过渡金属催化醇与胺有氧脱水反应及相关研究进展

与其他胺和酰胺衍生物的合成方法相比,过渡金属催化醇与各类胺和酰胺的脱水N-烷基化反应是一种相对绿色、原子经济性较高的方法,一般被称为"借氢"或"氢自动转移"反应及其方法学.近年来,在空气氛围下过渡金属催化醇与胺和酰胺的有氧脱水N-烷基化反应,可使用更稳定的金属催化剂、可在无配体、空气等更温和简单的条件下进行,也引起了人们的极大关注.主要介绍近年来过渡金属催化下醇与胺和酰胺在空气或者氧化剂作用下构建C—N,C=N键合成胺和酰胺衍生物以及亚胺类化合物的有氧脱水反应进展情况,同时也对相关有氧脱水C-烷基化反应进行简单介绍.相关反应的机理研究也将作适当讨论.     

多相双金属Pt-Sn/γ-Al_2O_3催化的胺N-烷基化反应合成仲胺和叔胺

基于借氢策略、醇为烷基化试剂的胺的N-烷基化反应是合成胺类化合物的绿色途径.在无外加氢源条件下,多相双金属Pt-Sn/γ-Al2O3催化剂可高效催化醇为烷基化试剂的伯(仲)胺的N-烷基化反应合成仲(叔)胺,反应副产物为水与极少量亚胺.催化体系的底物适应性好,目标产物收率高;催化剂可以循环使用,具有潜在的工业化应用前景.     

C60氢胺化反应及其在制备含C60功能材料中的应用

C60与胺类化合物的反应是C60衍生化的重要方法。 本文介绍了C60氢胺化反应的一般规律和特点,对C60氢胺化反应在制备含C60高分子功能材料、含C60自组装单分子膜(SAM)、含C60有机/无机纳米材料和C60生物功能材料等方面应用的研究进展作了综述。     

甘油催化氢解制备精细化学品的研究进展

随着生物柴油产业的快速发展,作为副产物的甘油大量过剩,因而有效利用甘油既能促进生物柴油产业的良性发展,又能节约大量石油资源。通过甘油催化氢解的方式来制备高附加值化学品丙二醇、乙二醇和丙醇等是甘油转化研究中最有潜在应用价值的路径之一,甘油氢解反应易于实现连续化生产,且目标产物附加值高、选择性高,因而具有良好的经济效益。本文首先简要介绍了甘油化学,深入探讨了甘油的氢解机理,然后重点综述了甘油氢解制备1, 2-丙二醇、1, 3-丙二醇、乙二醇和丙醇高效催化剂的研究进展,并对甘油氢解未来的研究方向和发展趋势作了进一步展望。     

稀土金属胺化物催化C—N键的形成反应

综述了近年来稀土金属胺化物在催化C—N键形成反应中的应用,包括催化氢胺化(环化)反应、胺与碳二亚胺的胍化反应、醛和胺的酰胺化反应、胺与腈的成脒反应等,并探讨了上述反应的反应机理.     

对氨基苯磺酸铜/乙酸催化醇和酚的四氢吡喃化反应(英文)

考察了对氨基苯磺酸盐(铜、镍、锌、钴、铝、镉、锰、镧、亚钸、谱、钕、钐、铕、铽、镝、钬、铒)和布朗斯特酸在醇和酚的四氢吡喃化反应中的协同催化效应.其中,对氨基苯磺酸铜与乙酸的协同催化效果最好.室温无溶剂条件下,各种醇和酚的四氢吡喃化反应产率均较高.反应结束后,对氨基苯磺酸铜重复使用6次,催化活性无明显下降.     

功能化烯胺的合成

烯胺作为许多药物的关键结构单元,在有机合成,特别是天然产物的合成和含氮杂环化合物的合成中有很重要的应用。为了更好地发展适用性广的合成新方法,本文综述合成烯胺的最新研究进展。首先总结了传统合成烯胺的相关工作,随后综述了催化合成烯胺的相关工作,包括烯烃的催化胺化和炔烃氢胺化反应,详细介绍了过渡金属（主要是Cu（Ⅰ或Ⅱ）或Pd（0或Ⅱ））催化的Buchwald-Harwig反应中,使用多种取代烯烃（包括卤代烯烃及拟卤代烯烃与烯基硼酸）作为底物的研究进展,同时,对通过C（sp²）-H直接活化来构筑与不同胺相连的C-N键的Aza-Wacker氧化偶合反应也进行了介绍。希望对发展合成烯胺的新方法有所裨益。     

若干重要碳环和氮杂环的构建新方法

<正>氨基和羟基广泛存在于天然产物和人工合成分子中,由于含这些取代基的有机分子通常较价廉易得,因此,发展基于醇和胺的有机合成方法学一直是有机合成中的热点课题。本文报道了一系列用简单不饱和胺和不饱和醇作为起始原料,一步合成各种取代五圆环或六圆环碳环和氮杂环的新方法,揭示了多种醇和胺的新反应特性。这些新方法具有条件温和、选择性高、催化剂价廉、原子利用率高等优点。     

某些含芳碲基或烷碲基的1, 4-苯醌和1, 4-萘醌衍生物

四氯-1,4-苯醌(1)和2,3-二氯-1,4-萘醌(2)中的氯相当活泼,能和许多亲核试剂反应,如醇和酚;硫醇和硫酚;胺及许多含NH的杂环化合物。1和2与磷亲核试剂的反应也是已知的,本文报道1及2和芳碲基或烷碲基亲试剂的反应。     

区域选择性羰基化反应研究进展

羰基化反应是指在催化剂存在的条件下,将羰基(C=O)引入到底物分子(如不饱和烃、烷基卤化物、醇、胺等)中的转化过程.羰基化反应是制备羰基化合物的重要途径,能提供高附加值、高纯度的含羰化合物.我们首先综述了羰基化反应的发展历史,随后介绍了氢甲酰化反应、氢羧基化反应、氢酯化反应、胺羰基化反应等几类羰基化反应,尤其重点关注这几类反应区域选择性调控手段.最后对区域选择性羰基化反应未来发展方向和趋势进行了展望.     

Borrowing hydrogen methodology for amine synthesis under solvent-free microwave conditions

Application of microwave heating to the Borrowing Hydrogen strategy to form C-N bonds from alcohols and amines is presented, removing the need for solvent and reducing the reaction times while still yielding results comparable with those using thermal heating.     

Direct N-alkylation of amines with alcohols using AlCl3 as a Lewis acid

A substitution reaction of amines with alcohols for N-alkylated amines has been developed using inexpensive AlCl_3 without any ligand or additive.Either aromatic or aliphatic amines and primary or secondary alcohols perform the AlCl_3-mediated reaction smoothly to afford various N-alkylated amines in satisfactory yields.     

Silica-bonded N-propyl sulfamic acid as an efficient catalyst for the formylation and acetylation of alcohols and amines under heterogeneous conditions

A simple and efficient procedure for the preparation of silica-bonded N-propyl sulfamic acid (SBNPSA) by the reaction of 3-aminopropylsilica (1) and chlorosulfonic acid in chloroform is described. This solid acid is employed as a new catalyst for the formylation of alcohols and amines with ethyl formate under mild and heterogeneous conditions at room temperature with good to excellent yields. Also, SBNPSA catalyzed acetylation of various alcohols and amines with acetic anhydride at room temperature.     

N-heterocyclic carbene based ruthenium-catalyzed direct amide synthesis from alcohols and secondary amines: involvement of esters

A well-defined N-heterocyclic carbene based ruthenium complex was developed as a highly active precatalyst for the direct amide synthesis from alcohols and secondary amines. Notably, reaction of 1-hexanol and dibenzylamine afforded 60% of the corresponding amide using our catalytic system, while no amide formation was observed for this reaction with the previously reported catalytic systems. Unlike the previously reported amidation with less sterically hindered alcohols and amines, involvement of ester intermediates was observed.     

Chemoselective N-acetylation of primary aliphatic amines promoted by pivalic or acetic acid using ethyl acetate as an acetyl donor

The combination of pivalic or acetic acid as a promoter and EtOAc as a solvent and acetyl donor proved to be efficient for the chemoselective N-acetylation of primary aliphatic amines to afford the corresponding acetamides. We developed a simple and convenient approach, which requires mild reaction conditions. Competitive inter- and intramolecular reactions between aliphatic amines, alcohols, and aromatic amines were examined, and chemoselectivity was achieved by adjusting the conditions of the reaction.     

Distribution of amines in water/AOT/n-hexane reverse micelles: influence of the amine chemical structure

The distribution of different aliphatic and aromatic amines: n-butylamine (n-BA), isobutylamine (i-BA), tert-butylamine (t-BA), piperidine (PIP), N,N-dimethylaniline (DMA) and N-methylaniline (MA) in water/sodium 1,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate(AOT)/n-hexane reverse micelles was investigated by steady-state fluorescence measurements. The partition constants were measured by an indirect method based on the effect that amine partitioning exert on the bimolecular rate of the reaction between a microphase incorporated fluorophore (Ru(bpy)2+(3)) and the quencher, (Fe(CN)3-(6)). For MA, that can act as a quencher of the fluorophore a direct method was used. The results show that primary amines have larger partition constants than the secondary ones. For tertiary amines the distribution constants were practically negligible. Laser flash photolysis experiments confirmed that tertiary amines, both aliphatic and aromatic, are not incorporated to the micellar pseudophase. The effect of the amine structure on the partition constant was analyzed through linear solvation free energy relationships (LSER) using solute parameters and compared with those obtained for alcohols. Hydrogen bond interactions with the AOT polar heads appear to be the main driving force for the distribution of amines between the organic and micellar pseudophases, whereas the size of the alkyl or aromatic group tends to hinder it.     

Early Physical Organic Chemistry: Nikolai Aleksandrovich Menshutkin (1842–1907) and Reaction Velocities

The name of Menshutkin is most frequently associated with his eponymous reaction (the quaternization of tertiary amines with alkyl halides). However, he made encyclopedic contributions to the field of reaction kinetics, where he carried out extensive studies of the effects of reactant structure on the rates of esterification of monohydric, dihydric and trihydric alcohols with monocarboxylic acids, and monobasic and dibasic carboxylic acids and anhydrides with monohydric alcohols. In these studies, he deduced an order of reactivity of alcohols in esterification on the basis of their reactions with acetic acid, and the effects of acid structure on the rates of esterification based on the reaction of the carboxylic acid with isobutyl alcohol. When his attention later turned to the substitution chemistry of amines, he defined the parameters that affected their reactions: anilines were less reactive than alkylamines, secondary more reactive than primary amines, and the reaction was accelerated by replacing benzene as a solvent with alcohols. The wide-ranging work of Menshutkin, the physical organic chemist, is discussed.     

Hydrogen bond formation between aliphatic alcohols and tertiary amines

Hydrogen bond formation between tertiary amines and long chain and branched chain alcohols has been studied in order to understand the influence of chain length and the steric effect on the complex formation between tertiary amines and alcohols. On the addition of the amine to the alcohol the intensity of the monomeric OH band decreases and the new band appears corresponding to the alcohol—amine complex. The equilibrium constants of the complex formation are correlated by a two parameter equation. The three correlation equations obtained for three tertiary amines are: log K = 3.41 + 10.01σ* + 0.02χ (for triethylamine-alcohol) log K = 0.97 + 2.54σ* + 0.21χ (for tributylamine-alcohol) log K = 1.01 + 1.81σ* + 0.26χ (for trioctylamine-alcohol), where σ* is Taft's polar constant and χ the molecular connectivity index of the R skeleton of the alcohol.     

Co-Catalyzed Metal-Ligand Cooperative Approach for N-alkylation of Amines and Synthesis of Quinolines via Dehydrogenative Alcohol Functionalization

Herein we report a cobalt-catalyzed sustainable approach for C−N cross-coupling reaction between amines and alcohols. Using a well-defined Co-catalyst 1 a bearing 2-(phenyldiazenyl)-1,10-phenanthroline ligand, various N-alkylated amines were synthesized in good yields. 1 a efficiently alkylates diamines producing N, N′-dialkylated amines in good yields and showed excellent chemoselectivity when oleyl alcohol and β-citronellol, containing internal carbon-carbon double bond were used as alkylating agents. 1 a is equally compatible with synthesizing N-heterocycles via dehydrogenative coupling of amines and alcohols. 1H-Indole was synthesized via an intramolecular dehydrogenative N-alkylation reaction, and various substituted quinolines were synthesized by coupling of 2-aminobenzyl alcohol and secondary alcohols. A few control reactions and spectroscopic experiments were conducted to illuminate the plausible reaction mechanism, indicating that the 1 a -catalyzed N-alkylation proceeds through the borrowing hydrogen pathway. The coordinated arylazo ligand participates actively throughout the reaction; the hydrogen eliminated during dehydrogenation of alcohols was set aside in the ligand backbone and subsequently gets transferred in the reductive amination step to imine intermediates yielding N-alkylated amines. On the other hand, 1 a -catalyzed quinoline synthesis proceeds through dehydrogenation followed by successive C−C and C−N coupling steps forming H₂O₂ as a by-product under air.     

The first one-pot Alder-ene-reductive amination sequence

Alkyne allyl alcohols 1 are cycloisomerized under Pd catalysis to give (4-alkylidene tetrahydrofuran-3-yl) acetaldehydes 2 in good yields. These mild reaction conditions are fully compatible with a subsequent reductive amination with secondary amines and formic acid. Thus, the cycloisomerization-reductive amination sequence of yne allyl alcohols 1 and secondary amines 3 furnishes β-amino ethyl alkylidene tetrahydrofurans 4 in moderate to good yields in a one-pot fashion.