相互干扰系数法校正ICP—AES多元素同时分析的光谱干扰

提出了一种相互干扰系数法校正ＩＣＰ－ＡＥＳ多元素同时分析的光谱干扰方法。该方法把分析对象视为所有组分之间都相互关联的体系，并选择严密的数学模型来校正复杂组分间的相互干扰。     

Experimental verification of the electromagnetic spectral interference law using a modified version of the Young's interferometer

We present a method to verify the electromagnetic spectral interference law experimentally, which connects the combined two-beam usual Stokes parameters with the corresponding single beam usual Stokes parameters. Using polarizers and phase retarders in a modified version of the Young's interferometer, the usual Stokes parameters and the generalized Stokes parameters are determined for a laser beam. The experimentally determined single point (usual) Stokes parameters at an axial point in the observation plane for the combined beam are compared with their theoretically expected values obtained by putting the experimental data in the electromagnetic spectral interference law. A fairly good agreement is found between the two values. Not only does the proposed method provides a comparison between the two kinds of Stokes parameters but also validates the role of the generalized Stokes parameters as modulation parameters for the usual Stokes parameters.     

Polarization analyzers operating in a wide spectral range

Different versions of practical realization of customary optical systems for full measurement of the polarization state of quasi-monochromatic partially polarized light are considered. They can be used to overcome measurement difficulties associated with the finite width of the spectral range being studied. The effect of changes in characteristics of optical and polarization elements over a spectral range on the character of polarization measurements is analyzed. Methods for elimination of chromatism or taking into account its effect on measurements are suggested. Relations for taking into account the effect of chromatism of a phase plate with constant thickness on measurement results are given. Operation of a classical four-channel scheme for studing quasi-monochromatic partially polarized light in the visible and near-IR regions is considered. For this system, expressions are derived which make possible determination of Stokes parameters taking into account the effect of a finite spectral range. A system using phase modulation of radiation by an electrooptical cell and measurement of the maximum and minimum intensities of the modulated signal is considered. Measurements are carried out by using a two-channel system. Expressions are derived which make possible determination of Stokes parameters for the system under consideration in the visible and near-IR spectral regions. A system for measuring the polarization state of radiation in the visible and near-IR regions and based on modulation of radiation by an electrooptical phase cell is described. Measurements are carried out for the fundamental modulation frequency and its harmonics using a two-channel scheme. Relations for determining Stokes parameters of the system are presented.     

Non-Linear Transformations and Their Applications in Many-Body Physics

The transformations of the type which convert an exponential into a Gaussian and vice-versa and their applications in various areas of many-body physics are discussed. A new and general method of obtaining such transformations is given using the method of moments. It is compared with other methods which could be employed to obtain such transformations. In atomic physics, we have shown how such transformations can be used to obtain electron interaction energy for the ground state of Helium and Wigner transform for the ground state of H atom. It is shown how to bring angular momentum operators to linear form so that one can use the usual property of rotation operator to calculate their matrix elements. A new way of calculating the approximate eigenvalues of a Hamiltonian is given which combines the variational principles with the principle of maximum entropy. The anharmonic oscillator Hamiltonian is used to illustrate this new method. An interesting aspect of these transformations is that one could combine them with other transformations like Grassmann integration to calculate quantities of physical interest in closed form. A general matrix element of the harmonic oscillator is given which can be used to calculate usual quantities like the trace and density matrix. Some future applications are also discussed.     

All-fiber self-mixing interferometer for displacement measurement based on the quadrature demodulation technique

The quadrature demodulation algorithm used for all-fiber self-mixing sensors is applied to displacement measurements. A fiber electro-optic modulator is used to introduce phase modulation, which can improve the accuracy of measurements. Although phase modulation is easily affected by the polarization state of light, this method can process signals by sampling the interference signals at specific time points. Such signals are insensitive to polarization, and thus, the calculation process and experimental devices are simplified. The feasibility of the algorithm is validated via a series of experiments under nonpolarization-maintaining conditions.     

利用相关分析法测量空间光调制器的相位调制特性

基于一维干涉条纹图像的相关分析法可实现液晶空间光调制器相位调制特性的测试。给出了XGA2L11型电寻址液晶空间光调制器的相位现场测试原理、测试装置和测试步骤。利用范德卢格特型光电混合相关器对测试结果进行了实验验证。结果表明,该方法具有原理简单、适应性强和精度高等优点。     

SVDD的近红外光谱定性分析光谱质量判定方法

近红外光谱属微弱信号,其质量易受被测物体自身状态及各种外界因素干扰,具体而言,在近红外光谱定性分析中,影响光谱质量的因素主要有光谱仪状态改变、光谱采集人员错误操作、奇异样本干扰等。建模时若混入质量较差的光谱易影响所建模型的稳健性与适用性,因此光谱质量判定是确保模型预测能力的一项重要工作。目前用于定量分析的光谱质量判定研究较多,而用于定性分析的光谱质量判定研究较少,为此,提出一种基于支持向量机数据描述的近红外光谱定性分析光谱质量判定方法,采用自制漫透射近红外光谱装置采集单籽粒玉米光谱,以正常状况下采集的某品种玉米单籽粒漫透射光谱作为正常样本,而人为漏光、近红外探测器窗口覆盖玉米表皮碎屑、光源强度改变、光源与被测玉米籽粒距离改变、相近品种玉米籽粒混入等几种情况下所采集光谱作为异常样本,在此数据集基础上研究了基于支持向量机数据描述的定性分析光谱质量判定模型建立的原理与方法,其后将支持向量机数据描述方法与常用的马氏距离法、局部异常因子法等光谱质量判定方法进行了对比,并以正常样本正确识别率与异常样本正确拒识率的均值作为评价标准,对实验结果进行分析,由实验结果可以看出相比其他两种方法,基于支持向量机数据描述的光谱质量判定方法具有最优判定能力,建模集正常样本数目会影响光谱质量判定能力,在实际使用光谱质量判定方法时,建模集应包含足量样本。在近红外定性分析时可以将该方法作为剔除异常光谱的手段,在预处理、特征提取,模式分类等近红外光谱定性分析步骤前首先进行基于支持向量机的光谱质量判定步骤,并剔除异常光谱,可有效提高近红外光谱定性分析模型的可靠性,亦为近红外光谱定性分析光谱质量判定提供新的方法参考。     

Bragg scattering of light in vacuum structured by strong periodic fields

Elastic scattering of laser radiation due to vacuum polarization by spatially modulated strong electromagnetic fields is considered. The Bragg interference arising at a specific impinging direction of the probe wave concentrates the scattered light in specular directions. The interference maxima are enhanced with respect to the usual vacuum polarization effect proportional to the square of the number of modulation periods within the interaction region. The Bragg scattering can be employed to detect the vacuum polarization effect in a setup of multiple crossed superstrong laser beams with parameters envisaged in the future Extreme Light Infrastructure.     

集成光学电光调制干涉光谱仪的模式谱分析

基于钛扩散铌酸锂(Ti∶LiNbO3)波导的集成光学电光调制技术的干涉光谱仪是Ti∶LiNbO3调制器的一种崭新应用,一般应用的探测光谱区间是在波导的单模区间。为拓宽探测波长范围至多模传输范围,以x向切割,y向传输。以共面对称电极的Ti∶LiNbO3波导电光调制干涉器(器件长度60mm)为例,模拟了多模传输时电光调制系数的模式色散现象。数值模拟中采用了有限差分方法(FDM)。分析表明,在多模传输情况下,光的各阶模式的光场分布差异导致了电光调制系数的模式色散;在对经线性扫描电压调制后的干涉输出数据进行傅里叶变换谱分析后,可发现对应波长的各阶传输模式谱。实验采用0.808μm单模偏振光源,在激励起准TE多模式和激励起混合模两种情况下,验证了数值模拟和分析的结果。     

The new method of topological charge determination of optical vortices in the interference field of the optical vortex interferometer

In this paper, the new method of determination of the topological charge of vortex points in the interference field obtained by three plane waves interference is presented. Such optical fields are used in the optical vortex interferometer (OVI) and the determination of vortex points’ topological charge allows of unique determination of the relative phase between interfering waves (phase unwrapping problem). The new method uses additional plane wave, which produce a characteristic fork-like fringe structure in the neighbourhood of vortex points. By analysing the orientation of these fork-like patterns one can read the sign of the topological charge of the given vortex point. The method is simple and can be used for OVI calibration performed before the measurements.     

火焰原子吸收法间接测定混凝土外加剂中的微量Cl-

火焰原子吸收法以其灵敏度高、选择性好等优点而广泛应用于各种基体中微量金属元素的测定 ,而不用于直接测定Cl- 。本文提出了采用火焰原子吸收法间接测定混凝土外加剂中微量Cl- 的方法 ,在待测液中加入过量的Ag 标液 ,通过测定与Cl- 定量反应后剩余的Ag 量从而换算出Cl- 的含量 ,本法进行了测定最佳酸度试验、精密度试验、在样品中加入Cl- 标准溶液回收试验 ,回收率为 96 %～ 10 4 %。经过实际样品测定 ,证明该方法具有样品预处理手续简单、测定周期短、干扰小等优点 ,最适合于测定基体较为复杂的混凝土外加剂中的微量Cl- 。称取样品 0 0 5～ 2g ,溶解后 ,用硝酸调节酸度 ,加入与之对应的Ag 标准溶液 ,放置 2h过滤后即可测定 ,所用仪器为澳大利亚GBC90 2型原子吸收光谱仪。     

Continual deformation analysis with scanning phase method and time sequence phase method in temporal speckle pattern interferometry

If a laser beam illuminates a continual deformation object surface, it will lead to a temporal speckle pattern on the observation plane. Recording this time-dependent speckle pattern the deformation of the surface of an object can be obtained. Two methods, scanning phase method (SPM) and time sequence phase method (TSPM), have been introduced for measuring the displacement caused by the deformation in temporal speckle pattern interferometry (TSPI). Their principle is that by capturing a series of speckle interference patterns related to the object deformations, the fluctuations in the intensity of the interference patterns can be obtained. Through scanning these fluctuations and estimating both the average intensity and modulation of the temporal speckle interference patterns, the phase maps for whole-field displacements are calculated. In this way one is capable of quantitatively measuring continual displacements simply using a conventional electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI) system without phase shifting or a carrier. The elaboration on the new methods is given in this paper and experiments are performed to demonstrate their performance with a conventional ESPI system.     

可调谐激光二极管吸收光谱系统信号分析及谱线畸变校正技术研究

利用可调谐激光二极管吸收光谱技术进行气体检测时,波长调制伴随的光强幅度调制,会使解调出的谐波谱线发生畸变.在傅里叶分析的基础上对可调谐激光二极管吸收光谱任意调制幅度的波长调制光谱信号进行了分析,给出了光强幅度调制引起吸收谱线畸变的理论解释.提出了在波长调制过程中进行旧步平抑幅度调制的方法来消除谱线畸变,设计了实验方案并...     

高盐样品中锂的电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-OES)测定研究

锂是重要的战略金属和新能源材料,其开发利用受到全球的高度关注。在高盐卤水特别是盐湖卤水和地下卤水中富含巨量的锂资源,在对这些资源进行锂的开发利用过程中,需对锂的含量进行准确测定,然而卤水中共存的高浓度Na+, K+, Ca2+和Mg2+会对微量锂的准确测定产生严重的干扰。电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-OES)具有线性范围宽和多元素同步分析能力,针对卤水中锂的快速准确测定,详细开展了高盐样品中锂的ICP-OES分析方法研究。结果表明,锂在610.364 nm处具有较高的信噪比,且Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+和Ar不会对锂的测定产生显著的谱线干扰。然而,样品中大量共存的Na+, K+和Mg2+会对锂的测定产生严重的基体正干扰,而Ca2+产生负干扰。尽管内标法在消除基体干扰方面具有广泛的应用,但传统的以钇和钪为内标元素的内标法不能有效解决该问题。此外,针对标准加入法操作繁琐、不适合批量样品分析问题,以及基体匹配法需多离子匹配,且不适合样品基体组成变化的批量样品分析等问题,考察了采用单一组分进行复杂基体匹配的可行性。由于NaCl广泛存在于卤水中,且对锂的测定具有显著的增敏效应,通过系列研究发现,通过同时向样品和标准溶液中加入10 g·L-1的NaCl,成功解决了总量不超过40 g·L-1的NaCl, KCl和MgCl2所产生的干扰。尽管采用该法或沉淀预分离方式均不能消除Ca2+产生的负干扰,但当样品中Ca2+含量不高于1.8 g·L-1时,对测定不产生显著的影响。通过采用该方法对三种不同基体组成的卤水样品进行加标回收测定,其回收率在96.60%~104.20%范围内。此外,通过与电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定结果进行对比,充分论证了该法的准确性和可靠性(相对误差±3.66%)。该法仅以单一的NaCl进行复杂基体匹配,不仅简化了操作,还实现了基体组成变化的批量样品分析,因而在卤水中锂的快速准确测定及锂资源开发利用方面具有重要意义。     

一种新型静态成像光谱系统的研究

静态干涉系统具有稳定性好、抗干扰能力强的优势,但其缺点是光谱分辨率低并且光谱测试范围不易调整。针对静态干涉型成像光谱系统光谱分辨率低且不可调等问题,设计了一种新型静态成像光谱系统。系统由光束整形模块、新型静态干涉调制模块以及成像模块构成。光束整形模块将入射光缩束并整形为平行光,进而保证入射干涉具后可以获得较好的干涉效果;新型静态干涉调制模块对入射光进行相干处理。在双折射干涉结构的基础上进行了改进,在不改变原有静态干涉具尺寸的基础上提高了系统的光谱分辨率,并实现了光谱分辨率的静态调制;成像模块完成对目标区域二维可见光图像的采集。系统核心部件由两组光轴相互正交的Wollaston棱镜作为分光器件,在两棱镜间放置电光调制模块,实现光程的静态扫描。分析了新型静态成像光谱系统的工作原理,给出了入射角、折射角等主要参数的函数表达式,并构建了系统的数据模型。通过绘制系统光线追迹图的方式,得到了该系统横向剪切量的函数方程,并对影响横向剪切量的各个参数进行了分析与讨论。通过仿真计算了改变结构角、晶体厚度以及调制度等参数对横向剪切量的影响程度,并定量计算了两个参数对系统光谱分辨率的影响程度。由仿真分析结果可知,增大结构角与加宽调制晶体厚度都可以为系统提供更大的光程差。故通过电光调制的方式实现横向剪切量的静态扫描是可行的,可以实现静态光谱图像的获取。在实验中对660 nm激光进行了测试。新型静态干涉模块采用孔径20 mm×20 mm,厚度10 mm的两块光轴相反的Wollaston棱镜与厚度10 mm的电光调制晶体构成。当调制度分别是0.000 2和0.000 6时,成像模块采集得到干涉条纹具有明显差异。当调制度增大时,其干涉条纹密度增大,说明采用越大的调制度,系统对应的光谱静态扫描能力越强,对光谱分辨率的控制越好。由此可见,本静态成像光谱系统在控制电光晶体调制度的条件下具有光谱分辨率可调的特性,验证了系统的可行性。     

ICP-OES测定铝质脱氧剂中的铝

试样经高温熔融后,盐酸浸取,采用电感耦合等离子体-发射光谱测定了铝质脱氧剂中的高含量铝.通过试验确定了仪器参数、基体干扰消除等条件.实验结果表明采用基体匹配可消除干扰,保证了样品中高含量铝检测结果的准确度和精密度.该方法快速、准确、稳定性好,其测定结果与化学滴定分析方法的测定值一致.其分析结果能满足生产和科研的需要.     

MFSK浅海远程通信多径抑制的频率分组编码方法

多频移键控调制技术（MFSK）对信道衰落有良好的适应性，是远程水声通信的重要技术。但是，用于浅海远程水声通信时，由于多径传播的影响，导致严重的码间干扰（ISI），使得远程微弱信号的频率估计产生较大偏差，误码率显著增加。本文针对远程水下信道和MFSK调制的特点，提出了一种新的频率分组编码（FGC）方法。该方法改变了传统MFSK的数据帧格式，相邻符号采用不同组的频率进行编码映射，有效抑制了多径干扰。在深入研究新方法统计特性的基础上进行了湖试验证，结果表明，采用FGC新方法的通信系统，多径抑制有效，性能稳健，更适合于80-100km水声远程通信。     

Background gradient suppression in pulsed gradient stimulated echo measurements

Pulsed gradient spin echo (PGSE) experiments can be used to measure the probability distribution of molecular displacements. In homogeneous samples this reports on the molecular diffusion coefficient, and in heterogeneous samples, such as porous media and biological tissue, such measurements provide information about the sample's morphology. In heterogeneous samples however background gradients are also present and prevent an accurate measurement of molecular displacements. The interference of time independent background gradients with the applied magnetic field gradients can be removed through the use of bipolar gradient pulses. However, when the background gradients are spatially non-uniform molecular diffusion introduces a temporal modulation of the background gradients. This defeats simple bipolar gradient suppression of background gradients in diffusion related measurements. Here we introduce a new method that requires the background gradients to be constant over coding intervals only. Since the coding intervals are typically at least an order of magnitude shorter than the storage time, this new method succeeds in suppressing cross-terms for a much wider range of heterogeneous samples.     

Quantum mechanical interaction-free measurements

A novel manifestation of nonlocality of quantum mechanics is presented. It is shown that it is possible to ascertain the existence of an object in a given region of space without interacting with it. The method might have practical applications for delicate quantum experiments.     

The effect of surface waves on the variability of the interference invariant

The effect of sea surface waves on the variability of the interference invariant and on the error in its indication is investigated. To model fully developed waves on the sea surface, the Pierson-Neumann spectrum is used. The acoustic track is chosen to be oriented along the wind direction, which corresponds to the maximal manifestation of normal wave interaction. The effect is considered in both winter and summer conditions in a broad frequency band and in a wide interval of distances. Statistical estimates are obtained for the interference invariant and its measurement error.