Does antimatter emit a new light?

Contemporary theories of antimatter have a number of insufficiencies which stimulated the recent construction of the new isodual theory based on a certain anti-isomorphic map of all (classical and quantum) formulations of matter called isoduality. In this note we show that the isodual theory predicts that antimatter emits a new light, called isodual light, which can be distinguished from the ordinary light emitted by matter via gravitational interactions (only). In particular, the isodual theory predicts that all stable antiparticles such as the isodual photon, the positron and the antiproton experience antigravity in the field of matter (defined as the reversal of the sign of the curvature tensor). The antihydrogen atom is therefore predicted to: experience antigravity in the field of Earth; emit the isodual photon; and have the same spectroscopy of the hydrogen atom, although subjected to an anti-isomorphic isodual map. In this note we also show that the isodual theory predicts that bound states of elementary particles and antiparticles (such as the positronium) experience ordinary gravitation in both fields of matter and antimatter, thus bypassing known objections against antigravity. A number of intriguing and fundamental, open theoretical and experimental problems of “the new physics of antimatter” are pointed out. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Isotopic grand unification with the inclusion of gravity

We introduce a dual lifting of unified gauge theories, the first characterized by theisotopies, which are axiom-preserving maps into broader structures with positive-definite generalized units used for the representation of matter under the isotopies of the Poincaré symmetry, and the second characterized by theisodualities, which are anti-isomorphic maps with negative-definite generalized units used for the representation of antimatter under the isodualities of the Poincaré symmetry. We then submit, apparently for the first time, a novel grand unification with the inclusion of gravity for matter embedded in the generalized positive-definite units of unified gauge theories while gravity for antimatter is embedded in the isodual isounit. We then show that the proposed grand unification provides realistic possibilities for a resolution of the axiomatic incompatibilities between gravitation and electroweak interactions due to curvature, antimatter and the fundamental space-time symmetries.     

Elements of Iso-, Geno-, Hyper-Mathematics for Matter, Their Isoduals for Antimatter, and Their Applications in Physics, Chemistry, and Biology

Pre-existing mathematical formulations are generally used for the treatment of new scientific problems. In this note we show that the construction of mathematical structures from open physical, chemical, and biological problems leads to new intriguing mathematics of increasing complexity called iso-, geno-, and hyper-mathematics for the treatment of matter in reversible, irreversible, and multi-valued conditions, respectively, plus anti-isomorphic images called isodual mathematics for the treatment of antimatter. These novel mathematics are based on the lifting of the multiplicative unit of ordinary fields (with characteristic zero) from its traditional value +1 into: (1) invertible, Hermitean, and single-valued units for isomathematics; (2) invertible, non-Hermitean, and single-valued units for genomathematics; and (3) invertible, non-Hermitean, and multi-valued units for hypermathematics; with corresponding liftings of the conventional associative product and consequential lifting of all branches of mathematics admitting a (left and right) multiplicative unit. An anti-Hermitean conjugation applied to the totality of quantities and their operation of the preceding mathematics characterizes the isodual mathematics. Intriguingly, the emerging formulations preserve the abstract axioms of conventional mathematics (that based on the unit +1). As such, the new formulations result to be new realizations of existing abstract mathematical axioms. We then show that the above mathematical advances permit corresponding liftings of conventional classical and quantum theories with a resolution of basic open problems in physics, chemistry, and biology, numerous experimental verifications, as well as new industrial applications.     

Antimatter and cosmology

This paper discusses two aspects of antimatter and cosmology: (1) the fundamental cosmological question as to whether antimatter plays an equally important role as matter in the universe (overall baryon symmetry), and (2) cosmic-ray antimatter tests for the nature of the dark matter in the universe.     

The energy of the Universe

References to energy of the universe have focussed upon the matter contribution, whereas the conservation laws must include a gravitational contribution as well. The conservation laws as applied to FRW cosmologies suggest a zero total energy irrespective of the spatial curvature when the value of the cosmological constant is taken to be zero. This result provides a useful constraint on models of the early universe and lends support to currently studied theories of the universe arising as a quantum fluctuation of the vacuum.     

Brief History of a Relativistic Century

More than one century is passed by the publication of special relativity and few less by the birth of general relativity. Despite the great experimental successes of these theories, the study of the universe, is plagued by numerous unsolved problems. For example one of the most problems in cosmology is the cosmological constant, which governs the expansion of the universe, also known as dark energy. A substantial portion, about 60%, of the mass-energy in the universe is in a form of mysterious energy that is pushing the cosmos apart at an accelerating rate. What is this energy, and where does it come from? Cosmologists have no real idea. Although given a similar name, there is another problem in cosmology, the so-called dark matter, which is actually unrelated to dark energy, except insofar as they involve things we don’t understand. About 90% of the mass in the universe is in an apparently invisible form of matter that we call dark matter. This dark matter can only be measured by the gravitational pull it has on objects around it, and all galaxies we observe contain large halos of it, often extending for hundreds of thousands of light years beyond the edge of luminous matter. Is this dark matter actual matter, such as weakly interacting massive particles, or perhaps it is just an observational artifact caused by an improper theory of gravity? Another mystery is why there is so much more matter than antimatter in the universe. According to physical theories, these forms of matter are essentially equivalent, but conventional matter is observed in much greater abundances than antimatter. In this paper we summarily introduce the principal alternative theories proposed during one century of relativity.     

Matching radiation-dominated and matter-dominated Einstein–de Sitter universes and an application for primordial black holes in evolving cosmological backgrounds

By matching across a surface of constant time, it is demonstrated that the spacetime for a radiation-dominated Einstein–de Sitter universe can be directly matched to the spacetime for a matter-dominated Einstein–de Sitter universe. Thus, this can serve as a model of a universe filled with radiation that suddenly is converted to matter and antimatter, or a universe filled with matter and antimatter that suddenly annihilates to leave radiation. This matching is shown to hold for asymptotically Einstein–de Sitter cosmological black hole spacetimes, yielding simplistic models of primordial black holes that evolve between being in radiation-dominated universes and matter-dominated universes.     

Thermodynamics of Antimatter Via Santilli’s Isodualities

For some time now, isodual mathematics, as devised and expounded by Santilli and others, has been well known and has been applied to many physical situations, most notably in creating an isodual theory of antimatter. However, the associated thermodynamics has not been considered. That defect is remedied here.     

Prolegomena to a theory of bifurcating universes: A nonlocal solution to the cosmological constant problem or little lambda goes back to the future

We outline a framework for describing the bifurcation of the universe into disconnected pieces, and formulate criteria for a system in which such phenomena occur, to describe local quantum physics in a single connected universe. The formalism is a four-dimensional analog of string field theory which we call Universal Field Theory (UFT). We argue that local dynamics in a single universe is a good approximation to UFT if the universal field is classical and if the vertex for emission of a new connected component of the universe is concentrated on universes of small volume. We show that classical UFT is equivalent to a Wheeler-DeWitt equation for a single connected universe plus a set of nonlocal gap equations for the couplings in the spacetime lagrangian. The effective action must be stationary with respect to the couplings. Nonlicality shoes up only at short distances. We solve the equation for the low-energy cosmological constant and show that if the universe undergoes substantial inflation then the cosmological constant is determined to be negative and very small. Its precise value may depend on the fate of nonrelativistic matter in the very late stages of universal expansion. Finally, we argue that corrections to the classical UFT are nonlocal and must be suppressed if the theory is to make sense. This may be the reason that supersymmetric vacua of string theory are not realized in nature.     

Squeezing MOND into a Cosmological Scenario

Explaining the effects of dark matter using modified gravitational dynamics (MOND) has for decades been both an intriguing and controversial possibility. By insisting that the gravitational interaction that accounts for the Newtonian force also drives cosmic expansion, one may kinematically identify which cosmologies are compatible with MOND, without explicit reference to the underlying theory so long as the theory obeys Birkhoff's law. We find that the critical acceleration a(0) must have a slight source-mass dependence (a(0) approximately M(1/3)) and that MOND cosmologies are naturally compatible with observed late-time expansion history. However, cosmologies that can produce enough density perturbations to account for structure formation are contrived and fine tuned. Even then, they may be marginally ruled out by evidence of early (z approximately 20) reionization.     

Unified picture for Dirac neutrinos,dark matter,dark energy and matter–antimatter asymmetry

We propose a unified scenario to generate the masses of Dirac neutrinos and cold dark matter at the TeV scale, understand the origin of dark energy and explain the matter–antimatter asymmetry of the universe. This model can lead to significant impact on the Higgs searches at LHC.     

Voids as alternatives to dark energy and the propagation of γ rays through the universe

We test the opacity of a void universe to TeV energy γ rays having obtained the extragalactic background light in that universe using a simple model and the observed constraints on the star formation rate history. We find that the void universe has significantly more opacity than a Λ cold dark matter universe, putting it at odds with observations of BL-Lac objects. We argue that while this method of distinguishing between the two cosmologies contains uncertainties, it circumvents any debates over fine-tuning.     

Phantom Appearance of Non-phantom Matter in Bianchi Type-I Cosmological Model

Two cosmological models with non-phantom matter having the same expansion of the universe as phantom cosmologies are constructed in Bianchi type-I universe. The exact solutions to the corresponding Einstein field equations have been obtained. The cosmological parameters have been obtained in two interesting cases (i) γ=0 and (ii) γ=1/3. We have also discussed the well-known astrophysical phenomena, namely the look-back time, luminosity distance and event horizon with redshift.     

Cosmological singularities and analytical solutions in varying vacuum cosmologies

We investigate the dynamical features of a large family of running vacuum cosmologies for which \(\Lambda \) evolves as a polynomial in the Hubble parameter. Specifically, using the critical point analysis we study the existence and the stability of singular solutions which describe de-Sitter, radiation and matter dominated eras. We find several classes of \(\Lambda (H)\) cosmologies for which new analytical solutions are given in terms of Laurent expansions. Finally, we show that the Milne universe and the \(R_{h}=ct\) model can be seen as perturbations around a specific \(\Lambda (H)\) model, but this model is unstable.     

Phantom Appearance of Non-phantom Matter in Anisotropic Cosmological Model

Two cosmological models with non-phantom matter having the same expansion of the universe as phantom cosmologies are constructed in anisotropic Bianchi type-V universe. The exact solutions to the corresponding Einstein field equations have been obtained. The statefinder diagnostic pair i.e. {r,s} parameters have been obtained for disordered radiation i.e. γ=1/3. We have also discussed the well-known astrophysical phenomena, namely the look-back time, luminosity distance and event horizon with redshift.     

Thermodynamics and cosmology

A new type of cosmological history which includes large-scale entropy production is proposed. These cosmologies are based on a reinterpretation of the matter-energy stress tensor in Einstein's equations. This modifies the usual adiabatic energy conservation laws, thereby leading to a possible irreversible matter creation. This creation corresponds to an irreversible energy flow from the gravitational field to the created matter constituents. This new point of view results from the consideration of thermodynamics of open systems in the framework of cosmology. It appears that the usual initial singularity is structurally unstable with respect to irreversible matter creation. The corresponding cosmological history therefore starts from an instability of the vacuum rather than from a singularity. The universe evolves through an inflationary phase. This appears to be an attractor independent of the initial vacuum fluctuation.This essay received the fifth award from the Gravity Research Foundation for the year 1988.-Ed.     

Dark matter from split seesaw

The seesaw mechanism in models with extra dimensions is shown to be generically consistent with a broad range of Majorana masses. The resulting democracy of scales implies that the seesaw mechanism can naturally explain the smallness of neutrino masses for an arbitrarily small right-handed neutrino mass. If the scales of the seesaw parameters are split, with two right-handed neutrinos at a high scale and one at a keV scale, one can explain the matter–antimatter asymmetry of the universe, as well as dark matter. The dark matter candidate, a sterile right-handed neutrino with mass of several keV, can account for the observed pulsar velocities and for the recent data from Chandra X-ray Observatory, which suggest the existence of a 5 keV sterile right-handed neutrino.     

String cloud and domain walls with quark matter for a higher dimensional FRW universe in self creation cosmology

In this study, we research a higher dimensional flat Friedmann-Robertson-Walker(FRW) universe in Barber's second theory when strange quark matter(SQM) and normal matter(NM) are attached to the string cloud and domain walls. We obtain zero string tension density for this model. We obtain dust quark matter solutions. This result agrees with Kiran and Reddy, Krori et al, Sahoo and Mishra and Reddy. In our solutions the quark matter transforms to other particles over time. We also obtain two different solutions for domain walls with quark and normal matters by using a deceleration parameter. Also, the features of the obtained solutions are discussed and some physical and kinematical quantities are generalized and discussed. Our results are consistent with Yilmaz, Adcox et al and Back et al in four and five dimensions.     

The effect of spin generated torsion on the early universe's evolution

The earliest phase of cosmological evolution is studied in a universe where spin-generated torsion effects are important. The evolution of the scale factor is studied in cosmologies with a Robertson-Walker line element and a spin density aligned in the radial direction (±r). Solutions are found for the cases of stiff matter, radiation, pressureless matter and decompressive matter admitting a spin density.     

Axially Symmetric Space-Time with Strange Quark Matter Attached to String Cloud in Brans–Dicke Theory of Gravitation

The axially symmetric space times with strange quark matter attached to string cloud in Brans–Dicke theory of gravitation and general relativity have been studied. The field equations of the two theories have been solved by using the anisotropy feature of the universe in the axially symmetric space time. Some important features of the models, thus obtained, have been discussed. We noticed that the presence of scalar field doesn’t affect the geometry of the space-time but changes the matter distribution.