Research of reflectance photometer based on optical absorption

Gold-labeled lateral flow (LF) assay has been studied extensively due to its sensitiveness, simpleness, and rapidness. In this paper, scattering properties of nanogold particles and LF strip were analyzed. Based on the above analysis, a reflectance photometer has been developed for LF strip labeled by nanogold particles. The integration of reflection optical density was used to indicate the signal of T line and C line. A quantitative equation for cardiac troponin I (cTnI) was deduced to realize quantification of the real cTnI sample, whose correlation of coefficient (R²) was 0.989. The variation coefficient (CV) of repetitive experiments was less than 5%. The reflectance photometer was simple, sensitive, stable, and suitable for field detection.     

A discrete bidirectional reflectance model in remote sensing

A numerical scheme is devised to develop a discrete bidirectional reflectance model. A pseudospectral method is utilized with which the discrete solution of the radiative transfer equation is made part of this development. To produce discrete bidirectional reflectance values, a set of algebraic equations is solved. Illustrative examples are given to demonstrate the performance of the developed model.     

Theoretical model of triplet-triplet annihilation

The electronic mechanism of triplet-triplet annihilation resulting in the delayed fluorescence of organic molecules in liquid solutions is investigated. There is a discussion of the nature and strength of the interactions which lead to radiationless energy transfer between two triplet-excited molecules in a collision complex, when the first excited singlet state of one of the molecules is filled. The role of intermediate states with charge transfer and also of the unstable excimer state in the contact complex is noted.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 9, pp. 12–17, September, 1978.     

Regression-based model of skin diffuse reflectance for skin color analysis

A simple regression-based model of skin diffuse reflectance is developed based on reflectance samples calculated by Monte Carlo simulation of light transport in a two-layered skin model. This reflectance model includes the values of spectral reflectance in the visible spectra for Japanese women. The modified Lambert Beer law holds in the proposed model with a modified mean free path length in non-linear density space. The averaged RMS and maximum errors of the proposed model were 1.1 and 3.1%, respectively, in the above range.     

Theoretical model of ball joint squeak

The theoretical model for the ball joint squeak problem is proposed. The ball joint is modeled as a sphere attached to a rotating flexible beam and it is in contact with a semi-spherical rigid socket. The relative rotation and vibration between the ball and socket produces friction stresses causing the dynamic instability of the system. The squeak propensity of the ball joint system is numerically investigated through the eigenvalue sensitivity analysis at the sliding equilibrium. Stability analysis shows that the bending modes of the beam can produce the dynamic instability under the negative friction-velocity slope. It is also highlighted that the squeak propensity under the poor friction characteristics can be controlled by the system parameters such as the sliding speed, the contact stiffness, the radius of the ball, the axial load and the tilting angle.     

Theoretical foundation and extension of the trapping model

The trapping model frequently used for analyzing experiments on positron annihilation in solids is put on a firm theoretical basis by deriving it from Waite's theory of diffusion-limited reactions. The conventional version of the trapping model turns out to be correct only if the trapping process is not diffusion-limited and if the escape probability of positrons from traps is negligibly small. The present paper treats both detrapping and the effects of positron diffusion for an arbitrary number of different types of traps, and develops a perturbation-theory solution for the general case.     

A model system for perfusion quantification using FAIR

Flow-sensitive experiments (FAIR) have been performed on a tube-flow phantom in order to validate quantitative perfusion measurements on humans. A straight-forward correspondence between perfusion and bulk-flow is found. It is shown that the flow phantom model only holds when the slice profiles of the involved RF pulses are taken into account. A small flow-independent off-set may be present in the data. The off-set is explained by the model. Based on the correspondence between the phantom and the in vivo models, it is shown that the lowest flow values that could be measured in the phantom correspond to perfusion values lower than the cortical perfusion in the brain. Thus, the experimental accuracy and the computational methods for quantitative perfusion measurements in vivo can be validated by a tube-flow phantom.     

Monte Carlo simulation of spectral reflectance using a multilayered skin tissue model

A nine-layered skin tissue model is newly developed for the Monte Carlo simulation of spectral reflectance. The derivation of the necessary parameters for each of the nine layers in the simulation is presented, in which the parameters used in the conventional three-layered model are modified on the basis of some histological findings on skin and reported examples. Using appropriate optical and geometrical parameters, simulated spectra can be produced that agree well with measured spectra. This approach provides a flexible means of spectral fitting to measured results and of estimating changes in the parameters of skin tissue.     

黑土有机质含量野外高光谱预测模型

以田间原状黑土野外实测高光谱反射率为研究对象,分析黑土有机质的光谱响应波段,运用光谱分析方法提取光谱指数,建立基于反射光谱特征的黑土有机质高光谱预测模型。得出如下结论:(1)黑土反射光谱特征差异主要在小于1 250 nm的光谱范围,尤其是在小于1 100 nm的范围,随着有机质含量的变化,该波谱范围内黑土反射光谱特征呈现单/双谷现象,有机质是影响黑土反射光谱特征的决定因素。(2)有机质与黑土反射率倒数对数微分的相关系数最高,最高值在1 260 nm,达到-0.77(R2),相关系数高的波谱范围为750~1 260 nm。(3)基于黑土野外光谱反射率的有机质含量高光谱预测模型稳定性强,预测能力较好,能够用于黑土有机质含量野外速测。     

Estimation of reflectance from camera responses by the regularized local linear model

Because of the limited approximation capability of using fixed basis functions, the performance of reflectance estimation obtained by traditional linear models will not be optimal. We propose an approach based on the regularized local linear model. Our approach performs efficiently and knowledge of the spectral power distribution of the illuminant and the spectral sensitivities of the camera is not needed. Experimental results show that the proposed method performs better than some well-known methods in terms of both reflectance error and colorimetric error.     

导流式气泡泵理论模型与实验研究

应用两相流分相模型理论,建立了导流式气泡泵在绝热弹状流工况下工作特性的理论模型。并以饱和水为工质,对该气泡泵的稳态工作过程进行了实验研究,实验结果与理论分析结果相一致。结果表明,随着气体流量或沉浸比的增加,提升管中两相流流型将发生改变,从而使实验结果与理论分析曲线逐渐偏离;流型改变使液体提升量随气体流量增加的增速减缓,对液体提升量并无抑制作用;系统的总压降中,影响最大的是提升管中两相流的摩擦阻力。     

弹丸消融速率的理论模型及数值计算

建立了计算托卡马克加料中弹丸消融的物理模型,结合1维输运模型编制了1.5维弹丸消融计算机模拟代码。使用ITER-FEAT的相关参数,对半径为6mm,初速度为2000m•s^-1,从低磁场侧注入弹丸的消融速率进行了模拟计算。结果显示,弹丸消融速率先随注入深度而逐渐增大,最大消融速率约6×10²⁶s^-1,然后由于弹丸半径的减小,消融速率迅速减小,穿透深度约0.45m。这一结果与中性气体屏蔽模型(NGS)的结果一致,证明计算代码正确有效。同时,从计算结果反映出,对ITER这样的堆级托卡马克,采用常规弹丸注入方式,尽管速度高达2000m•s^-1,穿透深度也远未达到等离子体中心,因此应采取其他有效措施来提高等离子体加料效率。     

Analysis of one-dimensional rough surface scattering based on bidirectional reflectance distribution function model

Through in-depth analysis of the scattering properties of a one-dimensional random rough surface, a method to calculate the spatial bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) characteristics of a randomly rough surface is proposed. The scattering characteristics of an electrically large rough surface can be substituted by combination of subsection electromagnetic fields. The radar cross-section (RCS), which is transformed from the BRDF, is compared with numerical results from the Method of Moment (MoM). The agreement of the results verifies that this method could calculate the electromagnetic scattering field efficiently and straightforwardly. Moreover, the resulting combined fields from the BRDF of subsections in the rough surface show a good match with the entire scattering field of a whole surface, which indicates that a large electrically rough surface could be feasibly and effectively substituted with the combination of scattering elements using the BRDF method and the statistical method.     

Theoretical model of phonon propagation in micro- and nanostructural materials

Peculiarities of the kinetics of weakly nonequilibrium thermal phonons (λ_ph = 10−50 nm) in nanodispersed ceramics are investigated. The features of the phonon spectrum in the wavelength range λ_ph ∼ R _g (where R _g is the average size of a ceramic grain) are studied. The conditions yielding the formation of a gap in the phonon spectrum of nanodispersed materials are analyzed. It is shown that the presence of inclusions with characteristic sizes smaller than the grain size of the parent ceramic material (pores, inclusions of other phases) shifts the gap toward the high-frequency range of the phonon spectrum. Peculiarities of the transport of nonequilibrium phonons during the transition from nano- to microdispersed sizes of the ceramic structure are analyzed.     

Theoretical analysis and computer simulations of the second-order Hopfield model

Theoretical analyses of the second-order Hopfield model show that the second-order Hopfield model with the bipolar binary (-1,1) vectors will have better than the samemodel with the unipolar binary (0,1) vectors.Computer simulations given in this paper con-firm this conclusion.     

Theoretical model of spin transfer torque in multilayers

We present a model of spin transport in a Co/Cu(1 1 1)/Co pseudo-spin-valve (PSV) structure where current is flowing in the current perpendicular-to-plane (CPP) geometry. The model considers ballistic spin-dependent transmission at the two Co–Cu interfaces, as well as diffusive spin relaxation within the Cu spacer and free Co layer. In the latter, the spin relaxation process is composed of the usual longitudinal spin relaxation due to spin flip scattering, as well as transverse spin relaxation due to spin precession. The resulting spin transfer torque exerted on the moments within the free Co layer is composed of two contributions, the main contribution coming from “absorbed” spins in the interfacial regions. The second contribution arises from the relaxation of spin accumulation within the free Co layer. The calculated critical current density for switching is estimated to be approximately between 3.3×10⁷ and 1.1×10⁸ A/cm², which is in agreement with available experimental results.