水样中痕量黑索今的快速质谱法检测

近年来,以RDX为代表的痕量爆炸物检测已经是反恐斗争和国土安全领域的重要课题[1]。本实验将醋酸作为辅助试剂直接添加到待分析水样中,采用电喷雾电离直接进样,在正离子检测模式下,建立了直接快速测定水样中衡量RDX的电喷雾质谱分析方法。在样品流量为10.0μL/m in,喷雾电压为5.0 kV,毛细管温度为200℃条件下获得的RDX的检出限为0.001μg/L,线性范围为0.005~100μg/L。对天然湖水、矿泉水和自来水中添加的衡量RDX的回收率分别在92%~108%之间。单个样品分析(含串联质谱分析)所需时间不超过2 m in。     

Enhanced Nebulization Efficiency of Electrospray Mass Spectrometry: Improved Sensitivity and Detection Limit

A novel electrospray nebulizer has been designed, which includes an additional nebulization gas capillary inside the liquid capillary. This design offers significantly enhanced ionization efficiency compared with the classic nebulizer design and leads to improved sensitivity (by three to 10 times) and decreases the detection limit, on an average 10 times. We see these results as the first step in the design of ESI nebulizers offering improved sensitivity and higher robustness. Possible future developments would include optimization of the dimensions of the capillaries as well as testing the nebulizer for other matrices and analytes.     

电喷雾解吸电离质谱法用于临床尿样的直接分析

将电喷雾解吸电离质谱(DESI-MS)用于临床尿样的分析, 优化了电喷雾溶剂流速、电喷雾电压和喷雾锥距离等重要参数. 采用普通滤纸作为样品载体, 在不需要样品预处理的前提下同时快速测定了临床尿样中的钾、钠、尿素、尿酸、丙酮酸和肌苷等多种成分, 并对各种成分的主要离子进行了串联质谱鉴定. DESI-MS在进行多组分同时测定时不需要进行样品预处理, 缩短了测定时间, 单个样品的分析时间不到1 min. 同时, 采用内标法对所测定组分进行了半定量分析.     

牛油果中化学成分的内部萃取电喷雾电离质谱检测

采用内部萃取电喷雾电离质谱(iEESI-MS)技术,以甲醇作为萃取溶剂,无需样品预处理,在优化条件下分别对牛油果果肉和果皮中化学成分进行快速直接鉴定,并考察了不同成熟度牛油果果肉中化学成分的差异.实验结果表明,在负离子检测模式下,从果肉中鉴定出棕榈酸、硬脂酸、棕榈油酸、油酸和亚麻酸等12种有效营养成分,从果皮中鉴定出儿茶素、绿原酸等11种营养成分.利用正交偏最小二乘判别分析法(OPLS-DA)对不同成熟度的牛油果果肉的iEESI-MS指纹谱图数据进行分析发现,此方法能够有效判别不同成熟程度的牛油果且5种化学成分差异显著.本方法无需样品预处理、样品耗量少、分析速度快(单个样品检测时间小于1 min)且操作简便,为植物有效营养成分和医用价值的开发提供了一种快速质谱分析新方法.     

电喷雾内部萃取电离质谱直接分析蒜瓣组织的研究

固态复杂基体样品的直接电离一般仅发生在样品浅层表面,对固体内部深层物质的质谱分析往往需将样品破碎后才能进行。本研究以蒜瓣样品为例,无需样品预处理,带电的甲醇溶液以2μL/min持续流经蒜瓣深层组织,内部组织中的化学物质选择性地溶解到流动液中,并在蒜瓣组织的尖端形成电喷雾,产生相应气态离子供后续质谱分析。在正离子检测模式下,实验记录了两种蒜瓣样品(共24个)、经不同方式贮存加工后的同种蒜瓣样品(共36个)在m/z 50~2000范围内的化学指纹谱图,并将指纹谱图数据进行主成分分析( PCA),获得了令人满意的分组结果。研究表明,电喷雾内部萃取电离质谱( iEESI-MS)可以直接获取蒜瓣内部组织生物化学信息,鉴定蒜瓣组织中重要的化学成分(如蒜氨酸、蒜素、精氨酸、多糖等),快速识别蒜瓣组织中代谢组分的变化。本方法无需样品预处理、操作简单、分析速度快(单个样品分析时间小于2 min),最大程度避免了生物组织分析过程中活性物质受环境作用(如酸解、空气氧化等)的降解,有望为生物组织样品的代谢组学研究提供一种直接、快速的质谱分析方法。     

A Comparison of Alternating Current and Direct Current Electrospray Ionization for Mass Spectrometry

A series of studies comparing the performance of alternating current electrospray ionization (AC ESI) mass spectrometry (MS) and direct current electrospray ionization (DC ESI) MS have been conducted, exploring the absolute signal intensity and signal-to-background ratios produced by both methods using caffeine and a model peptide as targets. Because the high-voltage AC signal was more susceptible to generating gas discharges, the operating voltage range of AC ESI was significantly smaller than that for DC ESI, such that the absolute signal intensities produced by DC ESI at peak voltages were one to two orders of magnitude greater than those for AC ESI. Using an electronegative nebulizing gas, sulfur hexafluoride (SF₆), instead of nitrogen (N₂) increased the operating range of AC ESI by ~50 %, but did not appreciably improve signal intensities. While DC ESI generated far greater signal intensities, both ionization methods produced comparable signal-to-background noise, with AC ESI spectra appearing qualitatively cleaner. A quantitative calibration analysis was performed for two analytes, caffeine and the peptide MRFA. AC ESI utilizing SF₆ outperforms all other techniques for the detection of MRFA, producing chromatographic limits of detection nearly one order of magnitude lower than that of DC ESI utilizing N₂, and one-half that of DC ESI utilizing SF₆. However, DC ESI outperforms AC ESI for the analysis of caffeine, indicating that improvements in spectral quality may benefit certain compounds or classes of compounds, on an individual basis.

C60-N-甲基吡咯烷衍生物直接进样电喷雾离子阱质谱表征

通过直接进样方式,采用电喷雾电离质谱技术分析了8个合成的富勒烯-N-甲基吡咯烷衍生物,详细研究了其在电喷雾条件下的质谱行为。由结果可知,该类化合物在电喷雾电离过程中易得到电子而负离子化;当衍生物结构中有相对易质子化基团或有活泼氢时,则可获得质子化和去质子的正负离子谱图;衍生物在负离子模式下容易失去吡咯环产生富勒烯负离子,且在合适能量碰撞下易发生衍生化基团内部的逆环加成反应,通过失去1个中性小分子物质CH2‖N—CH3,产生新的一取代亚甲基富勒烯衍生物。基于电喷雾电离源技术联合离子阱分析器建立的质谱分析方法,不但能提供准确的分子量信息,还能通过获得高分辨同位素谱峰和丰富的二级碎片离子峰,进一步确认化合物的分子结构,是一种先进、快速的富勒烯吡咯烷衍生物定性分析方法。     

中性解吸电喷雾萃取电离质谱法直接检测蜂蜜中的敌敌畏

采用中性解吸电喷雾萃取电离质谱( ND-EESI-MS)技术,在无需样品预处理的条件下,建立了对蜂蜜中敌敌畏直接快速检测的方法。在正离子模式下,敌敌畏质子化离子峰位于 m/z 223,二级特征离子为m/z 109和127。在优化的条件下,以m/z 127的信号强度为定量指标,建立了蜂蜜中敌敌畏残留的定量检测方法。结果表明,在蜂蜜基质中,敌敌畏在5~1000 ng/mL浓度范围内与m/z 127的信号强度线性关系良好,相关系数为0.998,检出限为1.0 ng/mL(S/N=3);蜂蜜中3个加标水平(10,30和400 ng/mL)的敌敌畏的回收率为93.0％~103.0％,精密度(RSDs)小于4.4％。同时采用气相色谱(火焰光度检测器)方法作为对照方法,检测敌敌畏加标蜂蜜样品,结果表明,加标蜂蜜在5~1000 ng/mL浓度范围内与峰面积线性关系良好,相关系数为0.999,检出限为1.6 ng/mL;10,30和400 ng/mL 3个水平加标蜂蜜的回收率为94.9％~110.3％,精密度小于7.6％。     

Direct Determination of Chlorpyrifos in Honey by Neutral Desorption-Extractive Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Neutral desorption-extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry was used for the direct, rapid, and quantitative determination of chlorpyrifos in honey without pretreatment. Under the optimized conditions, the limit of detection was 1.64?ng/mL with a linear dynamic range from 10 to 1,000?ng/mL and relative standard deviations from 1.97 to 6.14%. The recoveries of fortified honey samples at 50 and 500?ng/mL were 82.02 and 109.28% with relative standard deviations of 4.02 and 4.34%, respectively. This protocol offers high sensitivity, good precision, rapid analysis, and high specificity in a complex matrix.     

电喷雾萃取电离质谱直接检测人体呼出气体中的乙腈

人体呼出气体携带大量的生理病理信息,在临床诊断和代谢组学研究中发挥着日益重要的作用。本研究在未对样品进行预处理条件下,采用电喷雾萃取电离质谱(EESI-MS)技术直接测定呼出气体中乙腈分子。在优化的实验条件下,结合多级串联质谱,有效地获得了人体呼出气体中乙腈含量的信息。对气相乙腈的检出限为5.71 pL/L,线性范围为76.4～1910 pL/L。以两名健康志愿者呼出气体为实例,实际检测了其中乙腈的含量分别为134.49和104.40 pL/L,相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为6.3%和7.2%。结果表明,本方法灵敏度高、精密度好、分析速度快、特异性强,能够承受呼出气体中复杂基体的影响,适合于呼出气体中痕量乙腈的直接半定量检测,也可为呼出气体中其它小分子物质的检测提供新思路。     

Electrospray Post-Ionization Mass Spectrometry of Electrosurgical Aerosols

The feasibility of electrospray (ES) ionization of aerosols generated by electrosurgical disintegration methods was investigated. Although electrosurgery itself was demonstrated to produce gaseous ions, post-ionization methods were implemented to enhance the ion yield, especially in those cases when the ion current produced by the applied electrosurgical method is not sufficient for MS analysis. Post-ionization was implemented by mounting an ES emitter onto a Venturi pump, which is used for ion transfer. The effect of various parameters including geometry, high voltage setting, flow parameters, and solvent composition was investigated in detail. Experimental setups were optimized accordingly. ES post-ionization was found to yield spectra similar to those obtained by the REIMS technique, featuring predominantly lipid-type species. Signal enhancement was 20- to 50-fold compared with electrosurgical disintegration in positive mode, while no improvement was observed in negative mode. ES post-ionization was also demonstrated to allow the detection of non-lipid type species in the electrosurgical aerosol, including drug molecules. Since the tissue specificity of the MS data was preserved in the ES post-ionization setup, feasibility of tissue identification was demonstrated using different electrosurgical methods.     

直接进样电喷雾离子阱质谱法对含硫三联吡啶衍生物的研究

采用电喷雾电离质谱通过直接进样方式对合成的3个含硫的三联吡啶配体及2个钌配合物进行分析,详细研究了其在电喷雾条件下的质谱行为。结果表明,含有芳硫基和苄硫基的三联吡啶配体在电喷雾过程中采取了不同的断裂方式,前者首先从与芳硫键相连的碳硫键断裂失去不含硫的部分碎片离子,而后者则从苄基碳硫键断裂失去含硫的部分碎片离子。两类配体与钌形成的配合物均具有较稳定的结构,不易发生多级质谱断裂。通过对配合物分子离子峰和同位素峰的分析讨论,确定了含硫的三联吡啶合钌配合物的结构。这一研究结果表明电喷雾多级串联质谱适合于含硫三联吡啶类配体及其钌配合物的结构研究,方法简便高效、准确可靠,为该类化合物的结构研究提供了参考。     

电喷雾解吸电离质谱法直接测定蔬菜表面的莠去津残留

莠去津为一种选择性的高效除草剂,长期以来广泛用于我国东北和华北玉米、高粱、果园地除草.     

直接获取生物组织内部磷脂类物质的质谱分析方法

选择肺癌组织等多种生物组织为代表性样品,在正离子检测模式下,以磷脂类物质丰度、信号强度高为目标,考察了21种不同组成的CH3OH/H2O溶剂体系,获得了最佳溶剂(CH3OH-H2O,30∶70, V/V),建立了一种无需破坏、研磨即可获取组织内部样品中磷脂类物质信号的内部萃取电喷雾电离质谱( iEESI-MS)方法,并成功应用于肺癌、食管癌、猪肉、牛肉、猪肺、猪心等不同生物组织样品中磷脂类物质的直接质谱分析。本方法无需样品预处理,可通过选择合适的萃取溶剂来提高方法的分析灵敏度和选择性,单个样品的平均分析时间少于1 min,样品耗量少,有望为生物组织样品中磷脂类物质的研究提供一种质谱学新方法。     

Sensitivity of Positive Ion Mode Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry in the Analysis of Thiol Metabolites

High signal intensities of glutathione (GSH), [GSH+H]⁺ (m/z 308), cysteine (CySH), [CySH+H]⁺ (m/z 122), and homocysteine (hCySH), [hCySH+H]⁺ (m/z 136), are observed in ESI MS with on‐line electrochemistry (EC). Dimers formed by H‐bonding, which are not electrochemical products, are detected as [2GSH+H]⁺ (m/z 615), [2CySH+H]⁺ (m/z 243) and [2hCySH+H]⁺ (m/z 271) together with disulfide dimers GSSG, CySSCy and hCySSCyh, [GSSG+H]⁺ (m/z 613), [CySSCy+H]⁺ (m/z 241) and [hCySSCyh+H]⁺ (m/z 269). When dopamine is present a thiol/dopamine quinone (DAQ) adduct is observed. Formation of this adduct is proposed to occur by an electrochemical mechanism during ESI. Catalysis of thiol oxidation and analysis of thiol mixtures is addressed.     

Factors Influence Complexing Selectivity of Lariat Crown Ethers Toward Alkali Metal Ions in Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

The selectivity of eight lariat crown ethers in the sym‐dibenzo‐16‐crown‐5 series toward alkali metal ions was studied with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry under different conditions. With the exception of 2g , which is equally selective toward Na⁺ and Li⁺, all other lariat crown ethers show the best selectivity toward Li⁺ in methanol. Factors that influence the selectivity include the water content, counterions, nature of the side arms, and the externally added cations. Iodide gives the best Na⁺ selectivity with R_I > R_Br > R_Cl. Increased water content profoundly increases the Na⁺ selectivity when the side arm is hydrophilic and the steric hindrance is small. Externally added cations (Cs⁺ and/or Rb⁺) enhance the Na⁺ selectivity by exchanging the smaller Li⁺ from the cavity.     

Electrospray Mass Spectrometry of Aqueous Solutions of Isopolyoxotungstates

Electrospray mass spectrometry (ESMS) has been conducted on aqueous solutions of isopolyoxotungstate systems. There is direct evidence that the desorption process in the ESMS technique has resulted in significant chemical effects, resulting in the detection of many new anions and cations. For the ammonium polyoxotungstate system, negative-ion ESMS yields ions of the form [HW _m O_3m+1]^–, [W _m O_3m+1]^2–, and [HW _m O_3m+2]^3– (with the latter being better formulated as [H₂W_2m O_6m+4]^6–). For the alkali metal polyoxotungstate systems ions of the form [W _m O_3m+1A]^– and [W _m O_4m A_2m–2]^2– (where A=Li⁺, Na⁺, K⁺) were observed. For positive-ion ESMS two series were observed, namely, the [W _m O_4m A_2m+1]⁺ and [W _m O_4m A_2m+2]²⁺ ions. In the ammonium polyoxotungstate system, aggregates of both the [HW _m O_3m+1]^– and the [W _m O_3m+1]^2– series can be classified as open-chained structures of tetrahedra that are corner shared, whereas the more highly charged anions [H₂W_2m O_6m+4]^6– are consistent with closed-packed structures which are based on the structure of paratungstate-B [H₂W₁₂O₄₂]^10–. For the alkali metal tungstate systems, the ESMS spectra are consistent with open-chained structures of octahedral units that are edge shared, with a terminating tetrahedral unit. Linear correlations suggest that the assembly of these aggregates occurs via an additive polymerization mechanism for which the additive moieties (WO₃, WO²⁺ ₂, and W₂O₈A₄) in aqueous solution can be identified.     

新型纳升级毛细管刻蚀电喷雾质谱接口研究

对普通石英毛细管表面使用氢氟酸刻蚀技术进行刻蚀, 并与商品化鞘流液毛细管电泳-质谱接口(Sheathflow CE-MS interface)结合, 将其改装成一种新型的纳升级电喷雾质谱接口. 玻璃膜接口部分呈多孔结构, 壁厚约10 μm. 以细胞色素c对新型接口加以评价, 样品的流量最低可达到20 nL/min; 在50~500 nL/min流量范围内刻蚀接口具有较高的响应信号. 考察了接触电解质溶液对样品电离的影响; 比较微升级不锈钢接口和新型接口的蛋白质检测结果发现, 在流速为200 nL/min时, 检测灵敏度可以提高3.6倍.     

表面活性剂的电喷雾质谱分析

采用不同的质谱采集模式分析了不同类型的表面活性剂。阳离子表面活性剂如氯化十二烷基二甲基苄基铵,适合正离子采集模式,准分子离子为其阳离子;阴离子表面活性剂如十二烷基苯磺酸钠,适合负离子采集模式,准分子离子为其阴离子;两性表面活性剂如氧化十四烷基二甲基胺,适合负离子采集模式,准分子离子为[M-H]^-;非离子表面活性剂如壬基酚聚氧乙烯（12）醚,适合正离子采集模式,准分子离子为[M＋Na]^-。