Fusion cross section for 13C + 13C at low energies

The energy dependence of the fusion cross section has been measured over the range E_c.m. = 3.05–6.88 MeV by detecting the γ-rays from residual nuclei in a 4π geometry. Analyzing the 1.37 MeV photopeak, originating from ${}^{24}\text{Mg}\text{1.37}\text{MeV}\text{→}\text{g.s. transition}$, the cross sections for ²⁴Mg+2n channel were also deduced. The measured fusion cross sections have been compared with those for ¹²C + ¹²C and ¹²C + ¹³C systems and found to be significantly different. For ¹³C+¹³C the fusion cross sections agree with the standard optical-model prediction down to the lowest measured energies, while for ¹²C + ¹²C and ¹²C + ¹³C they are, at the lowest energies, too low. It is suggested that the unpaired valence nucleons facilitate fusion at energies well below the Coulomb barrier.     

The excitation function for the 89Y(n, 2n)88Y reaction

Activation cross sections for the ⁸⁹Y(n, 2n)⁸⁸Y reaction at neutron energies between 12.6 and 17.8 MeV have been measured by using the mixed-powder method and γ-ray detection by a Ge(Li) spectrometer. Using the ²⁷Al(n, α)²⁴Na reaction for monitoring the neutron flux, the measured cross-section values for the ⁸⁹Y(n, 2n)⁸⁸Y reaction were found to be 331±32 mb, 603±58 mb, 820±79 mb, 1040±100 mb, 1072±103 mb, 1172±112 mb, 1221±117 mb and 1218±117 mb at the respective incident neutron energies of 12.6±0.1 MeV, 13.3±0.1 MeV, 14.0±0.4 MeV, 14.9±0.3 MeV, 15.1±0.3 MeV, 16.0±0.4 MeV, 16.7±0.5 MeV and 17.8±0.7 MeV. The measured values are compared with the experimental values of others and with the theoretical values obtained from calculations based on the statistical model for the formation of a compound nucleus and its subsequent emission of neutrons.     

(γ, γ′) reactions in 89Y, 115In and 197Au at intermediate energies

The yields of isomeric states in ⁸⁹Y, ¹¹⁵In and ¹⁹⁷Au produced by the (γ, γ') reaction have been measured in the energy range 100–800 MeV by the activation method. From the yields the cross sections have been deduced. Large cross sections around the first pion resonance are found. The experimental results are compared to calculations based on the impulse approximation.     

A measurement of the cross section of the reaction pp→n ++(1232) at ISR energies

A measurement of the cross section of the charge-exchange reaction pp→ Δ⁺⁺(1232)n at √s = 23, 31 and 45 GeV at the CERN-ISR is reported. The energy dependence continues to follow a power law p_lab^?n with n = 1.94 ± 0.03 indicating dominance of one-pion exchange at the lowest ISR energy; there is some evidence for deviation from this at the higher ISR energies.     

Structure of 13C from an R-matrix analysis of 12C + n scattering and reaction cross sections

Differential cross sections for ¹²C + n elastic and inelastic scattering and for the ²C(n, α) ⁹Be reaction, together with high resolution total cross-section data were analyzed by means of a multilevel multichannel R-matrix program to determineJ, π, and γ_λc for states in ¹³C up to E_x = 13.5MeV. Good overall fits to the data were obtained throughout this large energy range. Spin and parity assignments for thirteen states above E_x = 9.5MeV for which there had been either no previous J^π assignments or only tentative assignments have been made in this study. The present results are in good agreement with previous analyses and model calculations.     

Scattering of 21.1 MeV polarized protons from 89Y

The elastic and inelastic scattering of 21.1 MeV protons from ⁸⁹Y have been investigated. The excited states with a collective nature can be described quite well with standard OM and DWBA techniques. The transitions to the low-lying single-particle states are described with antisymmetrized microscopic DWBA including tensor and spin-orbit forces. The agreement with the experimental data is encouraging.     

Radiative capture of fast neutrons by 89Y and 140Ce

The γ-ray spectra from the reactions ⁸⁹Y(n, γ)⁹⁰Y and ¹⁴⁰Ce(n, γ)¹⁴¹Ce have been measured in the neutron energy range of 6.2–15.6 MeV. The pulse-height spectra were recorded with NaI(Tl) spectrometers and time-of-flight techniques were used to improve signal-to-background ratio. Capture cross sections were determined for γ-ray transitions to the two $\text{2}\text{d}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>5</mtext><mtext>2</mtext>}}$ levels at 0 and 203 keV of ⁹⁰Y and to the $\text{2}\text{f}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>7</mtext><mtext>2</mtext>}}$ ground state of ¹⁴¹Ce as well as integrated cross sections to bound states in these nuclei. The observed γ-ray spectra and partial radiative capture cross sections were compared with predictions of the direct-semidirect capture theory. The resonance behaviour with neutron energy of both the ground-state and integrated partial capture cross sections shows the validity of the semidirect model for ⁸⁹Y and ¹⁴⁰Ce in the region of neutron energy encompassing the giant-dipole resonance. The observed symmetry of the cross sections about the peak of the resonance argues strongly for the complex form of the particle-vibration coupling interaction. A detailed comparison of the predictions of the DSD model using the complex coupling interaction shows that the capture cross sections are relatively insensitive to the real part of the interaction.     

Fusion cross section of the 16O + 16O collision

It is shown that the gross structure of the fusion cross section of the ¹⁶O + ¹⁶O collision is well reproduced by a simple coupled channel method including only elastic and inelastic ¹⁶O + ¹⁶O(3^?) channels, as well as the excitation functions of the elastic and total inelastic ¹⁶O + ¹⁶O(3^?) cross sections.     

On the fusion cross section for 16O + 12C

The total fusion cross section σ_f for ¹⁶O + ¹²c.m. has been measured in 250 keV steps between 17 and 28 MeV c.m. energy via γ-ray techniques. Individual yields for 10 nuclides in the evaporation chain were determined. The oscillations in σ_f, which agree in gross structure but not in detail with previous work, appear to be most closely associated with reactions leading to ²⁰Ne. It is observed that the reaction yield is >80% dominated by nuclides having at least one α particle in the evaporation chain.     

Fusion and neutron-transfer cross sections for 13C + 10B and 13C + 11B reactions at subbarrier energies

The cross sections for the ¹⁰B(¹³C, ¹²C)¹¹B neutron-transfer reaction, leading to the ¹¹B 4.45 and 6.74 MeV and ¹²C 4.44 MeV excited states, and for ¹³C + ¹⁰B fusion have been measured by the characteristic and total γ-ray yield methods, respectively, over the energy (c.m.) interval 2.4–5.8 MeV. For ¹³C + ¹¹B, with no transfer reactions present, the fusion cross sections have been measured between E_c.m. = 2.3 and 6.4 MeV. The fusion cross sections for ¹³C + ¹⁰B and ¹³C + ¹¹B are found to be almost equal and slightly enhanced with respect to those for ¹²C + ¹⁰B and ¹²C + ¹¹B.     

Measurement of the total neutron cross section of 14N and 24Mg

The total neutron cross section of ¹⁴N and ²⁴Mg has been determined for neutron energies between 1.0 and 5.2 MeV. For this purpose, the attenuation of a continuous neutron spectrum in absorbing samples of liquid natural nitrogen and enriched ²⁴Mg has been measured in open geometry with the time-of-flight technique. A time resolution of 0.07 ns/m was achieved. The obtained data improve the knowledge on the cross section of ¹⁴N above 2 MeV and of ²⁴Mg in the total energy range. In the latter, a large number of resonances is observed for the first time.     

Investigation of 89Y and 87Rb by (p,p′) reactions

The (p, p′) reaction on ⁸⁹Y at incident energies of 20.51 MeV and 14.33 MeV and on ⁸⁷Rb at 20.89 MeV has been studied. In ⁸⁹Y 28 levels with E_ex between 2 and 4.2 MeV and 79 levels with E_ex between 4.2 and 6 MeV have been identified. In ⁸⁷Rb 45 levels with E_ex up to 4.2 MeV have been found. Transferred orbital angular momenta and deformation parameters have been deduced from a macroscopic DWBA analysis of the differential cross sections. The experimental results are not consistent with the interpretation of states in ⁸⁹Y and ⁸⁷Rb as resulting from the weak-coupling of a proton or proton-hole to excited states of the ⁸⁸Sr core. Simple shell model arguments are able to yield at least a qualitative agreement with the level scheme as found for ⁸⁹Y.     

Low-energy cross section for 6Li(d,n)7Be

Cross sections were determined for the ⁶Li(d, n)⁷Be reaction between 100 and 180 keV deuteron energy using the activation method. Different methods of extrapolation were employed and compared down to the energy region of astrophysical interest.     

The total cross section for the reaction 24Mg(α, n)27Si up to 13.1 MeV

The total cross section for the ²⁴Mg(α, n)²⁷Si reaction was determined in 10 keV energy steps from threshold to 13.1 MeV incident energy using the activation method. Variations observed in the cross section were interpreted using fluctuation theory with two notable results; firstly, that Γ, the average width of the observed fluctuations, does not vary at the rate expected over the energy range measured, and secondly that the majority of this reaction goes by a direct mechanism. This latter result was also found for the ²⁷Al(p, n)²⁷Si reaction after a reanalysis of published data.     

s- and p-wave neutron spectroscopy. Xe. Intermediate structure in 90Y and the generalized R-matrix theory

The resonance structure observed in the ⁸⁹Y(n, n)⁸⁹Y total cross section measurements in the range of 0.3 to 1.2 MeV incident energy was investigated using the generalized R-matrix theory of nuclear reactions and the doorway interpretation of intermediate structure. The energies and wave functions of the doorway resonances were calculated in a 2-particle and 3p-1h basis of the shell model. The model space and the parameters of the model calculation chosen were consistent with other shell model calculations in the mass-90 region. Several strong p-wave doorways with J^π = 0⁺, 1⁺, and 2⁺ were predicted by the model in the energy range studied. This is due to proximity of p-wave giant resonance. The escape widths Γ^↑ and the spreading widths Γ^↓ for these states were evaluated using the model wave functions and the R-matrix formalism. The calculated energy dependence of the total cross section shows that most of the predicted doorways are in general agreement with the observed anamolies with similar relative strength. More significantly, the underlying p-wave gross structure representing a grand average is of very similar shape in both theory and experiment. As expected in the mass 90-region, the s- and d-wave doorways contribute less significantly to the calculated resonance structure.     

Mechanisms in d + 6Li three-body reactions at low bombarding energies

The three-body reactions induced by low energy deuterons on ⁶Li have been studied. The contributions from the sequential processes through the excited states of the intermediate ⁴He, ⁵Li, ⁶Li and ⁷Li nuclei dominate the coincidence spectra. The quasi-free d + d → d + d, d + α → d + α, and d + d → p + t reactions have been observed and compared with plane wave impulse approximation (PWIA) calculations.     

Elastic scattering of 3He and 4He at incident energies near the coulomb barrier

The elastic scattering of ³He and ⁴He from Zr, Mo, Cd, and Te isotopes is studied at incident energies near the Coulomb barrier. Marked differences are observed between the excitation curves of ³He and ⁴He. These differences are shown to be due to a large surface absorption in the ³He scattering. A systematic study of the size parameters deduced from the present and other ⁴He experiments shows deviations from the $\text{A}\text{1}\text{3}$ law for nuclei near closed neutron shells.     

Neutron-proton shell model multiplets in 88Y and 90Y from a study of the (α, nγ) reaction

The non-selective nature of the (α, nγ) reaction has been used to complement information from charged-particle reactions on the level structure of ⁸⁸Y and ⁹⁰Y. The γ-ray spectra were recorded with a 25 cm³ Ge(Li) detector at 90° to the beam using primarily targets of ⁸⁵Rb₂CO₃ and ⁸⁷Rb₂CO₃ and α-particle energies of 11.8, 12.2 and 13.0 MeV. The resulting transitions were accommodated in level schemes that involved primarily the following shell model configurations: $\text{(π}\text{p}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>1</mtext><mtext>2</mtext>}}\text{)}{}^1\text{(ν}\text{g}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>9</mtext><mtext>2</mtext>}}\text{)}{}^{\mathrm{?1}}$, $\text{(π}\text{g}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>9</mtext><mtext>2</mtext>}}\text{)}{}^{\mathrm{?1}}\text{(ν}\text{g}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>9</mtext><mtext>2</mtext>}}\text{)}{}^1$, $\text{(π}\text{p}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>1</mtext><mtext>2</mtext>}}\text{)}{}^1\text{(ν}\text{p}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>1</mtext><mtext>2</mtext>}}\text{)}{}^{\mathrm{?1}}$, $\text{(π}\text{f}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>5</mtext><mtext>2</mtext>}}\text{)}{}^{\mathrm{?1}}\text{(ν}\text{g}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>9</mtext><mtext>2</mtext>}}\text{)}{}^{\mathrm{?1}}$ in ⁸⁸Y and $\text{(π}\text{p}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>1</mtext><mtext>2</mtext>}}\text{)}{}^1\text{(ν}\text{d}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>5</mtext><mtext>2</mtext>}}\text{)}{}^1$, $\text{π}\text{g}\text{(}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>9</mtext><mtext>2</mtext>}}\text{)}{}^1\text{(ν}\text{d}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>5</mtext><mtext>2</mtext>}}\text{)}{}^1$,$\text{(π}\text{p}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>1</mtext><mtext>2</mtext>}}\text{)}{}^1\text{(ν}\text{s}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>1</mtext><mtext>2)</mtext>}}\text{)}{}^1$ in ⁹⁰Y.     

Measurement of the total cross section for the 1H(n, γ) 2H reaction between 37 and 72 MeV

The total cross section for radiative neutron-proton capture has been measured at 37, 42, 47, 52, 63 and 73 MeV. The inverse process, the photodisintegration of the deuteron, was measured in the same energy range by different authors with contradictory results, some of them in large disagreement with all theoretical predictions of the cross section. The submitted data are in agreement with theory and the results of a recent total absorption experiment.