Numerical Simulation of the Unsteady Laminar Flow Past a Circular Cylinder with a Perforated Sheath

The unsteady two-dimensional laminar flow past a circular cylinder encased in a perforated sheath is numerically simulated. On the basis of the calculated results a technique for controlling the wake flow by diverting a portion of the flow from the forward stagnation point through internal ducts to orifices in the sheath located in the separation zone, is analyzed.     

Ballistic Resistance of Novel Amorphous-Alloy-Reinforced Perforated Armor

A new concept of lightweight structure,namely amorphous-alloy-reinforced perforated armor(ARPA)consisting of the amorphous alloy coating and perforated metal substrate plate,is proposed.The ballistic performance of the ARPA is investigated numerically.The failure modes of ARPA and projectiles are identified,and the defeating mechanism of the ARPA is explored.It is shown that the amorphous alloy coating is helpful for enhancing the target’s ballistic performance by seriously eroding and fracturing the penetrators.The effects of coating thickness,initial impact velocity and impact angle are also discussed for the target’s ballistic performance.The optimal design of coating thickness may be necessary for enhancing the ballistic resistance of ARPAs.     

Stress Separation of Interferometrically Measured Isopachics in a Perforated Plate

A method for the stress separation of interferometrically measured isopachics using an Airy stress function is proposed in this study. A Poisson equation that represents the relationship between the sum of principal stresses and an Airy stress function is solved using a finite element method. The Dirichlet boundary condition for solving the Poisson equation is determined by the approximation of an assumed Airy stress function along the boundary of the model. Therefore, the distribution of the Airy stress function is obtained from the measured isopachic contours. Then, the stresses are obtained from the computed Airy stress function. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated by applying the proposed method to the isopachic contours in a perforated plate obtained by Mach-Zehnder interferometry. Results indicate that stress components around a hole in a plate can be obtained from isopachics by the proposed method.     

Topology Optimization of Perforated Continua Based on Truss-Like Material Model

A topology optimization method from truss-like continua to perforated continua is studied, which is based on the concept of force transmission paths. The force transmission paths are optimized utilizing a truss-like material model. In the optimization procedure, parts of the force transmission paths are removed. Finally, perforated optimal continua are formed by further optimizing the material distribution field. No intermediate densities are suppressed; therefore, no additional technique is involved and no numerical instabilities are created. Structural topologies are presented using material distribution fields rather than the 'existence' or 'inexistence' of elements. More detailed structures are obtained utilizing less dense elements.     

布孔方式对孔洞材料宏观力学性能影响的研究

运用材料破坏过程分析MFPA2D系统,从细观力学和损伤力学角度,研究了布孔方式对孔洞材料宏观力学性能以及破坏机理的影响。在研究中,分别建立了三种含双孔、四孔以及多孔的正方形数值模型。双孔以沿试件垂直中心线重叠布置,沿试件水平中心线并列布置和沿试件对角线倾斜布置三种方式进行布孔,四孔以正方形和菱形两种布孔方式置于试件中央区域,多孔成排布置并使其相邻四孔成正方形和菱形镶嵌于试件中。然后对这三种试件分别进行了标准的单轴压缩数值试验。通过对试验结果的讨论,阐明了布孔方式对孔洞材料宏观力学行为和细观损伤机理的影响。结果表明:孔洞的相互作用既可以增强应力集中程度,也可以减弱应力集中程度;正方形布孔方式比菱形布孔方式使孔洞材料具有更高的承载能力;多孔材料的延性断裂行为是孔洞应力屏蔽作用和材料损伤局部化行为共同作用的结果。     

基于空气-雪两相流动力学仿真的滑雪板界面特性及其减阻性能研究

在冬奥会的比赛中滑雪板是重要的比赛装备,滑雪板与雪的界面特性极大地影响了滑雪板的性能.滑雪板与雪的界面同时存在雪、空气与滑雪板三者的耦合作用且作用时间短,因此常规的试验研究难度很大.计算流体动力学(CFD)仿真是研究流体界面性能的重要手段,可以模拟真实滑雪条件下,滑雪板滑行时的界面状态,量化分析界面的作用力等物理量.本文中以单板滑雪板作为研究对象,单板滑雪板在滑动界面上涉及到空气与雪两相流体问题.因此,本研究中采用CFD仿真的方法对坡面障碍单板进行分析研究.结合滑雪板的运动位姿状态,将结构分为4个变量参数进行分析,结果显示侧刃弦长对界面作用力影响最大,并探究结构最优组合;攻角则分为5个不同参数进行分析,结果显示雪板抬起角度为5°左右时,可以起到降低滑动界面作用力的效果.滑雪板结构与攻角的优化,可为后续的滑雪板设计与运动员运动过程中滑雪板姿态起到指导作用.     

Vibration Analysis of Perforated Plates Using Time-Average Digital Speckle Pattern Interferometry

Digital Speckle Interferometry is a non invasive full-field coherent optical technique used in mechanical vibration measurement. In this research, it is used for tuning resonant frequencies of vibrating plates in order to investigate the dynamical behavior of perforated plates. The plate was excited to resonant vibration by a sinusoidal acoustic source. Fringe pattern produced during the time-average recording of the vibrating plate, for several resonant frequencies were registered. Results of plates fixed at one edge having internal holes and attached masses are presented. Experimental natural frequencies and modal shapes are compared to those obtained by an analytical approximate solution based on the Rayleigh–Ritz method with the use of orthogonal polynomials as coordinate function. A high degree of correlation between computational analysis and experimental results was observed, proving the potentiality of the optical technique as experimental validation of the numerical simulations.     

Prediction of Postbuckling Characteristics of Perforated Metamaterial Cylindrical Shells Under Axial Compression

Large deflection postbuckling responses of metamaterial cylindrical shells perforated by arrayed circular holes are investigated through a newly proposed theoretical model incorporating with finite element method and experiment.The triggering of an unusual pattern transformation under compressive load(that shows special hyperelastic metamaterial characteristics)con-tributes to the particularity of the postbuckling modes,in which the axisymmetric waisted and non-axisymmetric postbuckling configurations of perforated cylindrical shells are identified.The transformations of postbucking modes are mainly affected by global outline sizes of the shell and local geometrical parameters of holes.The structural load-carrying capacity for the waisted postbuckling response suffers a sudden drop and recovers when the holes collapse.Comparatively,the shell would undergo a sustained fall off under non-axisymmetric postbuckling states.The negative Poisson's ratio induced by pattern transformation plays a key role and a critical effective threshold value exists,inducing the waisted postbuckling mode.The revealed principles would be of benefit for achieving a controllable structural stability that is usually difficult to implement on those conventional structures.     

Thermal Performance Evaluation of a Double-Tube Heat Exchanger Partially Filled with Porous Media Under Turbulent Flow Regime

A two-dimensional analysis of the onset of thermal convective instability in a horizontal porous layer with open upper boundary is carried out. The saturating fluid is non-Newtonian of power-law behaviour, and its flow is represented through a suitable extension of Darcy’s law. A model of temperature-dependent viscosity is employed where the consistency index is considered as variable, while the power-law index is assumed to be constant. Numerical data for the neutral stability and for the critical values of a modified Darcy–Rayleigh number have been obtained. The feasibility of an experimental validation of the theoretical results predicted by the stability analysis is discussed in detail. An experimental set-up based on a Hele-Shaw cell is described, and preliminary results relative to the onset of convective cells are described. Observed hysteretic effects and deviations from the rheological model are identified as potential sources of uncertainty.     

Impermeability Through a Perforated Domain for the Incompressible two dimensional Euler Equations

We study the asymptotic behavior of the motion of an ideal incompressible fluid in a perforated domain. The porous medium is composed of inclusions of size \({\varepsilon}\) separated by distances \({d_{\varepsilon}}\) and the fluid fills the exterior. If the inclusions are distributed on the unit square, the asymptotic behavior depends on the limit of \({\frac{d_{\varepsilon}}\varepsilon}\) when \({\varepsilon}\) goes to zero. If \({\frac{d_{\varepsilon}}\varepsilon \to \infty}\), then the limit motion is not perturbed by the porous medium, namely, we recover the Euler solution in the whole space. If, on the contrary, \({\frac{d_{\varepsilon}}\varepsilon \to 0}\), then the fluid cannot penetrate the porous region, namely, the limit velocity verifies the Euler equations in the exterior of an impermeable square. If the inclusions are distributed on the unit segment then the behavior depends on the geometry of the inclusion: it is determined by the limit of \({\frac{d_{\varepsilon}}{\varepsilon^{2+\frac1\gamma}}}\) where \({\gamma \in (0,\infty]}\) is related to the geometry of the lateral boundaries of the obstacles. If \({\frac{d_{\varepsilon}}{\varepsilon^{2+\frac1\gamma}} \to \infty}\), then the presence of holes is not felt at the limit, whereas an impermeable wall appears if this limit is zero. Therefore, for a distribution in one direction, the critical distance depends on the shape of the inclusions; in particular, it is equal to \({\varepsilon^{3}}\) for balls.     

Erratum to: Vibration Analysis of Perforated Plates Using Time-Average Digital Speckle Pattern Interferometry

Digital Speckle Interferometry is a non invasive full-field coherent optical technique used in mechanical vibration measurement. In this research, it is used for tuning resonant frequencies of vibrating plates in order to investigate the dynamical behavior of perforated plates. The plate was excited to resonant vibration by a sinusoidal acoustic source. Fringe pattern produced during the time-average recording of the vibrating plate, for several resonant frequencies were registered. Results of plates fixed at one edge having internal holes and attached masses are presented. Experimental natural frequencies and modal shapes are compared to those obtained by an analytical approximate solution based on the Rayleigh–Ritz method with the use of orthogonal polynomials as coordinate function. A high degree of correlation between computational analysis and experimental results was observed, proving the potentiality of the optical technique as experimental validation of the numerical simulations.     

中国力学学会第五届全国多相流,非牛顿流,物理化学流学术会议简介

中国力学学会第五届全国多相流,非牛顿流,物理化学流学术会议于２０００年１０月３１日到１１月１日在武汉华中科技大学召开．本次会议是过去１９７９年在成都召开的第一届会议,１９８２年在北京召开的第二届会议,１９９０年在杭州召开的第三届会议,１９９３年召开的第四届会议,以及１９９７年在北京召开的第一届国际会议的继续．参加本届会议的代表来自国内力学,工程热物理和热能,化工,冶金,石油,水利等行业共４０人左右,发表论文３１篇,其中气固和液固流动８篇：气液和液液流动９篇,非牛顿流７篇,渗流７篇． 在气固和液固…     

Laminar Base Flow Downstream of Slender Cones in Hypersonic Flow

The base flow downstream of slender cones in a stream of perfect gas at Mach numbers 8 and 10 and Reynolds numbers 10⁴ and 10⁵ is numerically investigated. The calculated heat fluxes to the rear face of the body are compared with experimental data. It is shown that the friction and heat transfer coefficients increase without bound as the corner point is approached from both the lateral surface and the rear face, the sign of the latter coefficient being dependent on the body surface temperature factor.     

航空发动机轴承腔润滑的气液两相均匀流研究

基于轴承腔中润滑油的两相均匀流动模型,采用湍流模式和有限差分数值方法计算轴承腔内三维定常N-S方程,对腔内润滑油的气液两相均匀流动特性进行研究,以获得气液两相均匀流条件下润滑油流场、压力场和速度场在轴承腔内的分布情况,分析转子转速、含气率和润滑油进口速度对润滑油出口压力以及润滑油与壁面之间剪切力的影响,同时对单相流和两相均匀流润滑性能差异进行比较.结果表明,转子转速、含气率和润滑油进口速度对润滑油出口压力和腔内壁面与润滑油间的平均剪切力具有不同影响,而采用2种流动模型计算出的轴承腔润滑油出口压力的差异较大,同时支持了开展航空发动机轴承腔润滑两相流动分析的必要性.     

水平管道气固两相分层流动过程的研究

以空气作为输送动力、粉煤灰及玻璃微珠作为输送物料,对气力输送管道中气固两相流的流动特性进行了系统的试验研究.对管路系统的特性、操作条件、物料和气体的性质等影响气固两相流压力损失的主要因素进行了探讨.并在实验的基础上对两相流动的沉积速度、经济速度进行了确定.同时在对粉体受力分析的基础上建立了分层流动的物理及数学模型,通过对比数学模型计算值与试验值得出该数学模型具有一定的计算精度,能够用于指导分层流动的研究及应用.     

气固耦合振动叶栅非定常流动分析研究

引入结构动力学方程建立了二维N-S/结构振动耦合方程组,采用双时间法建立了气固耦合方程组的非定常数值求解体系,研究了叶栅间的二维非定常粘性流动及叶栅振动特性。对两种叶型分别计算了不同折合振动频率下的流场,振动叶栅位移随时间变化的曲线表明,采用气固耦合得到的叶栅振动频率与非耦合自振频率相比均有所下降;振动位移-时间曲线在不同振动折合频率下有显著差别。在气固耦合情况下叶栅振动规律及其稳定性与非耦合情形差异较大,因此研究叶栅振动稳定性应当考虑气动/结构的耦合。     

Quantitative Flow Visualization

Modern developments in laser and computer technology, electronic cameras, and digital image processing techniques allow to generate planar distributions of quantitative data in turbulent flows. Large amounts of data can be processed easily and analyzed statistically. With these tools, it is possible to quantitatively visualize turbulent coherent structures, even in flows of high Reynolds number, and measure characteristic spatial quantities like vorticity, length scales, spatial correlation functions, etc. These potentials in analyzing spatial characteristics of turbulent flows are demonstrated with two different methods of quantitative flow visualization: speckle photography as a representative of the line-of-sight methods, and particle image velocimetry belonging to the methods that rely on the scattering of laser light from tracer particles.Sommario.I moderni sviluppi nelle tecnologie del laser e dei computers, delle telecamere elettroniche e le tecniche di analisi digitale delle immagini permettono di ottenere distribuzioni quantitative, in un piano, di dati relativi a flussi turbolenti. Una gran quantità di dati può essere con facilità analizzata statisticamente. Con questi mezzi è possibile visualizzare quantitativamente strutture coerenti turbolente anche in flussi da alto numero di Reynolds, e misurare caratteristiche spaziali, come vorticità scale e funzioni di correlazione. Questa potenzialità di studiare caratteristiche spaziali di flussi turbolenti viene qui mostrata per due differenti metodi di visualizzazione quantitativa: fotografia speckle e PIV (particle image velocimetry).     

Underwater Flow Noise

Lighthill's theory of aerodynamic sound provides an effective way of investigating underwater flow noise. When combined with a model of the coherent vortical structures in a turbulent boundary layer, it predicts the wave-number frequency pressure spectrum on a rigid surface and, in particular, highlights the r?le of surface viscous stresses as a source of low wave-number pressure fluctuations on a plane surface. The inclusion of surface curvature and flexibility enables the theory to be applied to acoustic streamers (sometimes known as towed arrays). The effect of the interior mechanical structure of the streamers on the flow noise is investigated. Simple algebraic forms are derived for the comparative performance of liquid and visco-elastic-filled streamers. The introduction of porous foam into a liquid streamer is found to be a particularly effective way of attenuating low wave-number disturbances, and theoretical predictions are compared with experiment. Received 19 December 1996 and accepted 2 May 1997     

Upscaling Non-Darcy Flow

We consider upscaling of non-Darcy flow in heterogeneous porous media. Our approach extends the pressure-based numerical homogenization procedure for linear Darcy flow, due to Durlofsky, to the nonlinear case. The effective coefficients are not constants but rather mildly varying functions of prevailing gradients of pressure. The upscaled model approximates the fine grid model accurately and, in some cases, more accurately than what is expected for Darcy flow; this is due to the non-Darcy effects which suppress heterogeneity. We provide comparisons of alternative approaches as well as consider several variants of numerical realizations of the non-Darcy flow model. Numerical results show effectiveness of the upscaling procedure.