水下掩埋目标的散射声场计算与实验

水下掩埋目标声散射问题是识别和探测掩埋目标的理论基础, 是声散射研究领域的热点问题. 本文基于射线声学推导了掩埋情况下目标声散射计算的格林函数近似式, 并在此基础上进一步给出了相应的远场积分公式. 在有限元方法的基础上, 将推导得到的公式写入有限元仿真软件, 对软件功能进行拓展, 构建二维轴对称目标的声散射模型, 并计算掩埋情况下弹性实心球在不同条件下的目标强度, 获得了其散射声场随频率、掩埋深度、沙层吸收系数等参数的变化规律. 开展实心球的自由空间和浅掩埋条件下水池声散射实验, 利用共振隔离技术处理实验数据, 提取目标声散射的纯弹性共振特征进行分析, 结果表明可将其用于掩埋目标识别和探测. 最后利用总散射声场与理论计算结果进行对比, 验证了理论仿真的正确性.     

Identification of aero-acoustic scattering matrices from large eddy simulation. Application to a sudden area expansion of a duct

A methodology is presented which allows to determine the coefficients of transmission and reflection of plane acoustic waves at flow discontinuities in piping systems by combining large eddy simulation (LES) of turbulent compressible flows with system identification. The method works as follows. At first, an LES with external, broadband excitation of acoustic waves is carried out. Time series of acoustic data are extracted from the computed flow field and analyzed with system identification techniques in order to determine the acoustic scattering coefficients for a range of frequencies. The combination of broadband excitation with highly parallelized LES makes the overall approach quite efficient, despite the difficulties associated with simulation of low-Mach number compressible flows. The method is very general, here it is applied to study the scattering behavior of acoustic waves at a sudden change in cross-section in a duct system. The complex aero-acoustic interactions between acoustic waves and free shear layers are captured in detail by high resolution compressible LES, such that the scattering coefficients can be determined accurately from first principles. In order to demonstrate the reliability and accuracy of the method, the results for the scattering behavior and the acoustic impedance are presented and physically interpreted in combination with several analytical models and experimental data.     

A model for sonar interrogation of complex bottom and surface targets in shallow-water waveguides

Many problems of current interest in underwater acoustics involve low-frequency broadband sonar interrogation of objects near the sea surface or sea floor of a shallow-water environment. When the target is situated near the upper or lower boundary of the water column the acoustic interactions with the target objects are complicated by interactions with the nearby free surface or fluid-sediment interface, respectively. A practical numerical method to address such situations is presented. The model provides high levels of accuracy with the flexibility to handle complex, three-dimensional targets in range-independent environments. The model is demonstrated using several bottom target scenarios, with and without locally undulating seabeds. The impact of interface and boundary interactions is considered with an eye toward using the sonar return signal as the basis for acoustic imaging or spectral classification.     

Investigating the absolute phase information in acoustic wave resonance scattering

The aim of this work is to investigate the absolute phase information in resonance acoustic scattering by spheres and cylinders and place this work in the broader context of scattering in which the properties of the magnitude and (processed) phase have been examined in a more general way than in the classical resonance scattering theory (RST). Here, comparisons are made between the classical and modified RST formalisms of acoustic resonance scattering. Experimental and theoretical backscattering form functions are obtained and discussed. It is shown that the magnitude and processed (unwrapped) phase can be correctly obtained through the classical RST, suggesting that the modified RST formalism offers little new practical advantage. Furthermore, the absolute phase is shown to be very sensitive to object’s resonances, suggesting that the unwrapped phase may be considered as an efficient tool, along with the magnitude information, to carry out remote (active) classification of targets in underwater acoustics applications. The combination of absolute phase information with the magnitude data offers a complementary advantage in the identification of resonances from cylinders and spheres.     

The geometrical acoustic method for calculating the echo of targets submerged in a shallow water waveguide

A geometrical acoustic method based on image-source method and physical acoustic method was developed to calculate the echo of targets submerged in the shallow water waveguide.The incident rays and the scattering rays are reflected by two boundaries for many times,and then the back rays become countless.The total backscattering field is obtained through summing up the scattering field produced by each combination of incident rays and back rays.The echo of the 10m-radius pressure release sphere in Pekeris waveguide with the range is calculated by the geometrical acoustic method.Compared with the results calculated by the wave acoustic method in the available literature,it shows that both are in accordance on average value and descend trend.The following results indicate that the difference between Effective Target Strength(ETS) in shallow water and the Target Strength(TS) in free space for spheres and certain other rounded objects is small.However,the ETS of some targets such as cone-shaped is quite different from TS in free space,which can lead to large errors in estimating a target’s scattering property using traditional sonar equation.Compared with the method of wave acoustics,the geometrical acoustic method not only has the definite physical meaning but also can calculate the echo of complex objects in shallow water waveguide.     

Anisotropy in high-frequency broadband acoustic backscattering in the presence of turbulent microstructure and zooplankton

High-frequency broadband (120-600 kHz) acoustic backscattering measurements have been made in the vicinity of energetic internal waves. The transducers on the backscattering system could be adjusted so as to insonify the water-column either vertically or horizontally. The broadband capabilities of the system allowed spectral classification of the backscattering. The distribution of spectral shapes is significantly different for scattering measurements made with the transducers oriented horizontally versus vertically, indicating that scattering anisotropy is present. However, the scattering anisotropy could not be unequivocally explained by either turbulent microstructure or zooplankton, the two primary sources of scattering expected in internal waves. Daytime net samples indicate a predominance of short-aspect-ratio zooplankton. Using zooplankton acoustic scattering models, a preferential orientation of the observed zooplankton cannot explain the measured anisotropy. Yet model predictions of scattering from anisotropic turbulent microstructure, with inputs from coincident microstructure measurements, were not consistent with the observations. Possible explanations include bandwidth limitations that result in many spectra that cannot be unambiguously attributed to turbulence or zooplankton based on spectral shape. Extending the acoustic bandwidth to cover the range from 50?kHz to 2?MHz could help improve identification of the dominant sources of backscattering anisotropy.     

宽带参量阵技术在近海探测中的研究

文章针对非线性声学宽带参量阵技术应用于近海海底剖面绘制及掩埋物探测进行了分析研究。对于宽带参量阵声呐产生的差频信号利用Berktay包络解调理论和KZK(Khokhlov-Zabolotskaya-Kuznetsov)方程,对其进行了理论分析,水池实验研究和时域数值模拟,并结合声呐方程计算,说明该技术用于近海探测的可行性。本文同时结合脉冲压缩技术对产生的宽带差频信号做匹配处理,用于提高设备的垂直分辨率。最后在海试实验中,利用文中设计的参量阵声呐,分别使用宽带差频信号和单频差频信号对浅海海底沉积层和海底掩埋管线进行探测,取得了清晰的剖面图和掩埋物探测结果,验证了宽带参量阵技术在海底探测中的有效性和实用性。      

浅海波导中目标回声计算的射线声学方法

建立一种基于虚源法和物理声学方法计算浅海波导中目标回声的射线声学方法。入射声线经过两个界面的多次反射有无限多条,每条入射声线由目标反射后又会产生无限多条到达接收点的声线。将各种组合的散射声场求和得到总的回波声场。用射线声学方法计算了Pekeris波导中半径10 m的绝对软球的回声随距离的变化。与已有文献中波动声学方法的计算结果对比,两者在平均值和下降趋势上符合。计算表明,波导中球和一些圆形目标的等效目标强度(ETS)与自由空间中目标强度(TS)差别很小。而像圆锥形这类目标的等效目标强度与自由空间中目标强度差别较大,导致传统的声呐方程误差较大。与波动声学方法相比,射线声学方法不但具有明确的物理意义,而且可以对浅海信道中复杂形状目标回声进行计算。      

逆向傅里叶衍射定理快速预报水下目标三维声散射指向分布

提出逆向运用傅里叶衍射定理预报水下弱散射目标三维声散射指向分布的快速计算方法。依据目标形状、周围介质的密度和声速构建三维声场图像模型,建立散射远场积分结果与图像频域幅值的关系式,提取频域中半径为水中波数k;的球型表面上的幅值,获得精细化的宽带、全方位散射声压指向特性。数值计算表明:将傅里叶衍射定理逆向运用于解决声学正问题,适用于分层的、不均匀的、非规则及多体弱散射目标散射声场的求解。通过插值提取频域样本获得远场声压的方法,避免了有限元法(3D-FEM)所必须的大规模的网格划分和迭代运算,可以有效地减少计算成本并拓展散射频率响应的带宽。在水池中完成两种具有不同声学参数和形状目标指向性测试实验,得到散射声压指向性幅度函数与理论预报相一致。      

Classification of broadband echoes from prey of a foraging Blainville's beaked whale

Blainville's beaked whales (Mesoplodon densirostris) use broadband, ultrasonic echolocation signals with a -10 dB bandwidth from 26 to 51 kHz to search for, localize, and approach prey that generally consist of mid-water and deep-water fishes and squid. Although it is well known that the spectral characteristics of broadband echoes from marine organisms vary as a function of size, shape, orientation, and anatomical group, there is little evidence as to whether or not free-ranging toothed whales use spectral cues in discriminating between prey and nonprey. In order to study the prey-classification process, a stereo acoustic tag was deployed on a Blainville's beaked whale so that emitted clicks and the corresponding echoes from targets in the water could be recorded. A comparison of echoes from targets apparently selected by the whale and those from a sample of scatterers that were not selected suggests that spectral features of the echoes, target strengths, or both may have been used by the whale to discriminate between echoes. Specifically, the whale appears to favor targets with one or more nulls in the echo spectra and to seek prey with higher target strengths at deeper depths.     

掩埋目标声散射特性及其实验

基于变分原理建立2D-FE弱形式解模型,针对轴对称掩埋目标进行散射远场的快速、高精度数值计算。入射波垂直于对称轴,给出:掩埋深度不变,以1°为间隔,改变掠射角所得到目标散射声压级相对于垂直海底照射获得结果的差值随频率、掠射角变化的表达式;掠射角不变,以0.1m为间隔,改变掩埋深度得到的散射声压级相对于浅掩埋条件下获得结果的差值随频率、深度变化的表达式。实验结果表明:在回波最强的正横方向,掩埋弹性目标表现出的共振散射特性与在自由场空间中具有相似性,表明了掩埋条件下目标内填充的透射和表面环绕波理论的适用性,验证了大掠射角入射得到散射声压级差值的变化规律。研究成果对宽带、高频入射声波探测更深掩埋目标提供思路。      

The size effects of a rigid reflector in the scattering of transient ultrasonic field

A model is proposed to assess the transient ultrasonic field radiated by a planar transducer and scattered by a target with a known dimension and geometry. The approach is based on the hypothesis of linear acoustics for a perfectly rigid reflector immersed in an isotropic, homogeneous and lossless fluid. The detected acoustic pressure is explained in terms of the plane and edge waves. In order to determine the boundary effects on the detected pressure, targets of different sizes were used in our simulations. An experimental verification of the proposed model is presented for the case of circular planar targets with different radii made of duralumin and immersed in distilled water. In general, the theoretically predicted results are in good agreement with the experimentally measured results.     

Subterahertz phonon dynamics in acoustic nanocavities

We report a direct determination of the dynamic behavior of confined acoustic phonons in nanocavities by picosecond acoustics. We provide the broadband, high resolution transmission amplitude curve in the subterahertz range, and we give evidence of resonant transmission peaks in three successive stop bands, in quantitative agreement with acoustic simulations. We furthermore demonstrate transit times in the nanosecond range at the cavity peaks reflecting the strong confinement of resonant phonons within the cavity layer. On the other hand, picosecond transit times are measured in the stop band, shorter than in any of the constituting materials, a tunneling effect well known both in photonic crystals and in macroscopic phononic systems.     

Physically Realizable Broadband Acoustic Metamaterials with Anisotropic Density

Transformation acoustics are concentrated for the purpose of designing novel acoustic devices to tailor acoustic waves to achieve desirable characteristics. However, these devices require fluid or fluid-like materials with an anisotropic density that generally does not exist in nature. Therefore, we introduce pentamode metamaterials into an alternating multilayer isotropic medium model to build fluid-like metamaterials with an anisotropic density. A 2D acoustic bending based on transformation acoustics is established and investigated to verify our method. This idea provides a method to design broadband and physically realizable acoustic metamaterials with an anisotropic density and is meaningful for the design of acoustic metamaterials.     

Multiple scattering in a reflecting cavity: application to fish counting in a tank.

Classical fisheries acoustics techniques are useless in the presence of multiple scattering or reflecting boundaries. A general technique is developed that provides the number and the scattering strength of scatterers in motion placed inside a highly reflecting cavity. This approach is based on multiple scattering theory. The idea is to measure the average effect of the scatterers on the acoustic echoes of the cavity interfaces. This leads to the measure of the scattering mean free path, a typical length that characterizes the scattering strength of the cloud of scatterers. Numerical results are shown to agree with a simple theoretical analysis. Experiments are performed with fish in a tank at two different scales: ultrasonic frequency (400 kHz) in a 1.4-l beaker with 1-cm-long fish as well as fisheries acoustics frequency (12.8 kHz) in a 30-m3 tank with 35-cm-long fish. These results have interesting applications to fish target strength measurement and fish counting in aquaculture.     

Calculation of acoustic scattering of a nonrigid surface using physical acoustic method

In this paper the physical acoustic method or the Kirchhoff approxima-tion is extended to treat the scattering of a nonrigid surface in order to estimatethe target strength of targets with absorbing coatings.By using the locally planewave approximation,the relationship between the sound pressure and its normalderivative on the surface can be represented by the plane wave reflectioncoefficient and the acoustic impedance of the surface.The resulting modifiedKirchhoff approximation involves the plane wave reflection coefficient.For aimpedance sphere,a comparison between the physical acoustic method and theexact solution shows that the physical acoustic method still is a good approxima-tion at higher κα values.     

Ku波段球体目标系的电磁复合散射研究

研究了球形目标之间的电磁相互作用,得到了目标二次散射场的表达式,给出了目标的复合散射场以及双站复合散射截面,并在Ku波段进行了数值仿真.结果表明：目标的尺寸对前向散射和后向散射均有较大的影响,周围目标的影响呈现出一定的周期性,二次散射随着目标间距的增大而减小,周围目标离前向散射方向越近,对前向散射的影响也越大.目标的二次散射场与一次散射场强度之比在10^-4数量级以上.在研究多粒子的相互影响时,周围的粒子可近似看作尺寸一定的粒子.利用所得结果以及坐标变换可以研究三维体系内粒子间的电磁相 关键词： 散射截面 二次电磁散射 电磁相互作用     

扰动声线声压敏感核用于浅水前向散射小目标定位

针对收发合置声呐在浅水信道中对小目标的定位能力受强混响制约的问题,开展了利用目标前向散射的声屏障实验研究,通过计算扰动声线的声压敏感核实现了在自然环境中、非等声速条件下的小目标定位。扰动声线的声压敏感核反映的是因目标进入探测区域而扰动到的声线所包含的目标位置信息.首先,从众多本征声线中确定可以用于目标定位的扰动声线;然后,利用扰动声线的声压敏感核的空间特性实现定位。将该定位算法用于湖试数据,实现了利用20~28 kHz的线性调频信号对直径0.4 m目标球的定位。并且通过比较不同参数假设下的计算结果,发现该定位算法对于目标材质和尺寸的失配均具有较好的鲁棒性.      

运动目标声信号的时频特征研究

提高声被动目标定位精度需要研究运动目标在有风条件下目标声信号的特征。本文从声学波动方程出发，对无风和有常速风情况下的波动方程进行了求解，得到了运动目标声信号的延迟关系；分析了解的主要影响项，并得到了其解析信号；用解析信号对运动目标声信号的延迟特性和时频特征进行了仿真计算。     

Assessment of broadband ultrasonic attenuation measurements in inhomogeneous media

In this paper, we address the problem of evaluating the acoustic attenuation of "difficult" media, i.e. highly attenuating and scattering media. In a broadband, through transmission setup, the signals acquired from such media are characterized by a poor signal-to-noise ratio. Therefore, an accurate estimate of attenuation cannot be obtained from a single measurement, but multiple measurements must be combined. Two methods are considered to yield a single estimate of attenuation from multiple measurements. The first one, the "average attenuation" (AA) method, consists in a simple average of individual attenuation estimates. The second one, the "cross spectrum" (CS) method, is based on a system identification approach. In order to evaluate the estimation errors for these methods, ultrasonic signals transmitted through a material of known attenuation were simulated and mixed with both coherent and incoherent noise. In all tests performed, the "CS" method was found to yield the most accurate estimate. This method, combined time delay compensation, is then applied to real signals measured from a concrete slab. A valid frequency band for the attenuation estimate can be defined based on the coherence function. Results from this research are being applied to characterize the degradation of concrete structures using high-frequency ultrasound.