.05 μg Zr(IV), were obtained. Recoveries, (94±2)% for Hf(IV) chelate and (106±2)% for Zr(IV) chelate were obtained, when 1 μg of Zr(IV) and Hf(IV) ions were determined by the present SPE/LC method from the sample volume of 100 ml. The established, pre-concentration SPE conditions, along with the LC separation and determination allow the assay of Zr(IV) and Hf(IV) in complicated matrix materials. The present SPE/LC method was applied to the determination of Zr(IV) and Hf(IV) in tap water and reference geological material (rock, NCS DC 73303; certified content: Zr, 27.7×10⁻³% (w/w) and Hf, 6.5×10⁻⁴% (w/w)).     

Separation and determination of zirconium and hafnium in uranium matrix

Hafnium and zirconium are separated from uranium using an anion exchange resin column. The two elements are then separated from each other using extraction chromatography and determined separately by precipitation as tetramandelate. The determination method was verfied by isotopic cilution technique. The method proved to be selective, quantitative (>99%) and gives an error of <±2%.     

浊点萃取-紫外可见分光光度法测定痕量钴

浊点萃取(Cloud-Point Extraction,简称CPE)是近年来出现的一种新兴的液-液萃取技术,该法以表面活性剂胶束水溶液的溶解性和浊点现象为基础,通过改变实验参数如溶液pH值、离子强度、温度等引发相分离,将疏水性物质与亲水性物质分离,同时起到富集的作用.     

浊点萃取-紫外可见分光光度法测定痕量金

建立了以四甲基联苯胺(TMB)为络合剂,非离子表面活性剂Triton-114为萃取剂的浊点萃取-紫外可见分光光度法测定痕量金的方法。考察了溶液的pH、络合剂和表面活性剂浓度、平衡温度和时间等条件对浊点萃取的影响。在最优条件下,该方法对金的富集倍数为12倍,线性范围为0～0.5μg/mL,检出限(3σ)为8.6ng/mL,相对标准偏差RSD为2.3%～3.6%(n=6),回收率在97%～102%之间。方法已用于工业废水中痕量金的测定。     

On-line solid phase extraction coupled to ICP-OES for simultaneous preconcentration and determination of some transition elements

An on-line solid phase extraction method coupled to ICP-OES was developed for the simultaneous determination of Ce(III), La(III), Sm(III), Y(III), Yb(III), Dy(III), Hf(IV), Zr(IV) and Th(IV) ions in aqueous samples. The ions forming hydrophobic complexes with 3,5,7,2?,4?-pentahydroxy flavone (morin) and were retained on an octadecyl silica (C₁₈) minicolumn. The adsorbed chelates were subsequently eluted from the column and directly transferred into the plasma with 80% (v/v) propanol:H₂O solution for the simultaneous determination of the metal ions. Different parameters affecting the ICP-OES signal intensities and extraction efficiency including pH of the solution, concentration of the chelating agent, flow rate and type of the eluent, loading rate and ionic strength were evaluated and optimized. The calibration graphs were linear in the range of 0.2–100 μg L^?1 and limit of detections for the extraction and determination of the ions in the aqueous sample (25 mL) were in the range 0.10–0.46 μg L^?1. The enhancement factors of the method for the metal ions obtained were in the range of 23 to 242 (V _Sample?=?25 mL) and the precision expressed as relative standard deviations (RSD %) was below 6.9%. Finally, the method was successfully applied to determine the target analytes in natural water samples.     

X-ray determination of traces of hafnium in zirconium metal or traces of zirconium in hafnium metal after separation by ion exchange

A method is proposed for the determination of traces of hafnium in zirconium metal or zirconium in hafnium metal. The trace metals are first separated from the matrix metals on an ion-exchange column and then determined by X-ray analysis.     

Cloud point extraction and spectrophotometric determination of codeine in pharmaceutical and biological samples

Cloud point extraction process using non-ionic surfactant, Triton X-114, to extract codeine from aqueous solution was investigated. The method was based on the extraction of codeine and bromothymol blue from acetate buffer media to surfactantrich phase and formed a charge transfer-ion pair complex. The extracted surfactant-rich phase was diluted with ethanol and its absorbance was measured at 430 nm. The effect of different variables such as pH, Triton X-114 concentration, cloud point temperature and time was established. The calibration graph was linear in a wide range of 100–700 ng ml^?1 of codeine with r = 0.998 (n = 7). The detection limit based on three times standard deviation of the blank (3s) was 4.6 ng ml^?1 and relative standard deviation (R.S.D) is 2.15% for 500 ng ml^?1 codeine (n = 5). The proposed method was applied to the determination of codeine in acetaminophen codeine tablets and blood samples.     

A rapid procedure for the simultaneous determination of zirconium and hafnium in high-temperature alloys by means of a spectrophotometric masking approach

Data are presented for a refined spectrophotometric procedure for the simultaneous determination of zirconium and hafnium based on the combined effects of hydrogen peroxide, sodium sulphate, and excess of zirconium ion on the hafnium and zirconium complexes with Xylenol Orange in 0.2M perchloric acid. Isolation procedures for the hafnium/zirconium content of complex high-temperature alloys which result in an ionic substrate compatible with the spectrophotometric masking method were devised.     

Chemical detection of zirconium and hafnium

Summary 3-Hydroxyflavone, morin and quercetin are suitable for the fluorescent detection of hafnium and zirconium under proper acidity and reagent concentration conditions. 3-Hydroxyflavone is the most sensitive reagent for both metals. Substantially acid solutions are preferred for the reactions of hafnium and zirconium to increase selectivity despite decreasing reaction sensitivity. The hydroxyflavone hafnium chelates are more stable to acid than the zirconium chelates especially with morin and quercetin. The very low background fluorescence of quercetin permits the detection of hafnium in strong perchloric acid where the fluorescence of the other two reagents hinders detection.

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Zusammenfassung 3-Hydroxyflavon(I), Morin(II) und Quercetin(III) eignen sich bei bestimmter Acidität und Reagenskonzentration zum Fluoreszenznachweis von Hafnium und Zirkonium. I ist das empfindlichste Reagens für beide Metalle. Deutlich saure Lösungen steigern die Selektivität der Reaktionen, setzen aber die Empfindlichkeit herab. Das Hafnium-I-Chelat ist gegenüber Säure stabiler als die Zirkoniumchelate, besonders von II und III. Die sehr geringe Untergrundfluoreszenz von III ermöglicht den Hafniumnachweis in starker Perchlorsäure, worin die Fluoreszenz der beiden anderen Reagenzien den Nachweis verhindert.

     

Selective separation and reversed phase extraction of zirconium and hafnium from a multitracer solution

The solvent extraction of Zr and Hf was studied using 444-trifluoro-1-(2-thienyl)-1,3-butanedione (TTA) from a multitracer solution containing carrier-free radioisotopes of Zr, Hf, and other elements. The multitracer was prepared from Au foil irradiated with high-energy heavy-ion beams. Effects of HCl and HNO₃ concentrations and organic solvent on the extraction and coextraction of other radionuclides have been studied. It was found that decalin (decahydronaphthalene) was the best solvent among 14 solvents studied and the optimum aqueous phase was 2 mol·dm^–3 HCl or HNO₃. About 2–10% of Sr, Rb, Sc and Nb were coextracted with Zr and Hf. The reversed phase extraction of Zr and Hf was also developed by using ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) solution at pH range of 8.5–10.     

Anionic zirconium and hafnium borohydride complexes

Zirconium and hafnium tetrachlorides react with NaBH₄, in dimethoxyethane (DME) to give [Na(DME)₃][M(BH₄)₅]. These compounds react with Bu₄NBH₄ and Ph₄PBH₄ to give (R₄E)[M(BH₄)₅]. Bidentate and tridentate BH ₄ ^– occur in [M(BH₄)₅]^– according to IR spectroscopy. Data from¹H and¹H-{¹¹B} NMR spectra are consistent with intermolecular exchange of BH₄ ligands in solutions of complexes (I)–(VI). The BH₄groups and the bridging and terminal protons in each BH₄ group equilibrate rapidly. Heating the complexes (I)–(VI) reduces the central atom, releases diborane, and decomposes the outer-sphere cation. The neutral borohydrides M(BH₄)₄, can be prepared by thermolysis of the sodium salts (I) and (II).Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1207–1214, June, 1990.