石脑样品的族组成分析

用气相色谱以程序升温方式分析了石脑油,并将各组分程序升温保留时间转移为恒温保留指数。以各组分在OV－1和SE－54固定相上、同一柱温下的保留指数差及在各柱上的温度系数为3因素进行斜交因子分析和本征矢量旋转,给出了石脑油样品的族组成值,经色谱－质谱仪分析验证了结果的正确性,为石脑油样吕的族组成分析提供了一种新方法。     

石脑油样品的族组成分析

用气相色谱以程序升温方式分析了石脑油 ,并将各组分程序升温保留时间转换为恒温保留指数。以各组分在OV -1和SE -54固定相上、同一柱温下的保留指数差及在各柱上的温度系数为3因素进行斜交因子分析和本征矢量旋转 ,给出了石脑油样品的族组成值 ,经色谱 -质谱仪分析验证了结果的正确性 ,为石脑油样品的族组成分析提供了一种新方法。     

近红外光谱法快速测定乙烯原料油族组成

采用色谱仪测定乙烯原料油族训练集样品的组成性质的基础数据与近红外光谱仪测定训练集样品的近红外光谱,建立了乙烯原料油族基础数据和近红外光谱库,用化学计量学分析软件,采用偏最小二乘（PLS）方法将训练集样品的光谱和相应已测定样品的族组成基础数据相关联,建立了乙烯原料中正构烷烃、异构烷烃、环烷烃、芳烃、烯烃的定量和定性分析模型。该模型具有测定结果准确、可靠,测定简便、讯速的优点,适合在线生产中对样品的快速检测。     

高效可逆吸附测定含烯汽油族组成的气相色谱法研究

在研制成功高效烯烃可逆吸附剂ＡＤ－１的基础上,开发了一套适于日常分析的高稳定性专用ＳＯＡ分析系统和相应的分析方法。分析样品时,样品先进入极性分析柱（ＣＯＬ．１）,芳烃留在柱中,烯烃与烷烃继续进入可逆吸附柱（ＣＯＬ．２）。烯烃被吸附,烷烃进入检测器,待饱和烃全部流出后,切换十通阀反吹芳烃,待芳烃完全流出后再将十通阀切换回进样状态,同时将吸附柱升温至２００℃,使烯烃脱附出来,利用积分仪以面积归一法计算出样品中的饱和烃（Ｓ）、芳烃（Ａ）及烯烃（Ｏ）的含量。至此完成一次样品分析。     

汽油族组成的近红外光谱快速测定

以荧光指示剂吸附色谱法（FIA）测定汽油族组成结果为基础，采用近红外光谱和化学计量学方法建立了快速、准确测定催化裂化馏出口汽油族组成（饱和烃、烯烃和芳烃）的分析模型；试验表明，该法分析速度快、重复性好、成本低，特别适用于生产中间控制分析。     

煤油共处理油品的族组成研究

采用高效液相色谱法对兖州烟煤与催化裂化油浆共处理制备的油品的族组成进行了研究。结果表明 ,在实验条件下油品主要由烷烃和芳烃组成 ,杂原子化合物含量一般仅为 0 5 %～ 2 0 %。原料煤与油浆比例、反应温度、催化剂对油品族组成具有重要影响 ;随初始氢压不同 ,对油品族组成的影响不同 ;在 4MPa初始压力条件下 ,反应气氛 (氢气、氮气 )对煤油共处理和纯油浆制备油品的族组成影响不大。     

润滑油基础油烃族组成的薄层色谱法测定

采用薄层色谱-火焰离子化检测器测定了不同来源、不同工艺的润滑油基础油，提取了薄层色谱图特征变量，以偏最小二乘法为数学工具，通过洗脱色谱法取得基础数据，建立基础油的薄层色谱—烃族组成模型；采用该模型预测待测样品的烃族组成，并与洗脱色谱法的测定结果比较，饱和烃和芳烃质量分数的相关系数分别为0．9617和0．9611；对于分析结果进行：检验表明，建立的方法与洗脱色谱法的测定结果相一致；另外，薄层色谱法具有分析速度快，重复性好等优点。     

重质油和焦油的族组成分析

本文采用高效液相色谱、气相色谱、过滤一称重联合分析法对含有溶剂的焦油、重质油的烃族组成进行了分析。给出样品的烷烃、芳烃、非烃和沥青质四大烃族组成，还给出了样品芳烃分布。     

高效液相色谱法测定柴油族组成

在银型磺酸键合硅胶柱上以含苯或环己烯的正己烷为流动相,实现了饱和烃、烯烃的基线分离,以改进的迁移丝式氢火焰离子化检测器（ＭＷ－ＦＩＤ）进行定量检测,同时考察了Ａｇ－ＳＣＸ柱的使用性能及改进的ＭＷ－ＦＩＤ的定量准确性。在此基础上建立了高效液相色谱体系分离柴油族组成（饱和烃、烯烃、芳烃及胶质）。     

基于支持向量机的汽油族组成近红外光谱分析方法研究

提出一种基于最小二乘支持向量机(LS-SVM)的汽油族组成近红外光谱分析方法。采用国家标准方法(GB 11132-1989液体石油产品烃类测定法——荧光指示剂吸附法)测定了重庆地区销售的汽油族组成,并采用主成分分析-最小二乘支持向量机建立汽油族组成的预测模型。预测模型对汽油中芳烃和烯烃含量的RMSEC分别为0.2090和0.2142。实验结果表明所建模型具有计算量小,预测准确、可靠,而且操作简单、维护费及测试费用低等特点。     

Ultra-Low Interfacial Tension Between Heavy Oil and Betaine-Type Amphoteric Surfactants

Betaine surfactants with lipophilic groups of different lengths were synthesized in this research and the dynamic interfacial tension (IFT) between solutions of these surfactants and three kinds of crude oil from Shengli Oilfield are measured. The results indicated that, for Gudao and Gudong heavy oil, cetyl dimethyl hydroxyl sulfobetaine (SBET-16) was the most efficient in lowering the IFT in the case of no alkalis, while for Shengtuo heavy oil, cetyl dimethyl carboxymethyl betaine (CBET-16) was best. SBET-16 with the concentration of 0.003–0.1% and 0.005–0.1% can reduce the oil/water IFT to ultra-low for Gudao and Gudong oil respectively, CBET-16 with the concentration of 0.005–0.1% can lower the oil/water IFT to ultra-low for Shengtuo oil. These results showed that for different oils, an oil displacement agent with high capacity to lower the oil/water interfacial tension may be obtained only by changing the molecular structure of betaine surfactant. This study can be used to guide the design of surfactants for alkaline-free combination flooding.     

The Wettability Alteration and the Effect of Initial Rock Wettability on Oil Recovery in Surfactant-based Enhanced Oil Recovery Processes

Wettablity alteration of rock surface is an important mechanism for surfactant-based enhanced oil recovery (EOR) processes. Two salt and temperature-tolerant surfactant formulations were developed based on the conditions of high temperature (97–120°C) and high salinity (20 × 10⁴ mg/L) reservoirs where a surfactant-based EOR process is attempted. Both the two sufactant formulations can achieve ultralow interfacial tension level (≤10^?3 mN/m) with crude oil after aging for 125 days at reservoir conditions. Wettability alteration of core slices induced by the two surfactant formulations was evalutated by measuring contact angles. Core flooding experiments were carried out to study the influence of initial rock wettabilities on oil recovery in the crude oil/surfactant/formation water/rock system. The results indicated that the two formulations could turn oil-wet core slices into water-wet at 90–120°C and 20 × 10⁴ mg/L salinity, while the water-wet core slices retained their hydrophilic nature. The core flooding experiments showed that the water-wet cores could yield higher oil recovery compared with the oil-wet cores in water flooding, surfactant, and subsequent water flooding process. The two surfactant formulations could successfully yield additional oil recovery in both oil-wet and water-wet cores.     

Interfacial Tension Measurements Between Oil Fractions of a Crude Oil and Aqueous Solutions with Different Ionic Composition and pH

Dynamic and equilibrium interfacial tensions between crude oil fractions and aqueous solutions of various compositions and pH were measured. The basic oil components seemed to determine the interfacial tensions at pH 2, while the non-dissociated and dissociated acidic components governed the interfacial tension at the natural pH and pH 9, respectively. The ionic composition of the aqueous phase influenced the degree of dissociation of the acidic components at pH 9: Na⁺ ions in the aqueous phase promoted dissociation of the interfacial acidic components (compared to pure water), while Ca²⁺ ions resulted in complexation with the dissociated acids and most likely formation of stable interfacial films. The amount of Ca²⁺ determined which of these phenomena that dominated when both ions were present in sea water solutions. Generally, the interfacial tensions of the oil fractions were lower when measured against the high salinity aqueous solutions than against the corresponding low salinity solutions.      

多元醇酯冷冻机油的化学组成及其分子结构鉴定

应用傅里叶变换红外光谱法(FTIR)和气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)对某品牌进口多元醇酯(POE)冷冻机油(简称A油)的化学组成和结构进行剖析。FTIR光谱图显示A油为季戊四醇脂肪酸酯,且表明其酯化完全。从GC-MS的总离子流色谱图可推断A油有5种主要组成;从A油经甲酯化后的GC-MS谱图可推断A油系季戊四醇与辛酸和壬酸酯化反应的产物。如酯化反应达到完全,则能产生6种产物,由于其中2种产物为同分异构体,因此在图谱中只出现5个信号峰。在实验室中用季戊四醇和壬酸模拟A油的合成,经分析所得产物,证实了对A油组成的推断。     

Mechanisms of Enhanced Oil Recovery by Surfactant-Induced Wettability Alteration

Different measurements were conducted to study the mechanisms of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) by surfactant-induced wettability alteration. The adhesion work could be reduced by the surfactant-induced wettability alteration from oil-wet conditions to water-wet conditions. Surfactant-induced wettability alteration has a great effect on the relative permeabilities of oil and water. The relative permeability of the oil phase increases with the increase of the water-wetness of the solid surface. Seepage laws of oil and water are greatly affected by surfactant-induced wettability alteration. Water flows forward along the pore wall in the water-wet rocks and moves forward along the center of the pores in the oil-wet rocks during the surfactant flooding. For the intermediate-wet system, water uniformly moves forward and the contact angle between the oil–water interface and the pore surface is close to 90°. The direction of capillary force is consistent with the direction of water flooding for the water-wet surface. While for the oil-wet surface, the capillary force direction is opposite to the water-flooding direction. The highest oil recovery by water flooding is obtained at close to neutral wetting conditions and the minimal oil recovery occurs under oil-wet conditions.     

Chemical Composition and Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activity of a Citrus Essential Oil and Its Fractions

Essential oils (EOs) from Citrus are the main by-product of Citrus-processing industries. In addition to food/beverage and cosmetic applications, citrus EOs could also potentially be used as an alternative to antibiotics in food-producing animals. A commercial citrus EO—Brazilian Orange Terpenes (BOT)—was fractionated by vacuum fractional distillation to separate BOT into various fractions: F1, F2, F3, and F4. Next, the chemical composition and biological activities of BOT and its fractions were characterized. Results showed the three first fractions had a high relative amount of limonene (≥10.86), even higher than the whole BOT. Conversely, F4 presented a larger relative amount of BOT’s minor compounds (carvone, cis-carveol, trans-carveol, cis-p-Mentha-2,8-dien-1-ol, and trans-p-Mentha-2,8-dien-1-ol) and a very low relative amount of limonene (0.08–0.13). Antibacterial activity results showed F4 was the only fraction exhibiting this activity, which was selective and higher activity on a pathogenic bacterium (E. coli) than on a beneficial bacterium (Lactobacillus sp.). However, F4 activity was lower than BOT. Similarly, F4 displayed the highest antioxidant activity among fractions (equivalent to BOT). These results indicated that probably those minor compounds that detected in F4 would be more involved in conferring the biological activities for this fraction and consequently for the whole BOT, instead of the major compound, limonene, playing this role exclusively.     

Preparation of MCM-41 in Industrial Scale and Its Application in Heavy Oil Processing

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棒状薄层色谱/氢火焰检测法在石油重质油烃组成分析上的应用

在石油重质油的烃组成分析中,液固色谱,质谱和高效液相色谱等已被广泛采用。但是,这些方法均存在着一些缺点,如分析时间长、定量困难等。棒状薄层色谱/氢火焰检测(TLC/FID)法则较好地克服了上述缺点。本文扼要叙述了TLC/FID法的分析原理、试验技术和在石油重质油烃组成分析中的应用实例,并对该技术的发展前景提出了看法。     

特殊润湿性油水分离材料的开发与研究

随着工业的发展,油水污染日渐严重,特别是石油的泄露、有机化学品的排放对生态环境造成了难以挽救的损害。因此,开发新型高效的油水分离材料与技术是一个极为重要的任务。特殊润湿性油水分离材料的出现,为科研人员指明了道路。本文以用于油水分离的特殊润湿性材料为研究体系;首先,对具有特殊润湿性油水分离材料的基本理论和设计理念进行分析;然后介绍了通过调控材料表面的微观结构和表面化学组成制备特殊润湿性材料实现不同的油水分离效果的研究进展,并且尝试从微纳米尺度上揭示特殊润湿性材料的特征,形成从微纳米尺度上揭示油水分离用材料化学品结构特征的技术基础。最后指出了目前在油水分离用功能材料化学品这一领域存在的一些问题,并对这一领域的发展趋势进行展望。