镓原子链的结构稳定性和电子结构

The structural stabilities and electronic structures of Ga atomic chains are studied by the first-principles plane wave pseudopotential method based on the density functional theory. The present calculations show that gallium can form planar chains in linear-, zigzag- and ladder-form one-dimensional structures. The most stable one among the studied structures is the zigzag chain with a unit cell rather close to equilateral triangles with four nearest neighbors, and all the other structures are metastable. The relative structural stability, the energy bands and the charge densities are discussed based on the ab initio calculations and the Jahn-Teller effect.     

单原子催化剂电子结构调控实现高效多相催化

过去十年见证了单原子催化领域的快速发展,其最高的原子利用效率和充分暴露的活性位点使得单原子催化剂对众多反应的催化活性具有显著提升。在单原子催化领域的早期发展阶段,研究者只是关注单原子催化剂催化活性与催化选择性的提高,而其内在的反应机理以及活性位点同催化性能之间的构效关系往往被忽视。关于单原子催化剂中金属-基底相互作用的深入探讨能够帮助我们理解催化机理,并进一步指导多相催化剂的理性设计。值得注意的是,由于单原子催化剂均一的活性位点及其几何构型,我们可以通过理论计算以及一些原位的表征技术,来揭示其中的金属-基底相互作用,继而进一步促进单原子催化领域的发展以及多相催化剂的理性设计。这篇综述总结了金属-基底相互作用的基本概念,其作用,以及其在一些重要多相催化中的应用,最后提出了金属-基底相互作用在单原子催化领域所面临的挑战与机遇。     

异原子配位结构碳基单原子电催化剂结构与性能相关性的研究进展

单原子催化剂是一类以相互孤立的单个金属原子作为催化活性中心的、 具有高原子经济性及高活性的负载型催化剂, 被广泛应用于能源电催化领域. 近年来, 通过使用两种或两种以上原子与活性中心金属原子配位, 构建具有异原子配位结构的单原子材料, 展现了优异的电催化性能. 研究发现, 这种不对称的配位结构有效调控了中心金属原子的电子结构, 优化了催化反应的吸附和脱附能量, 提高了电催化的性能. 本文综合评述了具有异原子配位结构碳基单原子电催化剂的合成策略、 表征技术与方法, 以及在前沿能源电催化应用中的催化剂性能与结构之间的构效关系, 并展望了异原子配位结构碳基单原子电催化剂的研究前景.     

相对论效应对Au和Fr电子结构影响的研究

介绍了Dirac,Desclaux等人发展的相对论多电子原子自洽场Dirac-Fock(MCDF)方法,并用相对论多电子原子MERECC-94程序计算了元素Au,Fr的电子结构。结果表明：尽管Fr的1s轨道相对论收缩效应比Au大,但因外壳层电子结构的不同,使Au的6s轨道的相对论收缩和稳定化效应比Fr和7s更明显。     

电子亲合能与原子的Z */r及电子构型的关系

从电子亲合能定义出发，讨论了原子在形成相应负离子时，新增电子所受吸引能（Ｚ／ｒ）与电子亲合能的关系。从计算所得１～８６号元素各原子Ｚ／ｒ值显示，Ｚ／ｒ和ＥＡ值均体现出一定的周期性变化规律。对某些反常现象也从各自的电子构型角度给以解释。     

用电子定域函数研究主族原子的壳层结构

采用电子定域函数(ELF)方法对第一到第四周期主族元素的壳层结构进行了研究。计算得到了各壳层半径及壳层内的电荷数,探讨了原子序数与壳层半径间的关系。结果有助于学生更好地理解原子的壳层结构。     

抗肿瘤多酸药物[Mo7O24]6-的电子结构研究

运用第一原理密度泛涵理论中的离散变分方法（ＤＦＴ－ＤＶＭ）对具有抗肿瘤活性的多酸药物三合水七钼酸异丙基胺的阴离子「Ｍｏ７Ｏ２４」＾６－进行了电子结构，获得了键级、不等价原子的电子占据数、原子净电荷，分子轨道能级以及「Ｍｏ７Ｏ２４」＾６－的ＨＯＭＯ和ＬＵＭＯ组成等数据，并对该药物的活性和作用机理从电子结构的角度进行了讨论。     

Dawson结构硫钼杂多阴离子的电子结构

使用第一原理密度泛函理论中的离散变分方法（DFT-DVM）对（S2Mo18O62）4-的电子结构进行了理论计算,并与Keggin结构（SMo12O40）2-的电子结构作了比较分析,结果表明,（S2Mo18O62）中的电子离域地分布在整个阴离子骨架中,但极位和赤道位原子的电荷分布有明显差异。端氧与Mo之间的键均较强,中心氧与Mo之间形成的键最弱。（S2Mo18O62）4-的化学行为的活性中心是赤道位钼Moe、极位端氧Opt、极位共顶桥氧Opea、赤道位端氧Oet和赤道位共边桥氧Oeb。与（SMo12O40）2-相比,（S2Mo18O62）4-的稳定性和氧化性均较弱。但在两种类型的硫钼杂多阴离子中,Mo对其氧化性的产生起了重要的作用。     

含杂原子富勒烯C_(58)X_2(X=B、N、P)电子结构的量子化学研究

用CNDO／2方法在586微机上计算了C60，C59X1和C58X2（X=B、N、P）的23种位置异构体共73个分子的电子结构。在C58X2的23种位置异构体中C58B2（1，9），C58N2（1，9）和C58P2（1，2）分别是最稳定的。C59X1和的稳定性都比C60差，氧化或还原都比C60容易。在C59X1和分子中与杂原子相距1个、2个或3个键的C原子的电荷密度比C60分子的增加或减少较多，其亲电或亲核反应能力增强；与杂原子直接相连的键或挪巨1个、2个、3个键的2个C原子间WibergOrder比C60分子增加或减少较多，其键的强度增强或减弱。     

Sulfur Atoms as Ligands in Metal Complexes

The types of sulfur bonding—as sulfane or sulfide—encountered in the molecules of maingroup elements are almost unknown in the chemistry of metal complexes, where the sulfur atoms function instead as two-electron donors by bridging two metal atoms, as four-electron donors by bridging three or four metal atoms, or as six-electron donors by incorporation between four metal atoms. In such complexes, the metal-metal bond can be modified over a wide range by chemical or electrochemical variation of the number of electrons present. The readiness with which polynuclear complexes containing metals and sulfur undergo redox reactions is also utilized by Nature in the active sites of some redox proteins.     

Average electron momenta in many-electron atoms

In many-electron atoms, the average electron momentum p represents the mean momentum of a single electron when all the electron motions are averaged. If any two electrons are considered simultaneously, however, the average momentum p splits into two different momenta, low momentum p_< and high momentum p_>. For the 102 atoms He through Lr in their ground states, the momenta p_< and p_> are systematically examined at the Hartree–Fock limit level. It is also shown that the sum p_>+p_< and the difference p_>–p_< of the two momenta constitute upper and lower bounds to the electron-pair relative momentum p₁₂=|p₁–p₂| and to the electron-pair center-of-mass momentum P=|p₁+p₂|/2. The tightness of the bounds is discussed for the 102 atoms.     

Reaction Dynamics of Electronically Excited Alkali Atoms with Simple Molecules

The reactions of electronically excited sodium atoms with simple molecules have been studied in crossed molecular beams experiments. Electronically excited Na(3²P_3/2,4²D_5/2, and 5²S_1/2) were produced by optical pumping using single frequency dye lasers. The effects of the symmetry, and the orientation and alignment of the excited orbital on the chemical reactivity, and detailed information on the reaction dynamics were derived from measurements of the product angular and velocity distributions.     

Look Better: Single Atoms in Chemistry and Single Atoms in Physics

Fostering fruitful collaboration between chemistry and physics scholars, the analysis of the differences in the practical approach to single atoms in chemistry and in physics affords a number of conceptual outcomes pointing to a more balanced and useful relationship between chemistry and physics.     

Relationships between the Chemistry of Dispersed Metals and Chemical Syntheses with Metal Atoms

An interesting and topical question in modern inorganic chemistry is: To what extent are the well-known chemistry of dispersed metals and the new technique of chemical synthesis with free metal atoms interrelated? Or in other words: Where, do these two facets of metal chemistry meet? In an attempt to glean an answer to this question three important aspects are considered: metal sols, activated metals as powders, and deposits in vacuum processes (evaporation and cathodic sputtering of metals).     

原子结构参数的改进Xa法计算

六十年代后期,在Hartree－Fock-Slater法的基础上,提出了Xα法［1］．用于原子结构计算的Xα法与HF（Hartree－Fock）法的主要区别在于：用简单的统计平均交换势替代了HF法中计算最为困难的电子交换势,从而在保持较高理论严谨性和计算精确度的同时,大大减少了计算工作量,近年来获得了广泛的应用．我们尝试用经过适当修改的Xα方法,计算原子参数,解决分子结构中的某些问题．用原子参数解决分子问题,历来是化学和物理工作者常用的方法．本工作的意图是引入一个比HF法简单的容易在微机上实现的某种表现原子参数的计算方法,提供…