The Synthesis and Bioactivity of the Marine Macrolide Callyspongiolide

Callyspongiolide, a macrolide natural product with a conjugated diene-ynic side chain, has garnered significant attention from the synthetic community since its isolation from a sea sponge in 2013. Herein, the approaches that have been applied to this bioactive natural product to date are reviewed. These synthetic endeavors have established the absolute stereochemistry of this molecule and allowed further investigation into its promising caspase-independent bioactivity, while also contributing to the wider field of macrolide synthesis.     

Anti-Inflammatory Dysidazirine Carboxylic Acid from the Marine Cyanobacterium Caldora sp. Collected from the Reefs of Fort Lauderdale,Florida

Dysidazirine carboxylic acid (1) was isolated from the lipophilic extract of a collection of the benthic marine cyanobacterium Caldora sp. from reefs near Fort Lauderdale, Florida. The planar structure of this new compound was determined by spectroscopic methods and comparisons between HRMS and NMR data with its reported methyl ester. The absolute configuration of the single chiral center was determined by the conversion of 1 to the methyl ester and the comparison of its specific rotation data with the two known methyl ester isomers, 2 and 3. Molecular sequencing with 16S rDNA indicated that this cyanobacterium differs from Caldora penicillata (Oscillatoriales) and represents a previously undocumented and novel Caldora species. Dysidazirine (2) showed weak cytotoxicity against HCT116 colorectal cancer cells (IC₅₀ 9.1 µM), while dysidazirine carboxylic acid (1) was non-cytotoxic. Similar cell viability patterns were observed in RAW264.7 cells with dysidazirine only (2), displaying cytotoxicity at the highest concentration tested (50 µM). The non-cytotoxic dysidazirine carboxylic acid (1) demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity in RAW264.7 cells stimulated with LPS. After 24 h, 1 inhibited the production of NO by almost 50% at 50 µM, without inducing cytotoxicity. Compound 1 rapidly decreased gene expression of the pro-inflammatory gene iNOS after 3 h post-LPS treatment and in a dose-dependent manner (IC₅₀ ~1 µM); the downregulation of iNOS persisted at least until 12 h.     

Chemical Diversity and Biological Activity of Secondary Metabolites Isolated from Indonesian Marine Invertebrates

Marine invertebrates have been reported to be an excellent resource of many novel bioactive compounds. Studies reported that Indonesia has remarkable yet underexplored marine natural products, with a high chemical diversity and a broad spectrum of biological activities. This review discusses recent updates on the exploration of marine natural products from Indonesian marine invertebrates (i.e., sponges, tunicates, and soft corals) throughout 2007–2020. This paper summarizes the structural diversity and biological function of the bioactive compounds isolated from Indonesian marine invertebrates as antimicrobial, antifungal, anticancer, and antiviral, while also presenting the opportunity for further investigation of novel compounds derived from Indonesian marine invertebrates.     

海洋细菌中铁载体的分离纯化和活性研究

从海洋来源的细菌发酵液中分离得到三个铁载体,其中化合物3为新化合物,化合物1和2为已知化合物nocardamine和schizokinen A。 通过CAS液体检测的方法测定了三个化合物的最低活性浓度,分别为：5, 4 及156μg/mL。     

百部生物碱的全合成

百部生物碱是从直立百部(Stemona sessilifolia)和其近缘植物的根部分离得到一类生物碱。在分子结构上,这类生物碱通常具有[1, 2-b]吡咯并[1, 2-a]氮杂卓的母核结构,并且由于在母核的多个位置有不同的取代基,从而表现出结构及生物活性的多样性,因而百部生物碱的全合成研究引起国内外化学家的关注。但是由于百部生物碱结构中具有复杂的多环结构及多个手性中心,此类天然产物的全合成研究具有较大的挑战。近年来,化学家们相继开发并应用高对映选择性的反应及串联反应等高效的策略,完成了多个百部生物碱的全合成研究,为百部生物碱进行深入生物活性研究及开发利用奠定了坚实的基础。本文基于本课题组的相关研究内容,综述了各种类型百部生物碱近年来的全合成研究进展。     

Synthesis of Obyanamide, a Marine Cytotoxic Cyclic Depsipeptide

Obyanamide 1 is a cyclic depsipeptide that was recently isolated from the marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya confervoides by Moore and co-workers1. This compound displayed a potent inhibitory effect on both KB and LoVo cells in vitro. Several structural analog…     

Recent Progress on the Synthesis and Bioactivity of Marine Naturally Occurring Dienamides and Related Derivatives

The diverse biological activities of many marine naturally occurring dienamides have made them privileged structures for the development of new drugs. This review highlights the different synthetic approaches for the preparation of the marine naturally occurring dienamides and related pharmaceutically active derivatives.     

Arenicolsterol A，来自海洋环节动物海蚯蚓中的一种新的细胞毒性烯醇式磺化甾醇

Marine organisms are the important source of the bioactive metabolites. A novel enolic sulfated sterol, arenicolsterol A, has been isolated from a marine annelid Arenicola cristata collected in the coast of Mainland of China.The structure was elucidated using all sorts of spectroscopic data including ESIMS, 1D and 2D NMR etc. The cytotoxic bioactivity of this sterol was evaluated by MTT assay. It could inhibit the growth of human cervix cancer cell line (Hela) and human non-small cell lung cancer cell line (NCI-h6) with IC50 of (3.1 0.6)μg/mL and (7.6 0.8)μg/mL.     

海洋溴吡咯生物碱的研究进展

大量的溴吡咯生物碱从海绵中得到分离, 并表现出良好的生理活性. 这类化合物因其结构的新颖性、多样性、以及良好的生理活性而成为合成化学家关注的焦点. 综述了近年来海洋溴吡咯生物碱的分离和合成进展.     

Solid‐phase Total Synthesis of (−)‐Apratoxin A and Its Analogues and Their Biological Evaluation

Two approaches for the solid‐phase total synthesis of apratoxin A and its derivatives were accomplished. In synthetic route A, the peptide was prepared by the sequential coupling of the corresponding amino acids on trityl chloride SynPhase Lanterns. After cleavage from the polymer‐support, macrolactamization of 10 , followed by thiazoline formation, provided apratoxin A. This approach, however, resulted in low yield because the chemoselectivity was not sufficient for the formation of the thiazoline ring though its analogue 33 was obtained. However, in synthetic route B, a cyclization precursor was prepared by solid‐phase peptide synthesis by using amino acids 13 – 15 and 18 . The final macrolactamization was performed in solution to provide apratoxin A in high overall yield. This method was then successfully applied to the synthesis of apratoxin analogues. The cytotoxic activity of the synthetic derivatives was then evaluated. The epimer 34 was as potent as apratoxin A, and O‐methyl tyrosine can be replaced by 7‐azidoheptyl tyrosine without loss of activity. The 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition of 38 with phenylacetylene was performed in the presence of a copper catalyst without affecting the thiazoline ring.     

Structure Elucidation and Activity of Kolossin A,the D‐/L‐Pentadecapeptide Product of a Giant Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetase

The largest continuous bacterial nonribosomal peptide synthetase discovered so far is described. It consists of 15 consecutive modules arising from an uninterrupted, fully functional gene in the entomopathogenic bacterium Photorhabdus luminescens. The identification of its cryptic biosynthesis product was achieved by using a combination of genome analysis, promoter exchange, isotopic labeling experiments, and total synthesis of a focused collection of peptide candidates. Although it belongs to the growing class of D ‐/ L ‐peptide natural products, the encoded metabolite kolossin A was found to be largely devoid of antibiotic activity and is likely involved in interspecies communication. A stereoisomer of this peculiar natural product displayed high activity against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, a recalcitrant parasite that causes the deadly disease African sleeping sickness.     

Synthesis of Cytotoxic Palmerolides

The chemical synthesis of the palmerolides is the subject of this review. The palmerolides are a family of Antarctic marine natural products, many of which display potent and selective cytotoxicity against melanoma cells. The confluence of promising bioactivities, limited natural supplies, and complex structures makes the palmerolides exciting targets for chemical synthesis. To date, several approaches have been reported, and a consensus strategy based on convergent fragment assembly has emerged. Collective wisdom from myriad approaches reviewed here may enable hybrid strategies capable of delivering larger amounts of synthetic palmerolides to support continued biological studies. Considering the relative lack of options for melanoma chemotherapy and the intriguing activity profile of the palmerolides, efforts aimed at developing an efficient, gram‐scale synthesis of palmerolide A and congeneric structures should be given a high priority.     

海洋生物中具有生物活性的多羟基甾醇及甾体皂苷

综述了近几年来对海洋生物中具有生物活性的多羟基甾醇及其皂苷研究的新进 展，报道了以新化合物为主的80个具有生理活性化合物的结构，并部分地阐述了其 构效关系。     

Solid‐Phase Total Synthesis of Yaku'amide B Enabled by Traceless Staudinger Ligation

We report a solid‐phase strategy for total synthesis of the peptidic natural product yaku'amide B ( 1 ), which exhibits antiproliferative activity against various cancer cells. Its linear tridecapeptide sequence bears four β,β‐dialkylated α,β‐dehydroamino acid residues and is capped with an N‐terminal acyl group (NTA) and a C‐terminal amine (CTA). To realize the Fmoc‐based solid‐phase synthesis of this complex structure, we developed new methods for enamide formation, enamide deprotection, and C‐terminal modification. First, traceless Staudinger ligation enabled enamide formation between sterically encumbered alkenyl azides and newly designed phosphinophenol esters. Second, application of Eu(OTf)₃ led to chemoselective removal of the enamide Boc groups without detaching the resin linker. Finally, resin‐cleavage and C‐terminus modification were simultaneously achieved with an ester–amide exchange reaction using CTA and AlMe₃ to deliver 1 in 9.1 % overall yield (24 steps from the resin).     

Discovery,Total Synthesis and Key Structural Elements for the Immunosuppressive Activity of Cocosolide,a Symmetrical Glycosylated Macrolide Dimer from Marine Cyanobacteria

A new dimeric macrolide xylopyranoside, cocosolide ( 1 ), was isolated from the marine cyanobacterium preliminarily identified as Symploca sp. from Guam. The structure was determined by a combination of NMR spectroscopy, HRMS, X‐ray diffraction studies and Mosher's analysis of the base hydrolysis product. Its carbon skeleton closely resembles that of clavosolides A–D isolated from the sponge Myriastra clavosa, for which no bioactivity is known. We performed the first total synthesis of cocosolide ( 1 ) along with its [α,α]‐anomer ( 26 ) and macrocyclic core ( 28 ), thus leading to the confirmation of the structure of natural 1 . The convergent synthesis featured Wadsworth–Emmons cyclopropanation, Sakurai annulation, Yamaguchi macrocyclization/dimerization reaction, α‐selective glycosidation and β‐selective glycosidation. Compounds 1 and 26 potently inhibited IL‐2 production in both T‐cell receptor dependent and independent manners. Full activity requires the presence of the sugar moiety as well as the intact dimeric structure. Cocosolide also suppressed the proliferation of anti‐CD3‐stimulated T‐cells in a dose‐dependent manner.     

Synthesis of functionalized rab GTPases by a combination of solution- or solid-phase lipopeptide synthesis with expressed protein ligation

Prenylated proteins with non-native functionalities are generally very difficult to obtain by recombinant or enzymatic means. The semisynthesis of preparative amounts of prenylated Rab guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) from recombinant proteins and synthetic prenylated peptides depends largely on the availability of functionalised prenylated peptides corresponding to the proteins' native structure or modifications thereof. Here, we describe and compare solution-phase and solid-phase strategies for the generation of peptides corresponding to the prenylated C terminus of Rab7 GTPase. The solid-phase with utilisation of a hydrazide linker emerges as the more favourable approach. It allows a fast and practical synthesis of pure peptides and gives a high degree of flexibility in their modification. To facilitate the analysis of semisynthetic proteins, the synthesised peptides were equipped with a fluorescent group. Using the described approach, we introduced fluorophores at several different positions of the Rab7 C terminus. The position of the incorporated fluorescent groups in the peptides did not influence the protein-ligation reaction, as the generated peptides could be ligated onto thioester-tagged Rab7. However, it was found that the positioning of the fluorescent group had an influence on the functionality of the Rab7 proteins; analysis of the interaction of the semisynthetic Rab7 proteins with REP (Rab escort protein) and GDI (guanosine diphosphate dissociation inhibitor) molecules revealed that modification of the peptide side chains or of the C-terminal isoprenoid did not significantly interfere with complex formation. However, functionalisation of the C terminus was found to have an adverse effect on complex formation and stability, possibly reflecting low structural flexibility of the Rab GDI/REP molecules in the vicinity of the lipid-binding site.     

8-epi-Liphagal的合成研究

四环杂萜类天然产物Liphagal含有新奇的[6-7-5-6]四环骨架, 是磷酸肌醇3-激酶(PI3K)的有效抑制剂之一, 可以选择性抑制细胞增殖和促进细胞死亡, 在治疗炎症、免疫紊乱、癌症以及心血管疾病中有潜在的医用价值. 从廉价的2,4,5-三甲氧基苯甲醛出发, 通过Wittig反应、Cu催化的环化反应、选择性氢化、分子内Friedel-Crafts反应, 以直线步骤最长7步, 8.72%的总收率实现了8-epi-Liphagal高级中间体10的合成.     

Natural Products from the Marine Sponge Subgenus Reniera

Marine sponges are one of the prolific producers of bioactive natural products with therapeutic potential. As an important subgenus of Haliclona, Reniera sponges are mainly distributed in the Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic area, and had been chemically investigated for over four decades. By an extensive literature search, this review first makes a comprehensive summary of all natural products from Reniera sponges and their endozoic microbes, as well as biological properties. Perspectives on strengthening the chemical study of Reniera sponges for new drug-lead discovery are provided in this work.     

Synthesis and Biological Activity of Argiotoxin 636 and Analogues: Selective Antagonists for Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors

More discerning than the parent : Analogues of the polyamine toxin argiotoxin 636 (shown docked in the ion channel of an ionotropic glutamate (iGlu) receptor; N blue, O red) distinguish subtypes of iGlu receptors. Depending on which of the two internal amine groups is replaced with a methylene group, the analogue inhibits one or other of two receptor subtypes as potently as the natural compound, which itself inhibits both subtypes nonselectively.

     

芳脲基酰基硫脲衍生物的固相研磨合成及其植物生长活性

在无溶剂条件下,室温研磨合成了11个未见报道的芳脲基酰基硫脲类化合物,经核磁共振氢谱、红外光谱和元素分析确定结构,并进行了初步的生物活性试验,结果表明,浓度采用10 mg/L时,一些目标化合物具有较好的植物生长调节活性,其中N-苯脲基-N′-肉桂酰基硫脲和N-对甲苯脲基-N′-肉桂酰基硫脲具有较好的生长素活性,分别为54.13%和46.79%;N-对甲苯脲基-N′-肉桂酰基硫脲和N-对甲苯脲基-N′-苯氧乙酰基硫脲具有较好的细胞分裂素活性,分别为55.11%和51.14%。