大气气溶胶硝酸盐氧同位素异常值测定方法

改造了稳定同位素比质谱仪的外设设备,优化了细菌反硝化方法,并对金管高温热分解温度进行了讨论,建立了一种高灵敏度、高精度的适用于大气气溶胶硝酸盐氧同位素异常值(△17O-NO-3)快速测定的方法.本方法前处理步骤耗时约4 h,测定时间仅需15 min,所需样品含氮量检出限0.4μg N(△17O测定精确度达到0.6‰),...     

应用同步辐射X近边吸收谱法研究大气超细颗粒物中氯形态

建立了X射线近边吸收光谱法(1sXANES)测定大气颗粒物中无机氯和有机氯形态及含量的分析方法及质量控制体系。在储存环能量为1.5 GeV和光子能量为2.82 keV条件下,利用束流强度在300～150 mA的同步辐射光激发分析无机氯、链烃代有机氯和芳香烃代有机氯标准样品以及≤0.2μm的大气颗粒物样品。通过对标准品谱图的拟合计算,得到该方法无机氯、链烃代有机氯和芳香烃代有机氯最低检出限,分别为5.4,8.7和1.7μg/g。对已知无机氯和有机氯浓度的试样检出率均达到或接近95%,重复测定3-氯丙酸标准品(n=6),得到本方法的相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.9%。应用本方法可以实现定量无损地测定微量样品中氯的形态和含量,对城市大气颗粒物中氯的测定发现,颗粒物中无机氯和芳香烃代有机氯含量分别为110和12 ng/m3,链烃代氯的含量低于检出限。应用本方法对北京某地区大气颗粒物中氯元素形态进行测定,确定氯的主要存在形式是无机氯和芳香烃氯。     

大气中二氧化氮含量的测定方法

综述大气中二氧化氮含量的测定方法。归纳了分光光度法、离子色谱法、化学发光法、荧光猝灭法、激光诱导荧光法、光腔衰荡光谱法、差分吸收光谱法、差分吸收激光雷达法等大气中二氧化氮含量的测定方法,并介绍了其原理、研究现状以及优缺点。为研究人员选择合适的二氧化氮测定方法或进一步的研究提供参考。     

南昌市PM_(2.5)中硫酸盐、硝酸盐及其气态前体物的分布特征与转化机制

2014年1月至2015年1月,在南昌市3种类型采样点(混合区、主干道旁侧、燃煤电厂附近),对大气PM_(2.5)中SO_4~(2-)和NO_3~-及其气体前体物SO_2、NO_2进行同步采样,通过分析硫氧化速率(SOR)和氮氧化速率(NOR),对PM_(2.5)中硫酸盐和硝酸盐的来源、形成机制和影响因素进行探讨。结果表明,南昌市SO_2浓度18.9~74.8μg/m~3,NO_2浓度29.7~62.6μg/m~3,PM_(2.5)中SO_4~(2-)浓度13.7~28.4μg/m~3,NO_3~-浓度3.9~39.9μg/m~3,SOR值0.28~0.60,NOR值0.09~0.33。SO_2、NO_2、SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-和SOR、NOR的季节分布和日分布,反映硫酸盐和硝酸盐的二次生成受气象条件、环境条件和排放源的影响。SOR与NOR的季节分布正好相反,日分布也差异较大,反映生成机制不同。SO_2、NO_2、SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-和SOR、NOR在不同采样点的分布,反映燃煤烟气和机动车尾气增加SO_2、NO_2的浓度,促进SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-的二次生成。[NO_3~-]/[SO_4~(2-)]春、夏、秋、冬分别为0.86、0.15、0.83、0.70,反映南昌市机动车尾气贡献比例较大;[NO_3~-]/[SO_4~(2-)]受硫酸盐和硝酸盐在不同季节的二次生成机制和速率的影响,也受排放源的影响。     

基于扫描电镜和能谱仪的薄膜表面形貌和厚度同时测量研究

扫描电子显微镜通过电子束轰击样品产生的二次电子、背散射电子等实现对样品表面形貌的观测,通过对样品横断面的观测来获得薄膜厚度信息,但难以实现对薄膜表面形貌和厚度的同时观测。通过能谱仪研究各种厚度的薄膜同其激发的特征X射线计数率之间的关系,实现了通过特征X射线计数率来测量薄膜厚度的方法。对于激光吹气系统所需的钨薄膜而言,结果表明,计数率随薄膜厚度的增加先线性增加后趋于稳定,利用该曲线的直线部分作为刻度曲线,可实现对5～19μm范围内钨薄膜表面形貌和厚度的同时测量,精度约为10%,通过增加电子能量可实现对更厚样品的测量。该方法可推广到其他种类的薄膜研究,有助于推动薄膜物理研究的开展。     

测定大气颗粒物中金属含量的样品预处理

通过综合对比实验，从多种样品预处理方法中筛选出测定大气颗粒物中金属含量的样品预处理方法——HNO3-HClO4热消解提取法。该法操作简便、易于掌握，待测金属及其化合物提取率达90%以上（滤筒样品84%以上），而且空白值低，可与化学法及仪器法配套使用。     

HPLC-HG-AFS测定大气颗粒物中砷的形态

采用高效液相色谱-氢化物发生原子荧光光谱联用测定了北京大气颗粒物中As(III),As(Ⅴ),二甲基砷酸(DMA)和一甲基砷酸(MMA)的含量。研究了仪器条件、流动相组成和梯度洗脱程序对砷形态分离的影响。实验结果显示,在优化的色谱与氢化原子荧光检测条件下,采用pH6.0,浓度为10 mmol/L和200 mmol/L NH4H2PO4为流动相A和B,在1~3 min内用60%的A和40%的B洗脱使砷的4种形态达到最佳分离效。As(III),As(Ⅴ),DMA和MMA的检出限为1.45,1.22,1.91和1.64 mg/L,回收率为90.5%~93.2%,相对标准偏差为0.38%~1.7%。方法适用于大气颗粒物中砷的形态分析研究。     

一种新的 X射线能谱背景扣除方法

阐述了小波级数和多分辨率分析的基本思想,并将之应用于X射线能谱定量分析中的背景扣除,取得了良好的效果,实验结果表明,该扣除背景的方法不仅计算速度快,而且和其它的背景扣除方法相比,对含量低的元素的定量分析结果也更加理想。     

Molecular organization in MAPLE‐deposited conjugated polymer thin films and the implications for carrier transport characteristics

The morphological structure of poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) thin films deposited by both Matrix Assisted Pulsed Laser Evaporation (MAPLE) and solution spin‐casting methods are investigated. The MAPLE samples possessed a higher degree of disorder, with random orientations of polymer crystallites along the side‐chain stacking, π–π stacking, and conjugated backbone directions. Moreover, the average molecular orientations and relative degrees of crystallinity of MAPLE‐deposited polymer films are insensitive to the chemistries of the substrates onto which they were deposited; this is in stark contrast to the films prepared by the conventional spin‐casting technique. Despite the seemingly unfavorable molecular orientations and the highly disordered morphologies, the in‐plane charge carrier transport characteristics of the MAPLE samples are comparable to those of spin‐cast samples, exhibiting similar transport activation energies (56 vs. 54 meV) to those reported in the literature for high mobility polymers. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2017 , 55, 39–48     

Rietveld法在半结晶聚酯二相共存结构分析中的应用

用Rietveld法对试样的BaF2的实测X射线衍射全谱图(XDWP)数据进行精修，获得正确的结晶相结构参数，重点讨论了如何正确选择衍射峰型函数和评价精修结构参数的可靠性；特别指出，当把Rietveld法和Fourier过滤技术及径向分布函数(radial distribution function，RDF)联用来研究半结晶聚酯(PET)的两相结构参数时，除需用R因子判断结晶相之精修结构参数的可靠性外，还要判断由非品相散射强度数据计算的RDF是否合理；如果忽视后一判据，则有可能导致错误的计算结果。     

Re-Examination of the Cadmium Reduction Method and Optimisation of Conditions for the Determination of Nitrate by Flow Injection Analysis

The present paper re-examines the widely used flow injection method for nitrate which is based on heterogeneous reduction of nitrate with copperized cadmium followed by spectrophotometric detection of nitrite formed. The thorough investigation presented here has shown that the reduction step is very critical as far as conversion rate, possible further reduction of nitrite and long-term stability of the reductor column is concerned. The reasons for inconsistent and irreproducible results mentioned in original papers and often obtained in routine applications could be traced back to the way the reductor material had been prepared, the chemical conditions under which reduction takes place (i.e. pH and concentration of complexing agents) and the poisoning of the cadmium surface by sample constituents. The concomitant reduction of dissolved oxygen has been identified as a potential problem causing loss of pH control (due to in-situ generation of hydroxide). De-oxygenation of the carrier solution was found to be a means to overcome this problem with the additional advantages of increasing the lifetime of the reductor column and significantly reducing the concentration of cadmium ions in the waste stream. The role of particle size and column dimension as well as sample residence time within the reductor column on reduction efficiency and sample dispersion has also been investigated.     

Fabrication of Conductive Polypyrrole Doped Chitosan Thin Film for Sensitive Detection of Sulfite in Real Food and Biological Samples

In this study, we reported electrochemical synthesis of conductive polypyrrole‐chitosan (PPY‐CHI) thin film for sensitive detection of sulfite in real samples. The synthesized PPY‐CHI film was characterized in terms of surface morphology, optical property, binding energy, conductivity and electrochemical properties. The synthesized copolymeric PPY‐CHI film displayed good electrocatalytic behaviour towards oxidation of sulfite. The synthesized PPY‐CHI film was used for sulfite detection using differential pulse voltammetric technique with detection limit, sensitivity and linearity of 0.21 μM (S/N=3), 15.28 μA μM cm^?2 and 50–1100 μM respectively. In addition, the current responses of PPY‐CHI film towards sulfite were repeatable, reproducible response and unaffected by selected electroactive interferents. Finally, the synthesized PPY‐CHI was successfully and satisfactorily applied for determination of sulfite in real food and biological samples. The results obtained from this study highly placed PPY‐CHI film as a promising sensor for sensitive and accurate detection of sulfite in food and biological samples for human health protection.     

Selective Energy Transfer Between Quantum Dots and Gold Nanoparticles for Detection of Multiple Mutations in Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor

Selective energy transfer between quantum dots and gold nanoparticles was used to simultaneously detect mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene. We functionalized the surface of gold nanoparticles and green and red-emitting quantum dots using four different probe DNAs that were designed to be a perfect complementary to an in-frame deletion mutation in exon 19 or L858 R point mutation in exon 21 of EGFR. We found that the presence of the deletion mutation in exon 19 in target oligonucleotides caused fluorescence quenching at 525 nm due to energy transfer from green-emitting quantum dots to gold nanoparticles, whereas point mutation in exon 21 resulted in quenching at 620 nm due to energy transfer from red-emitting quantum dots to gold nanoparticles. This method could successfully be used to simultaneously detect the presence of two types of mutations in EGFR. We also defined a parameter (i.e., the extent of quenching) to quantify fluorescence quenching phenomenon. By varying the fraction of mutant type DNA in target oligonucleotides, we showed that detection sensitivity based on the extent of quenching was about 5%, which is lower than the conventional direct sequencing method.     

Development of a Rapid and Simultaneous Detection Method for Buprenorphine,Norbuprenorphine and Naloxone in Human Plasma Using Ultra‐high Performance Liquid Chromatography‐tandem Mass Spectrometer with Solid‐phase Extraction

A simultaneous method was successfully established and validated for the separation and determination of buprenorphine (BP), its primary metabolite, nor‐buprenorphine (NBP) and a proposed co‐formulate, naloxone (NLX) in human plasma. The method used buprenorphine‐d₄ (BP‐D₄), nor‐buprenorphine‐d₃ (NBP‐D₃), naltrexone (NTX) as internal standards (ISs). 100 μL of plasma sample fortified with the ISs was cleaned up by solid‐phase extraction (SPE), and was then separated on a Waters Acquity^TM BEH C₁₈ column with gradient elution using methanol and water (containing 0.2% formic) at a flow rate of 0.25 mL·min⁻¹. The mass spectrometer was used for detection and was operated in the positive electrospray ionization with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The three compounds were effectively separated in 5 min. The linear ranges of the compounds were 0.1–25, 0.25–25 and 0.05–25 ng·mL⁻¹ for BP, NBP and NLX, respectively, with r≧0.9935. The method had high sensitivity (the limits of detection were 0.02, 0.1 and 0.01 ng·mL⁻¹ for BP, NBP and NLX, respectively) and high recoveries (≧97.6%). The result was shown to be linear and satisfactorily met current acceptance criteria for validation of bioanalytical method: intra and inter assay precisions within the required limits of ≦25% RSD. The LOQs fulfilled the LOQ requirements: precision≦25% RSD, and was fully validated according to the State Food and Drug Administration (SFDA) regulations. The results demonstrated that ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometer (UPLC‐MS/MS) with SPE was a powerful detection tool and contributed to pharmaceutical analysis in biological matrices.     

Development and Validation of a Micellar Liquid Chromatographic Method with UV Detection for Determination of Azithromycin in Tablets and Capsules

A rapid and simple micellar liquid chromatographic method that does not require use of specific chromatographic columns has been developed and validated for azithromycin determination. The method uses a Hypersil C₁₈ column at 60 °C, 1-butanol–pH 6.86 phosphate buffer solution–water, 15:25:60 (v/v), containing 0.10 M sodium dodecyl sulfate, as mobile phase, and UV-detection at 215 nm. Different characteristics of the method were validated satisfactorily. The specificity, accuracy, linearity, precision (repeatability), and robustness of the method were demonstrated. The method proved suitable for determination of the azithromycin content of capsules and uncoated tablets.Revised: 5 February and 11 March 2004     

Development of a Gas-Tight Syringe Headspace GC-FID Method for the Detection of Ethanol,and a Description of the Legal and Practical Framework for Its Analysis,in Samples of English and Welsh Motorists’ Blood and Urine

Ethanol is the most commonly used recreational drug worldwide. This study describes the development and validation of a headspace gas chromatography flame ionisation detection (HS-GC-FID) method using dual columns and detectors for simultaneous separation and quantitation. The use of a dual-column, dual-detector HS-GC-FID to quantitate ethanol is a common analytical technique in forensic toxicology; however, most analytical systems utilise pressure-balance injection rather than a simplified gas-tight syringe, as per this technique. This study is the first to develop and validate a technique that meets the specifications of the United Kingdom’s requirements for road traffic toxicology testing using a Shimadzu GC-2014 gas-tight syringe. The calibration ranged from 10 to 400 mg/100 mL, with a target minimum linearity of r2 > 0.999, using tertiary butanol as the internal standard marker. The method has an expanded uncertainty at 99.73% confidence of 3.64% at 80 mg/100 mL, which is the blood alcohol limit for drink driving in England and Wales. In addition, at 200 mg%—the limit at which a custodial sentence may be imposed on the defendant—the expanded uncertainty was 1.95%. For both the 80 mg% and 200 mg% concentrations, no bias was present in the analytical method. This method displays sufficient separation for other alcohols, such as methanol, isopropanol, acetaldehyde, and acetone. The validation of this technique complies with the recommended laboratory guidelines set out by United Kingdom and Ireland Association of Forensic Toxicologists (UKIAFT), the recently issued Laboratory 51 guidelines by the United Kingdom Accreditation Service (UKAS), and the criteria set out by the California Code of Regulations (CCR), 17 CCR § 1220.1.