LiNiO2及掺杂化合物的结构与稳定性的第一性原理研究

应用第一原理局域密度泛函对LiNiO2及其掺杂化合物的晶体结构、能带结构和态密度进行了研究.结果表明:锂镍氧系正极材料是电子的良导体,在充放电过程中具有良好的稳定性,适合做锂离子电池的正极材料;在LiNiO2晶体中主要是O和Ni之间成键,镍离子和氧离子的相互作用比较强,Li在嵌入层状结构材料后部分失去电子,以离子状态存在.     

嵌锂石墨充电机制的abinitio和DFT理论研究

用ab initio/HFt DFT/B3LYP方法探究了在锂离子二次电池中锂离子在石墨负 电极材料里可逆脱过程。理论计算结果表明，嵌锂石墨LIG充放电机制是锂在石黑 碳层间可闹乱子嵌脱，同时伴随着锂与碳层间发生电荷连续转移和碳层堆积方式改 变的协同过程；计算结果也明确证实，嵌锂石墨嵌入脱出锂离子的过程就是锂离子 二次电池储存与释放能量的过程，提出的嵌锂石墨充放电机制较好地丰富了固体电 解质相界面SEI机理和单电子还原机理。     

嵌锂石墨充电机制的abinitio和DFT理论研究

用ab initio/HFt DFT/B3LYP方法探究了在锂离子二次电池中锂离子在石墨负 电极材料里可逆脱过程。理论计算结果表明，嵌锂石墨LIG充放电机制是锂在石黑 碳层间可闹乱子嵌脱，同时伴随着锂与碳层间发生电荷连续转移和碳层堆积方式改 变的协同过程；计算结果也明确证实，嵌锂石墨嵌入脱出锂离子的过程就是锂离子 二次电池储存与释放能量的过程，提出的嵌锂石墨充放电机制较好地丰富了固体电 解质相界面SEI机理和单电子还原机理。     

纳米微晶TiO2合成Li4Ti5O12及其嵌锂行为

用溶胶-凝胶法并经热处理制备不同形态和晶体尺寸的TiO2，分别与Li2CO3高温固相反应生成锂钛复合氧化物，经电化学测试发现,用300 ℃热处理所得纳米微晶TiO2制备的Li4Ti5O12具有良好的嵌锂性能，其可逆比容量大于95 mA•h•g－1，充放电效率近100％，循环性能良好，电压平台平稳,在嵌锂至容量≥85％或脱锂至容量≥90％时均有明显的电压变化，可用作锂离子电池负极材料.     

添加磷、硼、硅和铝的锂离子电池材料LiNiO2研究

研究了添加元素磷，硼硅和铝对锂离子蓄电池材料LiNiO2的影响。添加磷，硼、硅和铝的目的是提高LiNiO2的放电平台和充放电稳定性，增加循环寿命并且提高充放电能量，在n(LiOH):n(Ni(OH)2)为1.1:1.0的材料中分别加入P2O5;H3BO3,SiO2,Al2O3，保持4种元素与锂的摩尔比值分别为0.01,0.02,0.03,0.04和0.05，分析测定了样品的充放电曲线和循环伏安曲线，并采用XRD对样品的放电过程和合成产品进行了结构分析，结果证明，当n(P)/n(Ni)=0.02,n(B)/n(Ni)=0.03,n(Si)/n(Ni)\0.02,n(Al)/n(Ni)=0.02时，LiNiO2的放电电压提高，添加元素使LiNiO2在充放电过程中的晶型转变过程发生改变，使六方晶系向单斜晶系转变的趋势变小，这将改善LiNiO2的循环性能，但没有影响锂离子的嵌入和脱嵌机理，XRD分析表明，添加磷和铝使LiNiO2的层状结构更完善，同时增加了活性，但添加硼和硅以后，LiNiO2的XRD图上的衍射峰（003）强度度减弱，衍射峰（018）和（019）峰也有改变，这证明B和Si影响了LiNiO2性能。     

粒度对石墨负极材料嵌锂性能的影响

研究了不同粒径（13～80 μm）石墨材料作为锂离子电池负极材料的嵌锂性能.结果表明，石墨粒度大小对嵌锂性能有明显影响，石墨的不可逆容量随着粒径的减小而逐渐增大，当粒径从80 μm减小到13 μm时，其不可逆容量增大了10％.而对可逆容量来说，随着粒径的减小，可逆容量逐渐增大;当粒径减小到20 μm时，可逆容量达到最大;再进一步减小石墨颗粒的粒径，可逆容量则随之减小.这表明石墨颗粒过大或过小都不利于锂离子的可逆脱嵌，只有合适的粒度才能最大限度地可逆脱嵌锂离子.根据不同粒度石墨的比表面的变化趋势，阐述了嵌锂性能随粒度变化的原因.     

锂离子电池铌基氧化物负极材料

锂离子电池负极材料钛酸锂由于其高功率和优异的循环性能得到了广泛的研究,但是较低的比容量(175 m Ah/g)限制了其应用前景。与钛酸锂相比,铌基氧化物具有相似的嵌脱锂电位和更高的比容量,也展现出良好的倍率性能和循环性能,有望成为新型功率型负极材料。本文综述了多种铌基复合金属氧化物(Nb2O5,Ti Nb2O7,Li Nb3O8等)的晶体结构、电化学性能和嵌脱锂机理,讨论了材料的组成、形貌和制备工艺等对其嵌脱锂性能的影响,并概述其作用机制。此外,本文还归纳总结了铌基材料嵌脱锂行为的共性,并比较了它们与钛酸锂的异同,对其作为高功率锂离子电池负极材料的研究趋势和发展前景进行了展望。     

锂离子电池电极材料固体核磁共振研究进展

对于研究材料的结构变化和考察原子所处的化学环境，固体核磁共振技术是一种有效的手段。通过⁶Li和⁷Li核磁共振谱的变化，可以清楚地了解锂离子电池电极材料中Li与邻近金属或碳原子的配位情况及在充放电过程中对应于锂离子嵌/脱过程中材料的结构变化，对于研究电极材料的电化学性能有重要的意义。本文综述了固体NMR技术在研究锂离子电池电极材料的结构及嵌锂机理方面的一些进展。     

MoO2储锂性能及循环容量反常特性的第一性原理研究

基于第一性原理,对MoO2作为电极材料的储锂性能进行了计算,并探讨了其储锂容量在一定循环次数内呈上升的反常现象微观机理.计算了MoO2材料中Li的单键能,态密度(DOS)及其嵌锂电压,结果表明MoO2中Li的吸附能较大,储锂结构稳定.嵌锂结构呈金属性,嵌锂电压变化规律与文献实验结果一致.针对循环容量反常特性,计算了Mo的空位形成能,LiMoO2的差分电荷密度以及电荷布居情况,计算结果表明Li的嵌入能为O提供电荷,减弱了Mo—O键间的相互作用,另一方面嵌入的Li能减弱Mo空位形成后的电荷极化作用,从而大大降低Mo空位的形成能.形成的Mo空位能为Li的嵌入提供了新的吸附位点,提高了嵌锂的容量.计算结果与实验符合得很好,能为电极材料储锂性能的改善提供一定的理论指导.     

新型聚阴离子型正极材料的合成、结构表征及电化学性能

寻求廉价、安全、环境友好并具有高比能量的可充锂电池正极材料成为目前锂离子电池材料研究的热点之一.聚阴离子型正极材料(如:橄榄石型LiFePO4材料)作为新一代锂离子电池正极材料引起了人们的广泛关注[1-3],给锂离子电池正极材料带来了安全、廉价、环境友好的q希望,为动力及储能电池的发展提供一个很好的材料体系选择.硅酸盐材料(Li2MSiO4,M为金属元素)理论上可以允许可逆的嵌脱两个锂,因而具有较高的理论容量,例如Li2MnSiO4理论比容量可达到333mAhg-1,Li2CoSiO4为325 mAhg-1.     

Electronic structure of lithium nickel oxides by electron energy loss spectroscopy

The electronic structures of NiO, LiNiO2, and NiO2 are studied by the electron energy loss spectroscopy at Ni L(2,3), Ni M(2,3), and O K edges. The Ni L(2,3) edge spectra suggest that the formal charge of nickel is +2 in NiO, +3 with a low-spin state in LiNiO2, and +4 with a low-spin state in NiO2. This is well confirmed by first-principles calculations. The Ni M(2,3) edge spectra show similar chemical shifts to those of the Ni L(2,3) edge. Superposition of the Li K edge spectrum, however, hinders further analysis. Although the formal charge of oxygen is -2 in all the three phases, the O K edge spectra indicate a more remarkable difference in the electronic structure of the oxygen in NiO2 than that in either NiO or LiNiO2. The spectra suggest that lithium extraction from LiNiO2 reinforces the covalent bonding between the oxygen and nickel atoms and causes a notable reduction in electron density at the oxygen atoms.     

Coupled ion/electron hopping in Li(x)NiO2: a 7Li NMR study

Deintercalated "Li(x)NiO2" materials (x = 0.25, 0.33, 0.50, 0.58, and 0.65) were obtained using the electrochemical route from the Li0.985Ni1.015O2 and Li0.993Ni1.007O2 compounds. Refinements of X-ray diffraction data using the Rietveld method show a good agreement with the phase diagram of the Li(x)NiO2 system studied earlier in this laboratory. Electronic conductivity measurements show a thermally activated electron-hopping process for the deintercalated Li0.5NiO2 phase. In the Li(x)NiO2 materials investigated (x = 0.25, 0.33, 0.50, and 0.58), 7Li NMR shows mobility effects leading to an exchanged signal at room temperature. A clear tendency for Li to be surrounded mainly by Ni3+ ions with the 180 degree configuration is observed, particularly, for strongly deintercalated materials with smaller Li+ and Ni3+ contents, even upon heating, when this mobility becomes very fast in the NMR time scale. This suggests that Li/vacancy hopping does occur on the NMR time scale but that Ni3+/Ni4+ hopping does not occur independently. The position of Li seems to govern the oxidation state of the Ni around it at any time; the electrons follow the Li ions to satisfy local electroneutrality and minimal energy configuration. The observed NMR shifts are compatible with the Li/vacancy and Ni3+/Ni4+ ordering patterns calculated by Arroyo y de Dompablo et al. for x = 0.25 and x = 0.50, but not for x = 0.33 and x = 0.58.     

LiAl_yNi_(1-y)O_2作为锂离子电池正极材料的研究

本文采用固相反应法合成了一系列不同 y值的LiAlyNi1- yO2 材料 ,通过对其电化学性能的研究发现 ,在适当的烧结条件下 ,LixAl0 .2 5 Ni0 .75 O2 作为二次锂离子电池的正极材料 ,其耐过充性和循环性能都有明显改善 .当Li含量大于 1时 ,在高电位范围充放 (3- 4 .8V) 30次循环后仍保持着首次放电容量的 95 % ,而LiNiO2 在此电压范围内经 2 0次循环后却只有首次放电容量的 5 6 % .通过循环伏安实验表明 :性能改善的主要原因可能是由于充电过程中 ,Al3+ 的掺杂阻止了LixAl0 .2 5Ni0 .75 O2 随Li+ 离子过量脱出而发生晶型转变 .     

Potassium polytitanates intercalated with nickel ions and their thermal transformations

The intercalation of nickel ions into the layered structure of ultradispersed amorphous potassium polytitanate powder on treatment with an aqueous solution of nickel sulfate was studied. The limiting nickel content that can be attained by intercalation is 12.8 wt %. The nickel ion intercalation results in a decrease in the average particle size of potassium polytitanate and in the structural ordering. Heat treatment of the resulting intercalate promotes the formation of a nanocomposite consisting of the solid solution K_1.35(Ni _x Ti_{8 − x} )O₁₆ with the hollandite structure, Ti₂O₃, and, depending on the treatment schedule, either NiO nanocrystals or Ni metal.     

6/7Li NMR study of the Li1-zNi1+zO2 phases

A series of Li1-zNi1+zO2 materials have been synthesised by the coprecipitation route. An X-ray diffraction study was carried out on these materials using the Rietveld method to determine the departure from the ideal stoichiometry z, which ranges from 0 to 0.138. The actual Li/Ni ratio was also checked by chemical analyses using inductively coupled plasma (ICP) for each sample. The stoichiometric sample (z approximately 0) was obtained using a 15% Li excess. (6/7)Li NMR results from LiNiO2 (z approximately 0) show that the asymmetric shape of the NMR signal is due to anisotropy. Calculations give evidence that the paramagnetic dipolar interaction from the electron spins carried by Ni is anisotropic but does not completely explain the experimental anisotropy. (6)Li MAS NMR (magic angle spinning NMR) experiments and temperature standardisation NMR measurements unambiguously assign the isotropic position at +726 ppm. The static-echo NMR spectra of the non-stoichiometric Li1-zNi1+zO2 phases also exhibit an asymmetric shape whose width increases with the departure from the ideal stoichiometry z. (6/7)Li static and MAS NMR show that the 2zNi(2+) ions thus formed modify the dipolar interaction within the materials and also affect the Fermi contact interaction, since a distribution of Li environments is observed using (6)Li NMR for non-stoichiometric samples.     

锂离子电池电极材料研究进展

本文综述了锂离子电池中正、负电极材料的制备、结构与电化学性能之间的关系。正极材料包括嵌锂的层状L ixMO 2 和尖晶石型L ixM 2O 4 结构的过渡金属氧化物(M =Co、N i、M n、V ) , 负极材料包括石墨、含氢碳、硬碳和金属氧化物。侧重于阐述控制锂离子电池循环过程中可逆嵌锂容量和稳定性的嵌锂电极材料的结构性质。给出118 篇参考文献。     

Atomistic insights into the conversion reaction in iron fluoride: a dynamically adaptive force field approach

Nanoscale metal fluorides are promising candidates for high capacity lithium ion batteries, in which a conversion reaction upon exposure to Li ions enables access to the multiple valence states of the metal cation. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms and the reaction pathways in conversion that relate to the need for nanoscale starting materials. To address this reaction and the controversial role of intercalation in a promising conversion material, FeF(2), a dynamically adaptive force field that allows for a change in ion charge during reactions is applied in molecular dynamics simulations. Results provide the atomistic view of this conversion reaction that forms nanocrystals of LiF and Fe(0) and addresses the important controversy regarding intercalation. Simulations of Li(+) exposure on the low energy FeF(2) (001) and (110) surfaces show that the reaction initiates at the surface and iron clusters as well as crystalline LiF are formed, sometimes via an amorphous Li-F. Li intercalation is also observed as a function of surface orientation and rate of exposure to the Li, with different behavior on (001) and (110) surfaces. Intercalation along [001] rapid transport channels is accompanied by a slight reduction of charge density on multiple nearby Fe ions per Li ion until enough Li saturates a region and causes the nearby Fe to lose sufficient charge to become destabilized and form the nanocluster Fe(0). The resultant nanostructures are fully consistent with postconversion TEM observations, and the simulations provide the solution to the controversy regarding intercalation versus conversion and the atomistic rationale for the need for nanoscale metal fluoride starting particles in conversion cathodes.     

三组分(NiO、La2O3、SiO2)负载型加氢催化剂中La2O3的作用

用X射线衍射分析、FT-IR、小角X光散射等方法研究了浸渍法制备的NiO/SiO_2和NiO/(La_2O_3+SiO_2)样品中组分之间的相互作用。La_2O_3在SiO_2上可形成近乎密置单层的分散。在负载了La_2O_3的SiO_2上,NiO的分散程度比在SiO_2上有明显提高,也更容易被还原,而且还原后所得金属镍粒子的平均粒度降低,小粒子所占百分比提高。这些结果表明,NiO/(La_2O_3+SiO_2)比NiO/SiO_2样品具有更高的加氢还原硝基普鲁卡因为胺基普鲁卡因的活性,与Ni/(La_2O_3+SiO_2)比Ni/SiO_2活性高的情形相一致。     

Studies on Synthesis and Electrochemical Performance of Li1+δNi1-xCoxO2-yFy Cathode Materials for Lithium-ion Rechargeable Batteries

It is a technological problem of LiNiO2 cathode material for lithium-ion secondary batteries because of the difficult preparation and hard purification, instable performance, remarkable capacity fading at initial discharge, worse thermal stability and safety of Ni-series cathode materials,and it is also the key factor of hindering LiNiO2 cathode material from practical applications.Recently, by doping some metal cations such as Co, Mn, Mg, Al, Cr and so on[1-5] into LiNiO2, the preparation difficulty and the purification hardness can be obviously improved, and the initial irreversible discharge capacity can be reduced, and the ratio of the initial discharge to charge capacity can be enhanced. But the cyclic stability, thermal stability and safety of LiNiO2 are not enough to satisfy the demand of commercial use.At present, the synthesis of LiNiO2 cathode material must be sintered under oxygen atmosphere in most cases, and the improved effect of fluoride doping on the electrochemical properties of LiNiO2 has seldom been reported in the literatures.In this paper, the cobalt cation and fluorine anion co-doping cathode materials Li1+δNi1-xCoxO2-yFy( 0≤δ≤0.2, 0≤x≤0.5, 0≤y≤0.1 ) were synthesized by solid state reaction method at 650℃ ～750℃ under air atmosphere, and characterized by XRD、 SEM、 TEM、 BET、 laser particle-size distribution measurement and electrochemical performance testing, the effect of different nickel sources on the properties of as-synthesized cathode materials was investigated. The results demonstrated that the cobalt and fluorine ions co-doping cathode materials Li1+δNi1-xCoxO2-yFy have complete layered structure, uniform surface morphology and better particle-size distribution as well as excellent electrochemical performances. At 20～25℃, 0.15～0.25mA charge and discharge current,4.25～2.70V cut-off voltage, 0.2～0.5C charge and discharge rate and 0.2～0.5 mA/cm2 current density,LiNi0.8Co0.2O1.95F0.05 cathode material has higher initial charge and discharge capacity and better cyclic properties which can be mainly attributed to the doping of the higher electronegativity fluorine which improves the structural stability and the synergistic reaction of cobalt and fluorine ions co-doping on the cathode materials. Under the above conditions, the initial charge and discharge capacity of LiNi0.8Co0.2O1.95F0.05 is 165.70mAh/g and 146.10mAh/g, respectively. After 50 cycles, it has more than 140mAh/g of discharge capacity and displays preliminary application possibility in the future.