样品厚度对薄膜法X射线荧光光谱测量的影响研究

分别以富集有Cr,Pb和Cd三种元素的尼龙薄膜样品及玻璃纤维滤膜为研究对象,采用滤膜叠加的方式,通过XRF光谱仪测量不同样品厚度下薄膜样品的XRF光谱,根据测得的尼龙薄膜样品中Cr,Pb,Cd元素及玻璃纤维滤膜中Ca,As和Sr元素特征XRF性质的变化,研究样品厚度对薄膜法XRF光谱测量的影响。结果表明：薄膜样品厚度对不同能量区间上元素特征谱线荧光性质的影响并不相同。元素特征谱线能量越大,元素特征X射线荧光穿透滤膜到达探测器的过程中损失越少;但由薄膜样品厚度增加引起的基体效应却越强,相应特征谱线位置处的背景荧光强度就越大,因此样品厚度增加所引起的基体效应对薄膜法XRF光谱测量的灵敏度影响就越大。对于特征谱线能量较低(能量小于7 keV)的元素,以增加薄膜样品厚度的方式来增加待测组分的质量厚度浓度,并不能有效地提高薄膜法XRF光谱测量的灵敏度;对于特征谱线能量较高的元素(能量＞7 keV),可以通过适当增加样品厚度以增加被测组分的质量厚度浓度的方式来提高XRF光谱测量的灵敏度,薄膜样品厚度在0.96～2.24 mm内,更有利于XRF光谱的测量与分析。该研究为大气及水体重金属薄膜法XRF光谱分析中薄样制备及富集技术提供了重要的理论依据。     

Modification of the domain wall structure and generation of submicron magnetic formations by local optical irradiation

Experimental and theoretical investigations are made of the generation of vertical Bloch lines in a magnetic iron garnet film exposed to pulsed optical radiation. High-speed photography and anisotropic dark-field microscopy are used to study characteristic features of the generation of Bloch lines and domain structure relaxation processes after the local action of a laser pulse. Optimum optical irradiation parameters to ensure the controlled generation of Bloch lines are established. A theoretical model is developed which links the generation of Bloch lines to the migration of domain walls induced by local changes in the distribution of the degaussing fields caused by a reduction in magnetization with temperature at the optical radiation focusing point. The experimental results indicate that the controlled formation of magnetic structures smaller than or of the order of 0.1 μm by local optical irradiation is quite feasible.     

谱线自动提取的小波变换零交叉点方法

将原始光谱进行小波变换,然后研究谱线在小波变换域内呈现的特性,通过引入上、下零交叉点的概念,分析并得到吸收线和发射线分别对应于不同类型的零交叉点的结论。提出一种小波变换零交叉点方法用于提取谱线和拟合连续谱,与传统方法相比,该方法可以同时得到连续谱和谱线,并且无需专门去噪处理,克服了传统方法因拟合连续谱失真和去噪过程中带来的误差导致提取谱线不准确的缺点。通过对恒星、近邻星系等的试验表明,该方法是有效的, 对特征参数计算和基于谱线的光谱分类是非常有利的。     

Accuracy of Cotton-Mouton polarimetry in sheared toroidal plasma of circular cross-section

The Cotton-Mouton effect in sheared plasma with helical magnetic lines is studied on the basis of the equation for complex amplitude ratio (CAR). A simple model for helical magnetic lines in sheared plasma of toroidal configuration is suggested. The equation for CAR in the sheared plasma is solved by perturbation method, using the small shear angle deviations as is characteristic for tokamak plasma. It is shown that the inaccuracy in polarization measurements caused by deviations of the sheared angle amounts to some percentage of the shearless Cotton-Mouton phase shift. One suggested method is to subtract the “sheared” term, which may improve the accuracy of the Cotton-Mouton measurements in the sheared plasma.     

Spectrum of flexural oscillations of a domain wall with drifting Bloch lines

It is observed that in single-crystalline yttrium iron garnet the amplitude of characteristic flexural oscillations of a 180° domain wall containing Bloch lines increases sharply when drift of the Bloch lines is excited. The resonance frequencies of these oscillations are virtually identical to those of flexural oscillations of a monopolar wall. It is shown experimentally that this phenomenon is most likely caused by a magnetic aftereffect. Pis’ma Zh. éksp. Teor. Fiz. 67, No. 1, 72–75 (10 January 1998)     

Fine structure of ferromagnetic-resonance spectra of disperse magnets

The technique of ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) was used for the investigation of nickel powders dispersed in a diamagnetic solid matrix. The fine structure of FMR was studied, which was observed against a background of broad featureless FMR lines of conventional unoriented polycrystals. A model is suggested according to which the narrow lines observed appear in the FMR spectra because of jumplike changes in the resonance conditions caused by a sharp change in the magnetization of the sample due to a change in the external magnetic field. In contrast to the Barkhausen effect, the fine structure detected in the FMR spectra in this case is observed in stronger fields characteristic of the processes of magnetization rotation. It is shown that the physical origin of magnetization jumps in this case may be magnetic interparticle interactions as well as complex anisotropy of particles.     

Ho(0.5)Yb(5)氟氧化物玻璃的直接上转换增敏发光

本文研究了HoYb共掺氟氧化物玻璃的直接上转换增敏发光现象。发现了位于 (5 4 4 5nm ,1836 5cm- 1 )和 (6 5 8 5nm ,15 186cm- 1 )的两条很强的上转换发光 ,它们是 5S2 → 5I8和5F5→ 5I8的荧光跃迁。还有其他的一些上转换发光5F3→ 5I8,5S2 → 5I7和5I4 → 5I8的跃迁。还发现存在一种特征的饱和现象 ,即所有上转换发光随激光功率变化的F P双对数关系曲线都是一条相当好的直线 ,其斜率会随着光斑的增大而增大 ,由分析得知这是由能量扩能散造成的。     

靶材料杂质影响新谱线产生的实验验证

 为了验证氢气放电源打靶产生的新谱线不是靶杂质的特征谱线,完成了5项检验实验。其中屏蔽实验和强电子辐照靶的实验证实了新谱线不是来自放电室中的杂质形成的;靶的打磨实验表明靶表面的污染杂质也不能产生新谱线,形成共振峰的实验和新谱线强度随放电电压变化规律的实验结果都证明靶的总杂质不影响新谱线的测量。     

激光诱导击穿光谱定量化标定谱线自动选择方法

选择合适的特征谱线是以内标法对激光诱导击穿光谱进行定量化分析的前提,需要科研工作者精心分析和比较,往往耗费大量精力和时间,而且还不能保证结果最优。基于遗传算法为内标法提出了一种从原始光谱中自动选择分析线和参考线的方法,使用该方法从低合金钢样的LIBS光谱中为锰(Mn)、镍(Ni)、铬(Cr)、硅(Si)和铁(Fe)元素分别选择了用于内标法定量分析的分析线和参考线。优选得到的最优谱线为,Mn的分析线和相应的参考元素Fe的参考线分别是403.306 8和368.745 7 nm,Si的分析线和相应的参考元素Fe的参考线分别是288.157 7和427.176 1 nm,Cr的分析线和相应的参考元素Fe的参考线分别是286.510 0和272.753 9 nm,Ni的分析线和相应的参考元素Fe的参考线分别是352.453 6和358.698 5 nm。最后基于优选得到的谱线以内标法对这些元素分别进行了定量分析,结果证明,使用这种谱线选择方法能够自动从原始光谱中找到最优特征谱线,使内标法定量分析得到最好的结果。     

Local heating and quasiathermal plastic deformation of crystals at low temperatures

A theoretical discussion is given of the relationship between local heating of a crystal by glide lines and bands and deviations observed in the temperature dependences of the flow stresses and their rate coefficients at low temperatures (<10 K) from the dependences characteristic of thermally activated plastic deformation. The appearance of plateaus in these dependences is currently explained by the onset of quantum-mechanical, athermal mechanisms for overcoming local barriers. In this paper it is shown that softening and the apparent athermicity of low-temperature deformation are caused by heating of sites where the strain is localized. Fiz. Tverd. Tela (St. Petersburg) 39, 2019–2022 (November 1997)     

Al等离子体特征辐射时间分辨谱线线形分析

用Nd :YAG脉冲激光烧蚀Al靶获得Al等离子体 ,利用时 空分辨技术采集Al等离子体的辐射信息 ,记录了 10～ 10 0 0 0ns延迟范围内Al等离子体辐射的时间分辨谱 ,通过分析 ,获得了Al等离子体特征谱线AlⅠ 396 15和AlⅠ 394 4 0nm的时间分辨谱。分析了 80 0～ 10 0 0 0ns延迟范围内的谱线线形 ,并分别对两条特征谱线进行了Lorentz函数和Gauss函数拟合。结果发现 ,10 0 0ns延迟以后的谱线是非常规则的Lorentz线形 ;而 10 0 0ns以前的也是Lorentz线形 ,但不十分规则 ;在该延迟范围内 ,所有时间分辨特征谱线与Gauss拟合曲线相差很大 ,说明谱线不是Gauss线形的。参照Lorentz函数拟合结果 ,测量了这两条谱线的半高全宽 ,并与谱线的自然线宽理论值比较。结果发现 ,实验值远大于理论值     

200 nm-1000 nm spectra of light emitted in the impact of ~(40)Ar~(10+) upon Al and Si solid surfaces

This paper reports the measured results of the 200 nm-1000 nm characteristic spectral lines of Al, Si and Ar atoms when highly charged ions 40Ar10+ are incident upon Al and P-type Si surfaces. The ion 40Ar10+ is provided by the ECR ion source of the National Laboratory of the Heavy Ion Accelerator in Lanzhou. The results show that when the low-speed ions in the highly charged state interact with the solid surfaces, the characteristic spectral lines of the target atoms and ions spurted from the surfaces can be effectively excited. Moreover, because of the competition of the non-radiation de-excitation of the hollow atom by emitting secondary electrons with the de-excitation process by radiating photons, the spectral intensity of the characteristic spectral lines of Ar atoms on the P-type Si surface is, as a whole, greater than that of Ar atoms on the Al surface.     

农田土壤中钾元素含量的激光诱导击穿光谱测量方法

农田土壤中钾元素的实时测量具有重要的意义。利用由1 064 nm激光器、高分辨率光谱仪组成的激光诱导击穿光谱系统,研究了土壤总钾含量的LIBS测量方法。文章对钾元素含量在8.74～34.56 g·kg-1之间的农田土壤样品进行分析,比较了404.40,404.72,766.49和769.90 nm的钾原子特征谱线,并选取766.49 nm为本研究的分析谱线。分析了激光器稳定性、随机噪声造成的谱线强度误差,并以农田土壤中含量相对稳定的硅元素为参照元素,建立K和Si光谱强度比值与土壤中K元素含量关系的内定标模型。定标曲线拟合相关系数为0.935,定标模型对预测集样品的预测标准偏差为9.26%。     

The digital predistortion of non-linear frequency modulation of voltage-controlling-oscillator in MM-band

The reason and rectification method of the non-linear frequency modulation of voltage-controlling-oscillator in millimeter-wave band have been presented in this paper. The digital predistortion for the controlling signal of the varactor in VCO possesses high rectification sensitivity, simple circuit and convenient adjustment. The method can be used in mm-wave and microwave VCOs that are fabricated by all kinds' transmission lines, and can eliminate the dispersion of FM characteristic in VCOs that are usually caused by the machining deviation and the inconsistent parameters of semiconductors. The digital predistortion technique has been applied in NRD-guide VCO in Ka-band, which main performances are: f0 = 36.30648GHz, the frequency-stability reaches 2.26×10^–5, the maximum frequency-deviation is 150MHz, the linear-FM error is less than 5%.     

包含源与负载耦合的滤波器诊断与调试方法

柯西法目前仅适用于诊断不包含源与负载耦合的带通滤波器。为解决这一问题,提出了一种能够诊断包含源与负载耦合的带通、带阻谐振腔滤波器的方法。利用遗传算法优化获得源与负载耦合系数并移除滤波器输入/输出端口处传输线引起的S参数的相位加载效应;使用柯西法一步确定仿真S参数对应的特征多项式;从获得的源与负载耦合系数和特征多项式中,利用已有的技术诊断出N+2阶耦合矩阵。此方法可用于指导滤波器的调试,通过对比理想的耦合矩阵与提取的耦合矩阵之间的差异,可确定滤波器问题出自何处以及调试的方向,从而加快滤波器的设计与实现。     

塑料激光诱导击穿光谱技术快速分类应用研究

在大气环境中,采用激光诱导击穿光谱技术与支持向量机算法相结合,对来自不同厂家不同颜色的20种工业塑料进行分类研究。首先对分类结果有影响的实验参数进行优化,在最佳的实验参数条件下进行光谱采集,采用6条非金属元素特征谱线,有效缩短了训练支持向量机分类模型所需时间,从而提高了塑料的分类效率。实验结果表明,利用碳、氢、氧、氮等主量非金属元素对这些工业塑料样品进行分类,测试集1 000个光谱数据中有996个识别正确,算术平均识别精度达到99.6%。在选取较少的主量非金属特征谱线的情况下,结合采用支持向量机算法,可以实现激光诱导击穿光谱技术对更多类型的塑料制品快速、高精度分类,为激光诱导击穿光谱技术在实现塑料分类方面提供了数据参考。     

Influence of limited defects in crystals on the Kikuchi lines

The electron-diffraction patterns from silicon with curved Kikuchi lines were obtained. It is revealed that curving of Kikuchi lines takes place simultaneously with the shift of point reflections from their normal positions. It is found that curving of Kikuchi lines is caused by limited defects in silicon crystals.     

黄绿色菱锌矿玉的谱学特征及颜色成因初探

菱锌矿颜色丰富,有黄色、蓝色、粉色、绿色等,矿物学特征及谱学特征的研究较少,对其不同颜色的成因认识亦不明确。选取黄绿色菱锌矿玉,利用X射线粉晶衍射仪、电子探针、激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱仪、傅里叶红外变换光谱仪、拉曼光谱仪、紫外-可见分光光度计、电子顺磁共振仪等分析显示,样品为纯净的菱锌矿,主要成分为ZnO,其平均含量为61.3%,次要成分有CaO,FeO,MnO,CdO及PbO。样品中含有微量过渡金属元素Fe和Mn,平均含量分别为7 363.5×10-6和3 558×10-6。样品在740,883和1 490 cm-1处出现菱锌矿的特征吸收带,740 cm-1归属于[CO₃]2-的面内弯曲振动单峰,883 cm-1属于[CO₃]2-的面外弯曲振动峰,1 490 cm-1处的强吸收谱带为[CO₃]2-反对称伸缩振动所致。拉曼谱有300,728和1 091 cm-1等方解石族特征峰,300 cm-1归属于ZnO对称伸缩振动,728 cm-1归属于[CO₃]2-面内弯曲振动,1 091 cm-1归属于[CO₃]2-对称伸缩振动。综合分析认为,Fe3+的6A₁→4E(D)跃迁、6A₁→4T₂(D)跃迁、Mn2+的d电子跃迁产生的紫外-可见光谱377,395和417 nm附近的吸收带是样品产生黄绿色的原因。EPR谱也显示出g=2.0左右的Mn2+的特征六重超精细共振谱线和g=1.98左右的Fe3+的特征谱线。结合样品成分和吸收光谱等特征,可以认为菱锌矿玉样品的黄绿色是由Fe3+和Mn2+的d—d轨道电子跃迁共同导致。     

铀空心阴极放电灯的光谱特性研究

本文报道了利用自制铀空心阴极放电灯进行U发射光谱的测量研究.通过一系列铀空心阴极放电灯光谱特性参数的测量,分析了作为光谱测量用的铀空心阴极放电灯的最佳工作参数.并且报道了我们测量的部分U原子发射光谱的发射强度和gf数.     

Anomalous low energy Kα lines in Al and Si from high energy oxygen bombardments

Three prominant peaks are observed in Kα X-ray spectra of both Al and Si at energies below the characteristic Kα_1,2 lines. These emission lines were produced by 30 MeV oxygen bombardment and recorded with a crystal spectrometer. The exact origin of these lines is not understood.