三卤化硼Lewis酸性强弱理论研究之比较

三卤化硼BX_3是典型的Lewis酸,在化学中有广泛的应用。通常认为,BX_3Lewis酸性依BF_3BCl_3BBr_3顺序依次增强,这与按取代基电负性数值判断中心原子缺电子得到的结论完全相反。目前,关于影响BX_3Lewis酸性的因素,还存在不同的观点。本文选取其中有代表性的研究进行了比较分析。     

轨道去除方法及其应用

介绍了能对正碳离子及硼烷化合物中的电子离域现象作定量研究和分析的轨道去除方法 .一般的分子轨道方法能得到电子离域体系的波函数 ,而轨道去除方法则能得到电子离域效应被湮灭之后的假想定域体系的波函数 .通过对两者的对比分析 ,可定量而又清晰地了解分子内的电子离域是如何影响分子结构、能量及其他分子性质的 .具体讨论了正碳离子中烷基的超共轭现象和三卤化硼的Lewis酸性 .结果表明 ,轨道去除方法可非常有效地解释一些传统的化学问题     

丁酮分子3d态的共振增强多光子电离

酮类分子含有羰基,其价电子跃迁主要涉及ＣＯ成键π轨道,Ｏ原子的非键２ｐｙ轨道和ＣＯ反键π轨道,它们的能量顺序为π＜２ｐｙ＜π,里德堡态由最高占有轨道２ｐｙ(ｎ０)的一个孤对电子向各里德堡轨道跃迁产生［１］．ＶＵＶ吸收谱［１,２］和电子能谱［１,３］都显...     

有机结构波谱中二级结构效应机理的新探索(III)——羟基伸缩振动频率中的p→p配位效应

H2 O和 ROH中的 O原子轨道为不等性 sp2杂化的 ,并且其 2 p孤对电子和 H原子的 2 p空轨道之间存在着一定程度的 p→ pπ配价键。这个配价键在 O— H键伸缩振动频率随取代基电子效应的变化中起着主导作用。     

基于有机硼化合物的氟离子化学传感器的研究进展

有机硼化合物中硼原子空的pπ轨道使其作为路易斯酸能够选择性的结合氟离子,其与氟离子的结合破坏了硼中心与芳香取代基的pπ-π共轭,引起有机硼化合物光物理性质的变化。因此,有机硼化合物能够用作高选择性的氟离子化学传感器材料。本文从具有三芳基硼结构及硼酸或硼酸酯结构的这两类有机硼化合物出发,综述了它们在氟离子化学传感器领域的研究进展。     

氨分子逐级键解离能降低的解释

采用理论计算方法解释了氨逐级解离能降低的现象。计算结果表明,随着N与H原子结合数目的减少,键解离能降低、键长增长;随着N与H原子结合数目的增多,N的2s电子跃迁到N的2p轨道上的几率增大,减小了屏蔽作用;更多电子从H的1s轨道迁移到N的2p轨道,增大了N和H之间的静电作用;单电子或孤对电子与N-H键夹角的增大减小了排斥作用。这3个因素造成NH3的逐级键解离能有降低的趋势。     

双取代铵氧化物(R2HNO)与双取代羟胺(R2NOH)的 相互转换机制的量子化学研究

在B3LYP/6-311＋＋G(d,p)水平下, 首次对一系列双取代铵氧化物(R2HNO)与双取代羟胺(R2NOH) [R＝CH3, NH2, OH, F, CH2CH3, CH(CH3)2, C(CH3)3]同分异构体的相互转换机制进行了理论计算研究, 并与已知的H3NO和H2NOH进行了比较. 结果表明, 相对于双取代羟胺(R2NOH), 按照H＜CH3＜NH2＜OH＜F的顺序, 增加取代基R的电负性有助于提高双取代铵氧化物(R2HNO)的热力学和动力学稳定性. 此外, 对烷基取代基R [R＝CH3, CH2CH3, CH(CH3)2, C(CH3)3], 其空间位阻越大越能增加双取代铵氧化物(R2HNO)的热力学稳定性, 动力学稳定性也有相应增加, 但不显著. 对所研究的7种取代基[R＝CH3, NH2, OH, F, CH2CH3, CH(CH3)2, C(CH3)3], R2HNO向R2NOH转换的能垒介于27.0～56.3 kcal/mol之间, 表明在气相条件下极有可能观测到双取代铵氧化物(R2HNO).     

分子中含价层孤对电子的原子构型的判断方法

依据杂化轨道理论、价层电子对互斥理论、离域π键和实例,总结出了分子中含价层孤对电子原子构型的判断法,其内容为含有2对或3对孤对电子的原子(如F)可以存在sp1、sp2、sp3 3种杂化,若其相连的中心原子为sp1杂化,则该原子也为sp1杂化(如HC≡CF);若其相连的中心原子为sp2杂化,则该原子也为sp2杂化(如H2C＝CHF);若其相连的中心原子为sp3杂化,则该原子也为sp3杂化(如CH3F)。含有1对孤对电子的原子(如N)可以存在sp2、sp3 2种杂化,若其相连的中心原子为sp1或sp2杂化,则该原子均为sp2杂化(如HC≡CNH2和H2C＝CHNH2);若其相连的中心原子为sp3杂化,则该原子为sp3杂化(如CH3NH2)。并讨论了该方法的适用范围以及举例说明了该方法的应用。     

TS-1分子筛Lewis酸性的理论研究

应用密度泛函理论和量子力学与分子力学联合的ONIOM2方法对含Ti的MFI分子筛(TS-1)中Ti4+离子在三种不同骨架落位上所表现的Lewis酸性进行了理论研究. 利用碱性探针分子(CO, NH3, 乙腈和吡啶)在骨架Ti活性中心的吸附作用,对吸附络合物的几何结构和吸附能进行了计算,并通过自然键轨道(NBO)分析考察了吸附络合物的电子结构. 结果表明,骨架Ti在T12位表现出明显的Lewis酸性,对NH3分子有较强的吸附作用. NBO分析表明,骨架Ti活性中心的Lewis酸性是由于 Ti - O 键的空σ反键轨道接受碱性探针分子提供的孤对电子;NH3分子吸附导致Ti4+离子由近正四面体中心对称变为五配位的三角双锥对称.     

二铁氧还盐和四铁氧还盐的电子结构

本文采用CNDO/2-SD方法计算了二铁氧还盐及四铁氧还盐的电子结构.与Roussin 红盐及Roussin 黑盐的电子结构比较,相似之处为:在铁局部对称性为四面体的簇合物中, Fe-Fe间相互作用主要由铁的s,p电子的σ贡献产生, 金属d轨道的π相互作用在占有轨道区间同时具有成键和反键贡献, 因而对骨架的形成几乎无贡献. 骨架μ2-S桥含有孤对电子,有形成μ3-S桥的可能, 但以桥硫孤对电子贡献为主的轨道都不是前线轨道. 不同之处在于端基为SH的簇合物骨架电子的非定域性较端基为NO时更强. 二核簇合物Fe与端基SH的成键能力比与NO的小, 因而在自兜反应中容易失去端基SH而形成封闭型结构.     

Lewis acidity of gallium halides

The Lewis acidity of GaF(3), GaF(2)Cl, GaFCl(2), and GaCl(3) in acid-base interactions has been studied by taking ammonia as their electron-donating counterpart. We have derived an unoccupied reactive orbital that shows the maximum localization on the Ga atomic center for each species. The orbital is located lower in energy compared to those in the corresponding boron and aluminum halides. In contrast to boron halides, the unoccupied reactive orbital of the acid site tends to be delocalized considerably on the halogens as the fluorines are substituted by chlorines in gallium halides. The trend observed in the effects of fluorine and chlorine on the acidity of the gallium halides is opposite to those found in the boron halides. This cannot be interpreted solely in terms of the electron-accepting strength of the gallium center, but can be understood by including electrostatic interactions and closed-shell repulsion with ammonia in the adducts. The origin of the difference in Lewis acidity of BCl(3), AlCl(3), and GaCl(3) has been clarified.     

三卤化硼Lewis酸性的密度泛函理论研究

用密度泛函理论的DFT-LDA/NL方法研究BX₃(X=F,Cl,Br)分子的Lewis酸性.计算BX₃分子的硬度时,采用一个可供选择的方法.该法是密度泛函理论的Janak定理的推广.结果表明,分子硬度是BX₃Lewis酸性的最好表征.应用Pearson的软硬酸碱(HSAB)原理可以合理地解释BX₃酸性的变化规律     

Theoretical investigation of adenine–BX3 (X=F,Cl) complex

Geometries and binding energies are predicted at B3LYP/6-311+G* level for the adenine–BX₃ (X=F,Cl) systems and four conformers with no imaginary frequencies have been obtained for both adenine–BF₃ and adenine–BCl₃, respectively, and single energy calculations using much larger basis sets (6-311+G(2df,p)) and aug-cc-pVDZ were carried out as well. The most stable conformer is BF₃ or BCl₃ connected to N₃ of adenine and with the stabilization energy of 22.55 or 20.59 kcal/mol at B3LYP/6-311+G* level (BSSE corrected). The analyses for the combining interaction between BX₃ and adenine with natural bond orbital method (NBO) and the atom-in-molecules theory (AIM) have been performed. The results indicate that all the conformers were formed with σ–p type interactions between adenine and BX₃, in which pyridine-type nitrogen or nitrogen atom of amino group offers its lone pair electron to the empty p orbital of boron atom and the concomitances of charge transference from adenine to BX₃ were occurred. Frequency analysis suggested that the stretching vibration of BX₃ underwent a red shift in complexes. Adenine–BF₃ complex was more stable than adenine–BCl₃ although the distance of B–N is shorter in the later.     

Synthesis and coordination of 2-diphenylphosphinopicolinamide

The synthesis and coordination of 2-diphenylphosphinopicolinamide (dpppa 1) is reported. Coordination complexes with Pd, Pt, Ru, Rh, Ir and Au are described. The ligand behaves as a monodentate P donor in complexes such as [PtCl₂(dpppa-P₂)], [PdCl(allyl)(dpppa-P)], [RuCl₂(p-Cymene)(dpppa-P)], cis-[PtCl₂(dpppa-P)(PR₃)] and [AuCl(dpppa-P)]. Bidentate P, O coordination was accomplished by reaction of BuLi with [RuCl₂(p-Cymene)(dpppa-P)], to give [RuCl(p-Cymene)(dpppa-P,O). P,N donor behaviour was achieved by reaction of a monodentate complex with a halide abstractor [AgBF₄] generating [RuCl(p-Cymene)(dpppa-P,N)][ClO₄] and[RhCl(η⁵-C₅Me₅)(dpppa-P,N)][BF₄]. The X-ray structures of dpppa, dpppaO, dpppaS, four monodentate complexes and [RuCl(p-Cymene)(dpppa-P,O) are reported. All of the structures contain intramolecular N–HN hydrogen bonding.     

三卤化硼的相对论赝势ab initio研究

用相对论赝势abinitio优化BX₃(X=F、Cl、Br、I)系列分子的几何构型,系统地研究了BX₃系列电子结构的变化规律。发现由BF₃至BI₃σ成键作用逐渐减弱,π成健(p-π反馈键)作用逐渐增强。用单电子S-O算符微扰法计算了BX₃的旋-轨分裂,并根据Koopmans定理重新指定光电子能谱。     

Lewis Acidity Trend of Boron and Aluminium Trihalides: If Not π Back-Bonding,What Else?**

Lewis acidity trend of boron trihalides is a subject that has received a variety of explanations, and still, the simple π back-bonding based one is believed by most, perhaps because of its simplicity, irrespective of opposing findings. Herein we try to give an alternative explanation based on qualitative Molecular Orbital (MO) theory and support that quantitatively by Generalized Kohn-Sham Energy Decomposition Analysis. While the role of orbital overlap on the orbital interaction energy is widely known, the role of electronegativity of the atoms involved is often overlooked. Here we find that the Lewis acidity trend of boron and aluminium halides can be explained by the Wolfsberg-Helmholz (W−H) formula for resonance integral. The MO theory-based predictions are valid only when the orbital interactions are strong enough. In weakly interacting systems, the effect of orbital interactions can be overshadowed by other effects such as Pauli repulsion, dispersion, etc. Thus the Lewis acidity trend of boron and aluminium halides can vary depending on the strength of the interacting Lewis base. We believe that this work would enable one to gain a better understanding not only on the Lewis acidity of boron trihalides and its heavy analogs but also on a variety of related problems such as the stronger π acidity of CS compared to CO and weaker π bonding between heavy atoms.     

基于香豆素的比率型荧光探针对溶液及气相中三氟化硼的检测

合成了一种以香豆素为主体的具有高选择性及灵敏性的比率型荧光探针3-对甲基苯基-7-二乙氨基香豆素(TDC), 并将其用于溶液及气相中三氟化硼(BF₃)的即时可视化检测, 检出限为5.5×10^-7 mol/L. 通过荧光光谱、 紫外-可见吸收光谱和核磁共振波谱(¹⁹F NMR)等方法证实, 该探针与BF₃之间发生的路易斯酸碱反应会对TDC分子内电荷转移(ICT)过程产生影响, 从而引起光谱和溶液颜色的明显变化. 基于TDC分子制成的试纸能够实现裸眼检测溶液和气相中的BF₃.     

A self consistent field molecular orbital study of the lithium-formaldehyde system

The nature of the lithium—oxygen bond in the lithium—formaldehyde system (a prototype of the ketyl radical—alkali metal ion pairs) is examined by unrestricted Hartree—Fock calculations using minimum and extended Slater-type bases and ghost orbital methods. Two states of the equilibrium C_2v symmetry structure are considered: ²B₁, which is a π radical, and ²A₁, Which is a σ radical. In contrast with the results of Ha et al. [10], the ²B₁, state is found to have a slightly lower energy than ²A ₁, When only s-type basis functions are used for the lithium atom; the ²B₁, state is further stabilized if 2p functions at the lithium centre are included. Inclusion of 2p orbitals on lithium greatly exaggerates the charge density at the lithium atom in single-ζ basis calculations on the ²B₁ state, and earlier calculations by Bernardi and Pedulli [8, 9] are found severely to underestimate the polarity of this state. A much better wave-function is obtained from double-ζ basis calculations, and it is concluded that the net charge of Li in the ²B₁, state is close to + 1. The ²A₁, state, on the other hand, is essentially homopolar.     

An ab initio and density functional theory study of the dimethylzinc-hydrogen selenide adduct: (CH3)2Zn:SeH2

The molecular structure (equilibrium geometry) and binding energy of the dimethylzinc (DMZn)-hydrogen selenide (H₂Se) adduct, (CH₃)₂Zn:SeH₂, have been computed with ab initio molecular orbital and density functional theory (DFT) methods and, where possible, compared with experimental results. The structure of the precursors DMZn and H₂Se are perturbed to only a small extent upon adduct formation. (CH₃)₂Zn:SeH₂ was found to be 3 kcal mol⁻¹ less stable than the precursors at the B3LYP/6-311 + G(2d,p)//B3LYP/6-311 + G(2d,p) level of computation, indicating that the (CH₃)₂Zn:SeH₂ adduct is unlikely to be a stable gas-phase species under chemical vapour deposition conditions. Further calculations at the B3LYP/6-311 + G(2d,p)//B3LYP/6-311 + G(2d,p) level of computation suggest that the 1:2 adduct species, (CH₃)₂Zn:(SeH₂)₂, is much less stable than the 1:1 adduct and consequently the precursors by 19 kcal mol⁻¹.