Data completion method for the characterization of sound sources

This paper presents a different approach to solve the inverse acoustic problem. This problem is an "ill-posed" problem since the solution is very sensitive to measurement precision. A classical way to solve this problem consists in inversing a propagation operator which relates structure quantities (acoustic pressures or gradients) to near-field quantities (acoustic pressures or gradients). This can be achieved by using near-field acoustical holography (NAH) in separable coordinate systems. In order to overcome this limitation, the inverse boundary element method (IBEM) can be implemented to recover all acoustic quantities in a three-dimensional space and on an arbitrary three-dimensional source surface. In this paper, the data completion method (DCM) is developed: the acoustic gradients and pressures are known on a surface surrounding the source, but are unknown on its structure. The solution is given by the resolution of the Helmholtz formulation applied on the empty domain between the two boundaries made by the measurements quantities and the structure of the source. The conventional method applies directly the integral formulation for the empty domain. Another way of solving this Helmholtz formulation can be achieved by splitting it in two well-posed subproblems in a Steklov-Poincare?'s formulation. The data completion method allows one to solve the problem with acoustic perturbations due to sources on the exterior domain, or due to a confined domain, without altering the results.     

基于子空间投影的声辐射多频分析算法

针对边界元法在声辐射多频分析中的困难,提出了一种基于子空间投影的快速插值算法。该方法将所求解的声学量视为一个线性系统的传递函数,然后采用Krylov投影降阶方法的无矩阵形式对原系统进行模型降阶,并通过降阶系统的传递函数来实现对所求声学量的频率插值计算。文中分别采用等距频率插值和自适应插值方案,计算了三种模型算例的辐射声压和声功率。数值结果表明,本算法可以在保证一定计算精度的前提下,显著地提高声辐射多频分析的计算速度。      

Generalized acoustic energy density

The properties of acoustic kinetic energy density and total energy density of sound fields in lightly damped enclosures have been explored thoroughly in the literature. Their increased spatial uniformity makes them more favorable measurement quantities for various applications than acoustic potential energy density (or squared pressure), which is most often used. In this paper, a generalized acoustic energy density (GED), will be introduced. It is defined by introducing weighting factors into the formulation of total acoustic energy density. With an additional degree of freedom, the GED can conform to the traditional acoustic energy density quantities, or it can be optimized for different applications. The properties of the GED will be explored in this paper for individual room modes, a diffuse sound field, and a sound field below the Schroeder frequency.     

Highly directional acoustic receivers

The theoretical directivity of a single combined acoustic receiver, a device that can measure many quantities of an acoustic field at a collocated point, is presented here. The formulation is developed using a Taylor series expansion of acoustic pressure about the origin of a Cartesian coordinate system. For example, the quantities measured by a second-order combined receiver, denoted a dyadic sensor, are acoustic pressure, the three orthogonal components of acoustic particle velocity, and the nine spatial gradients of the velocity vector. The power series expansion, which can be of any order, is cast into an expression that defines the directivity of a single receiving element. It is shown that a single highly directional dyadic sensor can have a directivity index of up to 9.5 dB. However, there is a price to pay with highly directive sensors; these sensors can be significantly more sensitive to nonacoustic noise sources.     

Underwater moving noise source identification based on hybrid near-field acoustical holography

Near-field acoustical holography (NAH) is a powerful tool for identifying noise sources and visualizing acoustic field. By recording the acoustic pressures in the near-field, the acoustic quantities in the whole 3-D field can be reconstructed and predicted. However, the current theory of NAH is not applicable to tracking large scale moving noise sources. Therefore, the hybrid near-field acoustical holography is developed for reconstructing acoustic radiation, which is derived from statistically optimized ne...     

A novel method for the measurement of acoustic speed

Traditional methods for measuring acoustic speed require knowledge of either the specimen thickness or the distances between the transducers and the specimen. In general, the accuracy in measuring these quantities determines the accuracy of the experimental technique for measuring speed. This problem is particularly acute in measuring sound speed in biological specimens. A new method for measuring acoustic speed of materials, which eliminates the need for determining these quantities, has been developed. The technique, which necessitates the use of only one transducer, requires measurement of four times of flight of a sound pulse and the knowledge of the speed of sound in a reference fluid medium in which the specimen is placed. Ultrasonic speed in stainless steel and Plexiglas was measured using this method to verify its validity. Results on measurements on porcine liver, myocardium, and soft fat are also reported.     

对声波和弹性波传播模拟的Hamilton系统方法

建立了离散化网格上的准粒子体系，引入此体系的Hamilton系统描述，用来模拟声波和弹性波的传播.介绍了准粒子间相互作用的九点模型并给出互作用系数.证明了Hamilton系统方法 和声波、弹性波方程的关系，并给出两个方法中所使用物理量的关系.使用辛算法对给定的 介质模型进行数值模拟. 关键词： Hamilton系统方法 九点互作用模型 声波方程 弹性波方程 辛算法     

Anharmonism of lattice vibrations and of acoustic wave propagation velocity in quasi-isotropic solids

Linear correlation is established in glasses between the Grüneisen parameter and the ratio of propagation velocities of the longitudinal and transverse acoustic waves. An interpretation is given within the Pineda-Kuz’menko model to the relation between the harmonic and anharmonic quantities.     

Grüneisen parameter and propagation velocities of acoustic waves in vitreous solids

A linear correlation has been found between the Grüneisen parameter and the ratio of the propagation velocities of longitudinal and transverse acoustic waves in vitreous solids. The relation between these quantities has been interpreted in terms of the Pineda model.     

On some peculiarities of the energy characteristics of the interference acoustic field in a shallow sea

The results of studies of the scalar and vector energy characteristics of a real acoustic interference field in a shallow sea are presented based on notions of monochromatic fields and common field vector ratios. The importance of the quantities under consideration is that they are the components of the energy-pulse tensor of the acoustic field. The horizontal components of the complex intensity vector are represented only by its real parts, i.e., the imaginary parts of the horizontal components of the intensity vector are equal to zero; the vertical component has both real and imaginary parts. The imaginary part of the vertical component of the complex intensity vector is related to the interference field of acoustic pressure (the potential energy). The energy characteristics of the acoustic field in a shallow sea obtained during a real experiment correspond to the common theoretical field ratios.     

Non-linear propagation of directional spherical waves

The method of renormalization is used to determine a uniformly valid expansion for the problem of non-linear waves produced in a fluid by spatially non-uniform simple harmonic motion of the surface of a sphere. The effect of dimensionless quantities upon the acoustic shock-formation distance is examined.     

歌剧院声学的和建筑的设计工具,现状和前景

现代歌剧院和剧院内部建筑的设计及其实现,趋向于标准化和遵循同样的审美倾向,这导致这些大厅的声学性能比较低劣,大厅设计的历史过程是,从独特的审美和视觉的途径,转向实用性地复制一些最成功的样板,然后又转向声学的理论化和各式各样的模型化,首先出现了小型的声学硬件的模型,随后是计算机模型,除了能够可靠地预计声学质量之外,计算机的真正优势在于它们的灵活性,它们能够完美地满足设计者之间的对话需要,特别是满足声学家和建筑师之间的对话需要,这就是新千年的伟大革命,它必须一些古老大厅建筑的丰富内含可能重新综合,只要人们重新引进对某些这类大厅的高声学质量的有助益的一些模式。     

Three-dimensional passive acoustic tracking of sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) in ray-refracting environments

A wide-aperture towed passive acoustic array is used to obtain ranges and depths of acoustically active sperm whales in the Gulf of Mexico in June 2004, by extending a technique previously reported [Thode, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 116, 245-253 (2004)] to explicitly account for ray-refraction effects arising from a depth-dependent sound speed profile. Under this expanded approach, three quantities are measured from an impulsive sound: the time difference between direct-path arrivals on a forward and rear subarray, the time difference between the direct and surface-reflected paths on the rear subarray, and the acoustic bearing measured on the rear subarray. These quantities, combined with independent measurements of hydrophone depths and cable inclination, are converted into range-depth position fixes by implementing an efficient numerical procedure that uses a ray-tracing code to account for ray-refraction effects caused by depth-dependent sound speed profiles. Analytic expressions that assume a constant waterborne sound speed are also derived. Foraging depths of various sperm whales over 10 days in June, 2004 are estimated using the numerical technique.     

Exfoliation of metal-organic framework nanosheets using surface acoustic waves

Two-dimensional (2D) metal–organic framework (MOF) nanosheets have recently received extensive attention due to their ultra-thin thickness, large specific surface area, chemical and functional designability. In this study, an unconventional method using surface acoustic wave (SAW) technology is proposed to exfoliate large quantities and uniform layers of 2D MOF-Zn₂(bim)₄ nanosheets in a microfluidic system. We successfully demonstrated that the thickness of 2D MOF is effectively and accurately controlled by optimizing the SAW parameters. The mechanisms for the efficient exfoliation of 2D MOF nanosheets is attributed to both the electric and acoustic fields generated by the SAWs in the liquid. The electric field ionizes the methanol to produce H⁺ ions, which intercalate Zn₂(bim)₄ sheets and weaken the interlayer bonding, and the strong shear force generated by SAWs separates the MOF sheets. A yield of 66% for monolayer MOFs with a maximum size of 3.5 μm is achieved under the combined effect of electric and acoustic fields. This fast, low-energy exfoliation platform has the potential to provide a simple and scalable microfluidic exfoliation method for production of large-area and quantities of 2D MOFs.     

Comparison of the efficiencies of Fourier and wavelet expansions in passive acoustic thermal tomography

A comparison of the accuracy achieved in temperature-distribution reconstruction by the Fourier and wavelet expansions in passive acoustic tomography is carried out. Since the use of focused ultrasound in hyperthermia leads to local heating of the tissue, the wavelet representation of such temperature distributions with local fluctuations is more compact than their Fourier representation. It is demonstrated that the compactness of the wavelet representation provides an opportunity to reduce considerably the number of unknown quantities in solving the inverse problem of acoustic thermal tomography and to increase the accuracy of the temperature-distribution reconstruction in comparison with the case of using the Fourier representation. A method for choosing a compact wavelet basis for temperature distributions obtained in the hyperthermia process is proposed.     

Visualization of acoustic radiation from a vibrating bowling ball.

This paper presents visualization of acoustic radiation from a vibrating bowling ball using the Helmholtz equation least squares (HELS) method. In conducting the experiments, the ball is excited by a vibration shaker using stationary random signals. The radiated acoustic pressures are measured using two microphones and taken as input to the HELS formulations. The reconstructed acoustic pressures on the bowling ball surface are compared with those measured at the same locations. Also shown are comparisons of the reconstructed and measured acoustic pressure spectra at various locations on the bowling ball surface. Results demonstrate that the accuracy of reconstruction based on measurements over a conformal surface is much higher than that over a finite planar surface. This is because the latter often extends beyond the near-field region, making the accuracy of measurements inconsistent. Nevertheless, satisfactory reconstruction of acoustic pressure fields over the entire bowling ball surface can still be obtained based on the measurements taken over a finite planar surface on one side of the source. In a similar manner, the normal component of the surface velocity is reconstructed. Once these acoustic quantities are determined, the time-averaged acoustic intensity is calculated. Also presented are the formulations for estimating a priori the numbers of expansion functions and measurements required by the HELS method and the guidelines for determining the reconstruction error and optimum measurement locations, given the overall dimensions of the source and the highest frequency of interest in reconstruction.     

Effect of the local coulomb interaction of strongly correlated electrons on phonon, elastic, and electronic properties of ZnSe crystals

The dispersions and densities of states of phonons in cubic ZnSe crystals have been calculated and the modification of these quantities with inclusion of the local Coulomb interaction U of strongly correlated 3d(Zn) electrons has been investigated. It has been found that the inclusion of U leads to a decrease in the frequencies of optical and longitudinal acoustic phonons and to an increase in the frequencies of transverse acoustic phonons in the entire Brillouin zone. To explain these specific features in the behavior of phonons, the modifications of elastic moduli and electron density of states with inclusion of U have been analyzed.     

On the significance of reflection coefficients produced by active surfaces bounding one-dimensional sound fields

Active boundary surfaces intended to control reverberation or other characteristics of enclosed sound fields have often been investigated using plane wave tubes. This paper presents an analysis of actively terminated semi-infinite and finite-length plane wave tubes to provide needed clarification of the effects of these surfaces. By considering relationships between complex pressure-amplitude reflection coefficients and acoustic energy quantities, the investigation reveals that increases in reflection coefficient moduli at terminations do not always produce corresponding increases in total energy or energy flux in adjacent fields. These relationships are shown to depend upon physical properties of the acoustic spaces, sources, and source positions. The investigation also demonstrates how the impact of reflection coefficients with moduli exceeding unity may be easily misinterpreted.     

Optimal acoustic fields in compact thermoacoustic refrigerators

Thermoacoustic refrigerators have been developed during the last 15 years, employing quasi-standing resonant acoustic waves inside fluid-filled cavities to transfer heat along a stack region. Because higher efficiency can be reached when a significant travelling wave component exists in the resonator, specific resonant thermoacoustic devices have been designed allowing to adjust more or less the ratio of travelling and standing wave components. However, the acoustic pressure field and the particle velocity field do not appear to be the optimal ones, for the thermal quantities of interest. Thus, it is the aim of the paper to present a new kind of thermoacoustic standing wave-like device which allows to control easily and independently the pressure field and the particle velocity field, after investigating the optimal acoustic field, in the stack region, for the main parameters of interest, i.e. the temperature gradient, the thermoacoustic heat flow and the coefficient of performance.     

Generation of the vorticity mode by sound in a Bingham plastic

This study investigates interaction between acoustic and non-acoustic modes, such as vorticity mode, in some class of a non-newtonian fluid called Bingham plastic. The instantaneous equations describing interaction between different modes are derived. The attention is paid to the nonlinear effects in the field of intense sound. The resulting equations which describe dynamics of both sound and the vorticity mode apply to both periodic and aperiodic sound of any waveform. They use only instantaneous quantities and do not imply averaging over the sound period. The theory is illustrated by an example of acoustic force of vorticity induced in the field of a Gaussian sound beam. Some unusual peculiarities in both sound and the vorticity induced in its field as compared to a newtonian fluid, are discovered.