石墨烯在防腐薄膜和有机防腐涂层领域的理论和应用研究综述

归纳和整理了关于石墨烯防腐薄膜和有机防腐涂层的国内外文献,形成了具有层次和条理的知识结构.综述了石墨烯防腐薄膜的制备、优化改进,讨论了其应用中所面临的腐蚀加速问题和解决方法.根据石墨烯在有机防腐涂层中所起到的作用,从应用研究和理论研究角度,综述了石墨烯基复合材料对有机防腐涂层屏蔽性、结合力、自修复作用的改进,以及对阴极保护型有机防腐涂层电化学保护性能的改进.     

聚苯胺/聚吡咯-纳米二氧化硅复合薄膜的合成及防腐性能

采用循环伏安法(CV)在316不锈钢(316SS)表面聚合生成聚苯胺/聚吡咯-纳米二氧化硅(PAni/PPySiO_2)共聚复合薄膜.通过电化学工作站、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)、X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等考察了聚苯胺(PAni)、聚苯胺/聚吡咯(PAni/PPy)与PAni/PPy-SiO_2薄膜的电化学聚合过程、分子结构和特征形貌;在3.5%(质量分数)Na Cl水溶液中利用Tafel极化曲线和电化学阻抗谱(EIS)分别考察了PAni,PAni/PPy与PAni/PPy-SiO_2薄膜对不锈钢的防腐性能.结果表明,通过电化学法可以在316不锈钢表面生成PAni/PPy-SiO_2共聚复合薄膜;相对于PAni薄膜与PAni/PPy薄膜,PAni/PPy-SiO_2薄膜有着更密实的表面结构,其对不锈钢的保护能力优于PAni/PPy薄膜和PAni薄膜,纳米SiO_2的掺杂通过加强膜层的机械屏蔽作用并抑制腐蚀反应过程中电荷的传递,提高了薄膜的防腐能力.     

聚苯胺在不同防腐应用体系中的应用研究进展

聚苯胺是一种具有导电性能的新型高分子材料,将其应用于防腐涂层中可以通过屏蔽和钝化成膜等作用有效延缓金属的腐蚀。本文分析了聚苯胺的性质及防腐机理,并重点介绍了聚苯胺在不同应用体系中防腐性能的表现。     

基于可分散聚苯胺的紫外光固化防腐涂料的研究

采用酸性磷酸酯作为掺杂剂对本征态聚苯胺(EB)进行掺杂,制备了可在聚氨酯丙烯酸酯中进行纳米分散的导电聚苯胺(ES),其分散粒径分布为60~765 nm之间,进而制备了不含重金属的紫外光固化聚苯胺防腐涂料.随着体系中导电聚苯胺含量从0.5 wt%增大5.0 wt%,粒径从60~100 nm增加到190~765 nm.导电聚苯胺含量增大,导致了ES发生团聚,从而粒径增大,进而降低防腐涂层的致密性.当ES含量为1.0wt%时,粒径在110~180 nm之间,防腐涂层在3.5 wt%的Na Cl水溶液中浸泡2400 h后,其0.1 Hz下的绝对阻抗值(|Z|_(0.1 Hz))仍高于1.0×10~8Ωcm~2,同时45~50μm的防腐涂层在划叉中性盐雾试验中,500 h内没有出现起泡现象,且锈蚀宽度小于1 mm,表现出优异的防腐性能.     

紫外光-热双固化聚苯胺防腐涂料

以酸性磷酸酯为掺杂剂对本征态聚苯胺(EB)进行掺杂,制备了可在聚氨酯和聚氨酯丙烯酸酯中进行纳米分散的导电聚苯胺(ES),其粒径分布在80~750 nm之间可控。 在此基础上,制备了不含重金属的紫外光-热双固化聚苯胺防腐涂料。 该防腐涂料先后经过3~5 s紫外光固化和80 ℃下1~3 min的热固化,即可完成紫外光-热双固化过程。 由于ES与聚氨酯或聚氨酯丙烯酸酯之间是不相容体系,因此随着ES质量分数的增大,会导致ES的团聚,分散粒径增大。 当ES质量分数从1.0%增大到5.0%时,ES的粒径从80~119 nm增加到500~750 nm。 ES的分散粒径增大会导致防腐涂层的致密性变差,降低防腐效果。 与普通紫外光固化聚苯胺防腐涂层相比,当ES为1.0%时,紫外光-热双固化防腐涂层在质量分数为3.5%的NaCl水溶液中浸泡2160 h后,其0.1 Hz下的绝对阻抗值(|Z|_{0.1 Hz})仍高于1.0×10⁸ Ω·cm²,优于普通紫外光固化聚苯胺防腐涂层的|Z|_{0.1 Hz}(1.0×10⁷ Ω·cm²),表明紫外光-热双固化涂层的防腐效果有了显著改善。 经过500 h划叉中性盐雾试验后,普通紫外光固化防腐涂层的板面出现了锈蚀宽度小于1 mm的锈蚀,而紫外光-热双固化防腐涂层经过500 h划叉中性盐雾试验,板面没有出现生锈、起泡的现象,表明紫外光-热双固化路线对提高涂层的防腐性能具有较大的价值。     

简析利用氟化物进行木材防腐工艺中的几个问题

对用氟化钠进行木材防腐处理工艺中的几个问题进行探讨，得出几个经济易行的结论。     

高效液相色谱法同时测定果蔬中6种防腐杀菌剂

建立了果蔬中6种防腐杀菌剂(2.4-二氯苯氧乙酸、乙萘酚、乙氧基喹、对苯基苯酚、联苯醚、苯甲醇)同时测定的高效液相色谱法。样品用V(水)∶V(乙醇)=50∶50超声萃取,过固相萃取小柱分离,浓缩定容,经ZORBAXExtend XDB-C18柱分离,以甲醇-水(pH 8.0)为流动相,采用紫外检测器检测。6种防腐杀菌剂分离良好并排除了样品中杂质峰的干扰,加标平均回收率为93.5%~105%之间,相对标准偏差为0.81%~2.3%。检出限0.04~0.8 mg/L。该方法可同时简便、准确地测定果蔬中的6种防腐杀菌剂。     

基于聚苯胺微胶囊的双重自修复防腐涂层

将乳液模板法、光聚合法以及苯胺的界面聚合相结合制备了负载亚麻籽油的聚苯胺微胶囊,并将微胶囊与水性环氧树脂涂层相结合来构筑了具有优异光热转化能力的双重自修复防腐涂层.当涂层受损后,微胶囊中的自修复剂亚麻籽油释放出来,对涂层进行修复;在近红外光(NIR)的照射下,聚苯胺可以有效地吸收光能并将其转化为热能,使涂层的温度高于其玻璃化转变温度,涂层破损处实现愈合.聚苯胺微胶囊的加入不仅赋予涂层优异的自修复能力,而且大大增强了其防腐能力.涂层的表面形貌、电化学与盐雾测试结果表明,聚苯胺微胶囊添加量为10%的涂层在NIR照射3 s内,可以实现快速闭合,恢复了其阻隔性能.此外,在300 h的盐雾测试后,涂层未产生任何的腐蚀产物,而纯涂层可以明显看到腐蚀现象.这种双重自修复防腐涂层的超快响应时间和高愈合效率以及优异的防腐性能具有潜在的应用价值.     

聚苯胺水性涂料的制备及其防腐性能

将有机磷酸(乙二醇单甲醚磷酸酯和乙二醇单甲醚磷酸二酯混合物)（OP）掺杂得到的导电聚苯胺（PANI-OP）加入到水性环氧树脂（WER）中,制备了聚苯胺水性防腐涂料,并且研究了其防腐蚀性能和防腐蚀机理。 透射电子显微镜观察表明,导电聚苯胺质量分数为0.1%时,其粒径分布范围为50~100 nm。 电化学阻抗谱以及开路电压的变化表明,聚苯胺的存在显著提高了涂层的防腐效果。 金属基底光电子能谱结果表明,聚苯胺水性涂料良好的防腐性能缘于在金属表面生成了致密的氧化物膜以及掺杂剂离子与溶解金属生成了不溶性的盐。     

气相色谱质谱联用法同时测定果蔬中5种防腐杀菌剂

建立了果蔬中5种防腐杀菌荆(噻苯咪唑、邻苯基苯酚、联苯胺、抑霉唑、联苯)同时测定的气相色谱质谱联用法.样品用V(丙酮):V(乙酸乙酯)=50:50超声萃取,脱水,浓缩定容,经GC/MS分析.5种防腐杀菌剂分离良好并排除了样品中杂质峰的干扰,加标平均回收率为96.7%～104.7%之间,相对标准偏差为1.5%～4.25%.检出限0.5～1.5μg/L.     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.     

Chemistry of heterocyclic compounds at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, over 50 years (Review)

The review contains a concise historical account and information on the most significant researches undertaken by the staff at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds. Dedicated to Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences B. A. Trofimov on his 70th jubilee. Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 10, pp. 1443–1502, October, 2008.     

Sulfur-directed metal-free and regiospecific methyl C(sp3)–H imidation of thioanisoles

Regiospecific and direct imidation of the methyl C(sp³)–H bond of thioanisoles is realized under mild and metal-free conditions with N-fluorobis(benzenesulfonyl)imide as an oxidant and nitrogen source. Proposed mechanism suggests that thionium ion intermediates and a Pummerer-type reaction are involved. The imidation has advantages such as high step-economy, excellent functionality tolerance, and regiospecificity, giving structurally diverse imidation products.     

A general and convenient synthesis of 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones and their use in amidoalkylation of hydrogen,heteroatom, and carbon nucleophiles

A general synthesis of previously unknown semicarbazone-based α-amidoalkylating reagents, 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones, has been developed. The synthesis involved three-component condensation of semicarbazones of aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes with the same or other aldehydes and p-toluenesulfinic acid. The scope and limitations of this reaction were investigated. The compounds obtained were demonstrated to be an efficient α-(4-semicarbazono)alkylating agents. They were reacted with H- (sodium borohydride), O- (sodium methylate), S- (sodium phenylthiolate), N- (pyrrolidine, sodium succinimide), P- (trialkyl phosphites), and C-nucleophiles (sodium diethyl malonate) to give the corresponding products of the tosyl group substitution, 4-substituted semicarbazones, including analogues of nitrofurazone. Among the prepared compounds tested in vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activity, three nitrofuryl-containing semicarbazones exhibited high biological activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 8–32 μg/mL.     

Synthesis of novel chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and their application in palladium-catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck couplings and asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde

A small library of new chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-imidazolium salts 1 is conveniently synthesized on multi-gram scale from inexpensive and commercially available chiral pool amino acids. The corresponding carbenes, generated by deprotonation of imidazolium salts 1, in combination with palladium(II) chloride were tested in the Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction. The most significant results in terms of yields and reactivities were achieved with low catalyst loading. The catalytic activities of these imidazolium salts were also investigated in the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. The use of MgO nanoparticles as an additive in conjunction with these ligands played a crucial role in increasing the efficiency of these reactions.