Effect of the initial plasma parameters on the structure of the current sheets developing in two-dimensional magnetic fields with a null line

The effect of the initial plasma parameters on the structure of the plasma of the current sheets that form in two-dimensional magnetic fields with a null line is studied by holographic interferometry. The evolution of the plasma sheets that develop in an initial low-density plasma, where a gas is mainly ionized by a pulse current passing through the plasma and initiating the formation of a current sheet, has been comprehensively studied for the first time. At the early stage of evolution, the spatial structure of such a plasma sheet differs substantially from the classic current sheets forming in a dense plasma. Nevertheless, extended plasma sheets with similar parameters form eventually irrespective of the initial plasma density.     

含单缺陷层的一维可调谐磁化等离子体光子晶体滤波特性研究

采用在等温近似的条件下,以等离子体的上升时间、温度和密度为可调谐参量,用磁化等离子体的分段线形电流密度卷积时域有限差分算法研究了含单一缺陷层的一维磁化等离子体光子晶体的滤波特性.以高斯脉冲为激励源,用算法公式得到的电磁波透射系数来讨论了等离子体上升时间、温度、等离子体层密度对其滤波特性的影响.结果表明,改变等离子体上升时间和等离子体层密度可以实现对滤波通道的调整.谐振频率不能通过改变温度进行调整.     

Cable guns as a plasma source in a plasma opening switch

The characteristics of a plasma generated by cable plasma guns have been studied by a laser interferometer. Cable plasma guns are frequently used as a plasma source in plasma opening switches. In our experiments, the plasma source consists of eight coaxial cable guns mounted on the outer electrode of concentric coaxial electrodes. The reproducibility of the gun in subsequent shots is found to be better than 10%, and the gun-to-gun difference is less than 15%. Assuming a symmetry of eight guns, the contour maps of the electron plasma density are plotted as functions of time. The plasma density becomes maximum near the gun nozzle and near the inner coaxial electrode. The plasma density is low in the area between the coaxial electrodes during the early time of the discharge. At a later time, the plasma fills the space between the two guns more uniformly. Still photographs of the plasma luminosity show a good correspondence with the plasma density plots which were taken 10 μs after the discharge initiation. The plasma gun system is designed for use in a 400-kA inductive voltage adder with the inductive energy storage system     

Phase Velocity of Acoustic Waves in a Non-Equilibrium Plasma

The phase velocity of acoustic waves was calculated for a non-LTE plasma and compared with that of a plasma in Saha-equilibrium. Several special cases of a non-equilibrium plasma were investigated. In the most general case the plasma parameters of a non-LTE plasma also depend on the geometry of the plasma (due to ambipolar diffusion and reabsorption of resonance line radiation). Especially, the case of a cylindric symmetric plasma column was treated here, because the most plasmas occuring in experiments have this geometry. Therefore, the investigation was also performed in detail for the propagation of acoustic waves in the center line of a cylindric plasma column. Numerical results are given for a hydrogen plasma.     

Plasma generation for the plasma cutting process

This study is an attempt to estimate the overall properties, viz. the thermal power and force, of an intense plasma jet produced by a plasma cutting torch, and to relate the properties of the plasma to the diameter of the nozzle of the plasma torch and the flow rate of plasma-forming gas. For cutting metallic plates using a thermal plasma, a narrow plasma jet is produced by means of a transferred electric are between an electrode in a plasma torch and the material to be cut. The power density and pressure exerted by the plasma jet on the material at the region of cut needs to be high so that a straight cut, without dress at the bottom of the plate, can be obtained. A simple theory to describe the behavior of the arc in a plasma cutting torch has been developed to predict the are radius, pressure, and arc voltage at the nozzle exit as a function of are current for a range of nozzle sizes and air flow rates. The results obtained are in good agreement with the measured values for an air plasma cutting torch nominally rated for 100-A operation. The relationships between the mass flow rate of plasma gas, plasma power, and arc force have been discussed in the light of design of plasma torches for plasma cutting     

万瓦级光纤激光焊接过程中小孔内外等离子体研究

为了进一步深入了解超高功率光纤激光深熔焊接过程中等离子体特征,试验拍摄了深熔小孔内外等离子体形态,并采用光谱仪检测分析了光纤激光致等离子体光谱信号.利用检测得到的等离子体光谱信号,计算研究了等离子体的电子温度、电子密度、电离度以及等离子体压力特征,并分析了在小孔内不同深度处及孔外等离子体的变化规律.结果表明,孔内等离子体呈现不均匀分布特征,孔外金属蒸气远多于等离子体.等离子体光谱分析显示,光纤激光致等离子体辐射出的谱线较少,即电离程度较低.进一步的计算结果同样证实了光纤激光致等离子体处于弱电离状态,但等离子体电子密度仍然处于较高水平,且等离子体瞬态压力可达到数百个大气压.     

直流纯氮层流等离子体射流特性的实验研究

采用自行研制的直流非转移型等离子体发生器,对其产生的层流等离子体射流特性进行了实验研究。实验结果表明:该等离子体发生器在以纯氮气为工作气体时,呈现出高电压低电流的等离子体射流特性,该特性有助于提高等离子体发生器的电极寿命;在弧电流和工作气流量由小向大变化过程中,等离子体射流长度均呈现出先由短变长、再由长变短的变化规律;在等离子体射流长度由长变短的过程中,射流的形貌从相对集中、轴对称和稳定的状态向分散、非轴对称和不稳定的状态变化,即等离子体射流由层流形态向湍流形态转变,并且在此过程中射流产生的噪音逐渐增强。     

Mode-coupling assisted electron accelerations by a plasma wave

The acceleration of electrons by a plasma wave in the presence of density ripple in plasma has been investigated. Plasma density ripple can excite higher harmonics of different phase velocities of the fundamental plasma wave. The combined role of the different harmonics of the plasma wave contributes significantly in electrons energy gain during acceleration by the fundamental plasma wave. Our calculation shows that the plasma electrons gain considerable energy during the acceleration by the plasma waves in the presence of a density ripple in plasma. The initial electron energy and the ripple density play an important role for the acceleration of an electron.     

Expansion dynamics of atmospheric pressure helium plasma jet in ambient air

In this work, the expansion dynamics of a helium plasma jet in ambient air is examined. By using a fast imaging technique, the expansion of plasma jet from glass nozzle to air is captured which is in the form of plasma bullet propagating into the air. To understand the plasma bullet travel path from glass nozzle to plasma jet tip a drag force model is used. Moreover, the spatial variation of plasma density along the plasma jet length is estimated using drift velocity, plasma jet current and the cross-sectional area of the plasma jet. It is observed that the slight increase in plasma density is due to the combined effect of reduction of drift velocity, plasma jet current, and jet cross-sectional area. The obtained plasma density from glass nozzle to jet tip is in the range of (0.069-5.96) × 10¹² cm⁻³. The above parameters can be of the essence in biological and industrial applications.     

Amplification of longitudinal plasma oscillations upon a decrease in plasma concentration

Amplification of plasma oscillations in a homogeneous plasma by reducing its concentration is considered. The frequency of plasma oscillations decreases upon a decrease in the plasma concentration, and the resonant velocity of the plasma electrons, which is equal to the wave phase velocity, also decreases. Due to this, the number of resonant electrons exponentially increases in the equilibrium plasma. Since the energy of plasma oscillations is mainly determined by the contribution of the resonant electrons, this energy also increases exponentially.     

Bragg Effects in Microwave Transmission through Stationary Plasma Structures

We describe the first of a series of experiments designed to study, in a double-plasma (DP) device (3-cm) microwave Bragg scattering from stationary plasma structures, and from systems of plasma waves and "irregularities." This paper deals with Bragg effects in microwave transmission through stationary plasma density structures, consisting of a) a cylindrical plasma column, b) a single plasma slab, and c) a rotatable system of multiple equally spaced plasma slabs.     

Tokamak plasma equilibrium analysis based on the relaxation method with a specified magnetic axis

In this contribution, we have presented two techniques for the determination of plasma equilibrium position in IR-T1 tokamak: relaxation and optical methods. An analysis method of tokamak plasma equilibrium by a relaxation method with a specified magnetic axis is presented. The degrees of freedom due to designated positions of the magnetic axis are possible by using poloidal field coil currents. Stable steady-state tokamak plasma equilibria are calculated along with the magnetohydrodynamic potential energy. The plasma generates a plasma current which partially or fully cancels the magnetic field from the poloidal field coils. For low-temperature plasmas, the plasma current distribution is centrally peaked; for high-temperature plasmas, the plasma current has a hole. A centrally peaked current distribution in a low-temperature plasma is evolved into a current distribution with a hole by increasing the plasma pressure by Ohmic heating, radio frequency heating, or by neutral beam injection heating. In the second technique, an image-processing technique was used for the output signal of the charge coupled device camera and plasma emission intensity profile and then the plasma position was obtained. Results are compared and discussed.     

瞬时纳秒脉冲等离子体点火模式

应用高压纳秒脉冲放电技术分别产生了瞬时冷等离子体和瞬时热等离子体。在圆柱型燃烧室内进行了乙烯/空气预混气的瞬时冷等离子体和瞬时热等离子体点火实验。实验结果表明,瞬时冷等离子体放电所需的电能小于瞬时热等离子体放电。与瞬时热等离子体点火技术相比,瞬时冷等离子体点火缩短了碳氢燃料的点火延迟时间。     

Enhanced Beat Wave Saturation Amplitude in an Ionizing Plasma

The excitation of a plasma wave by two laser beams, whose frequency difference is near the plasma frequency, is studied in a plasma with a density that is slowly increasing with time due to ongoing ionization as appropriate for experiments done in laser breakdown plasmas. Numerical integration of the relativistic equation for the evolution of the wave amplitude reveals that for a rate of increase of the plasma density of approximately 1017 cm-3/ns at a laser intensity I = 1014 W/cm2, the wave amplitude can rise considerably above the relativistic saturation limit of Rosenbluth and Liu which was obtained for a plasma of constant density. This increase in plasma density compensates the reduction in plasma frequency caused by the relativistic electron mass increase when the wave amplitude is large. The frequency and phase excursions of the plasma wave are reduced for an optimum time increasing density. We find that moderate damping can stabilize both the amplitude and the phase of the plasma wave with respect to the pump.     

时变等离子体高功率微波频率上转换的粒子模拟

基于电磁波与时变介质相互作用能够实现电磁波频率上转换的原理,通过粒子模拟(PIC)方法对电磁波与时变等离子体薄层相互作用进行模拟,实现了频率由2.45 GHz提升至130 GHz,功率转化效率约为0.39%。探究了等离子体参数(包括等离子体密度、有限的等离子体上升时间以及等离子体薄层厚度)对频率上转换的影响。模拟结果验证了等离子体密度决定上转换频率,与理论结果相符。模拟结果表明,等离子体薄层厚度越大,得到的上转换波的能量越大;等离子体的上升时间越小,上转换波的转换效率和频谱纯度越高。采用等离子体密度21020 cm-3,等离子体厚度1 cm,等离子体上升时间0.04 ns 可以得到可观的130 GHz上转换波输出。     

Real time feedback control of plasma density using a floating probe in semiconductor processing

Real time feedback control of plasma density was developed and carried out in an inductively coupled plasma. This control method uses a floating probe as a sensor because it can measure plasma density in real time without modification of the plasma reactors and it does not perturb the plasma. The results show that through feedback control, plasma density can be maintained constant within a steady state error of less than 0.3% even if there is a sudden pressure disturbance. This feedback control method is expected to improve the repeatability and reliability of plasma reactors.     

一种大气微波环形波导等离子体设备

 微波等离子体相对其它等离子体而言有很多的优点,具有极高的工业应用价值。但在大气条件下,大体积的微波等离子体较难获得。为达到产生该种微波等离子体并将之应用的目的,特设计了一台环形波导反应腔设备并从事了等离子体激发的相关研究。介绍了该设备的设计思路,给出了常用的非磁化微波等离子体工作气体的击穿曲线,通过软件仿真得到了反应腔内的电场分布,并陈述了微波等离子体反应的基本现象。结合试验的结果,证明了软件仿真的正确性和装置的有效性。目前,该装置可在大气压下顺利激发一定体积的氦、氩等离子体。     

Resistance and Reactance of Monopole Fields Induced by a Test Charge Drifting Off-Axis in a Cold and Collisional Cylindrical Plasma

We study the interaction of a uniform, cold and collisional plasma with a test charged particle moving off-axis at a constant speed down a cylindrical tube with a resistive thick metallic wall. Upon matching the electromagnetic field components at all interfaces, the induced monopole electromagnetic fields in the plasma are obtained in the frequency domain. An expression for the plasma electric resistance and reactance is derived and analyzed numerically for some representative parameters. Near the plasma resonant frequency, the plasma resistance evolves with frequency like a parallel RLC resonator with peak resistance at the plasma frequency pe, while the plasma reactance can be capacitive or inductive in nature depending on the frequency under consideration.     

"Ultracold" neutral plasmas at room temperature

We report a measurement of the electron temperature in a plasma generated by a high-intensity laser focused into a jet of neon. The 15?eV electron temperature is determined using an analytic solution of the plasma equations assuming local thermodynamic equilibrium, initially developed for ultracold neutral plasmas. We show that this analysis method accurately reproduces more sophisticated plasma simulations in our temperature and density range. While our plasma temperatures are far outside the typical "ultracold" regime, the ion temperature is determined by the plasma density through disorder-induced heating just as in ultracold neutral plasma experiments. Based on our results, we outline a pathway for achieving a strongly coupled neutral laser-produced plasma that even more closely resembles ultracold neutral plasma conditions.     

Parameters of the beam plasma formed by a forevacuum plasma source of a ribbon beam in zero-field transportation system

We have studied the generation of the beam plasma formed by a forevacuum plasma source of a ribbon electron beam in the conditions of its transportation without an accompanying magnetic field. The ignition conditions in the beam transportation region of the beam–plasma discharge producing a plasma formation of the plasma sheet type with a plasma concentration of ~10¹⁶ m^–3 and an electron temperature of 1–2.5 eV have been determined. The attained values of parameters and the sizes of the plasma formation make it possible to use it in technologies of the surface modification of planar extended articles.