电磁波对化学反应非致热作用的实验研究

微波加快化学反应速度除微波对反应物的加热以外还有非致热的作用，本文用实验证实了电磁波对离子和极性分子的洛仑兹力的作用导致了指前因子和活化能的变化，并提出用电磁作用因子描术电磁波对化学反应作用的大小。     

2.45GHz下常用有机试剂复介电常数的测量与研究

1986年加拿大的R．Gedye和R．J．Giguere等发现了微波可以显著加快有机合成,他们发现用微波辐射可使反应速率和产率有不同程度的提高。由于微波作用机理的特殊性,微波化学对很多化学领域带来了冲击。但是,微波与化学反应体系之间相互作用的一些重大问题还未得到解决,如微波加热过程中化学反应系统的非线性反射、非均匀加热等。解决这类问题,首先必须了解化学反应过程中混合物的电学性质与磁学性质,而物质的宏观电学和磁学性质都用其介电常数和磁导率来描述。对于大部分是非磁性材料的有机试剂,微波与反应体系相互作用的特性集中体现在体系的等效复介电常数上。了解各种常用试剂的复介电常数,可以进一步了解各种化学试剂对微波的吸收和反射的情况。而很多试剂的复介电常数无法从现有文献中得到。本文利用谐振腔微扰法测定了在2．45GHz室温下各类常用有机试剂的复介电常数,结果显示：醇类试剂复介电常数实部与虚部都较大;酮类试剂复介电常数实部相对较大,而虚部较小;酸类试剂复介电常数实部和虚部都较小;烷烃和苯类试剂实部,虚部更小。同时,随着碳链增加,所有试剂的复介电常数的实部与虚部均有下降趋势。这些测试和分析结果将为微波辅助有机合成提供了有益参考。     

微波化学

微波通常是指频率大约 3× 1 0 8～ 3× 1 0 11Ｈｚ(波长 1ｍ到 1ｍｍ)的电磁波。现在 ,微波技术已广泛应用于包括化学在内的许多领域 ,微波化学就是研究微波在化学中应用的一门交叉学科。在我国 ,已出版了有关微波化学的专著[1] ,专门会议也已开了 3届。1　微波与物质的相互作用　　微波作为一种电磁波 ,其与物质的相互作用和一般电磁波有共同之处 ,也可以发生反射、吸收等。在这里我们主要讨论微波能被物质吸收的作用。这种吸收从作用机理上讲可分为 2类 ,一类是吸收微波能引起分子内部能级变化 ,主要是转动能级变化的情况 ,这一类可用量…     

微波裂解硬脂酸钠脱羧成烃机理研究

可再生烃类燃料相对于脂肪酸甲酯(生物柴油)有显著优势. 本研究以硬脂酸钠为研究对象, 采用微波裂解技术开展脂肪酸盐脱羧成烃机理的研究, 通过气质联用等手段对裂解产物进行分析, 研究结果表明微波能选择性作用于硬脂酸钠羧基端, 导致其在微波场中发生偶极转向极化和界面极化. 离子或极性分子的Lorentz 力按照电磁波作用的方式运动, 有助于碳负离子的形成, 有效推动了脱羧反应的进行; 添加于反应体系中的甘油具有很高的介电常数, 在微波场中形成“高热位点”, 降低了脱羧反应活化能并为硬脂酸钠脱羧起到了供氢体的作用. 液体产物中端烯烃和正构烷烃系列从C₈～C₂₀有规律的分布, 符合烃类裂解的规律. 研究结果证实了由脂肪酸盐在微波作用和甘油做为供氢体的条件下, 脱羧裂解生产优质替代性烃类燃料和绿色化学品的可行性.     

极化电子和手性分子的相互作用

本文讨论了极化电子和手性分子的相互作用,求出了直接非弹性碰撞截面,将截面用偶极强度和旋光强度表示出来。比较了各种贡献,证明了直接碰撞对手性分子的影响是最重要的。进一步讨论了在β电子照射下手性分子的非弹性跃迁造成的化学反应速率的左右不对称性,以及与之有关的生物分子手性起源的问题。     

ZnO花状微球负载NaYF4:Yb,Tm复合物的制备及电磁性能EI北大核心CSCD

采用微波辅助溶剂热-超声浸渍两步法制备了ZnO花状微球负载NaYF4:Yb,Tm(ZnO/NaYF4:Yb,Tm)复合材料。通过对样品的形貌、组成、静磁与电磁特性的表征,讨论了NaYF4:Yb,Tm纳米晶负载量以及煅烧温度对复合材料吸波性能的影响,同时,揭示了该复合材料的吸波机制。结果显示,电磁波在ZnO分级花状结构中的多重反射可以提高材料对电磁波的吸收效率。同时,NaYF4:Yb,Tm的引入有利于界面极化、缺陷极化的产生。得益于上述优势和异质结构的协同作用,当NaYF4:Yb,Tm负载量为0.15mmol时,经500℃煅烧处理所得ZnO/NaYF4:Yb,Tm复合材料展示出优异的吸波特性,当匹配厚度为2.0mm时,对应有效吸收带宽为4.89GHz,其最大吸收为-39.38dB。     

微波化学温度模拟研究进展

在微波化学研究中,通过数学模拟分析微波作用在化学体系的温度分布及变化,有助于控制微波加热过程,了解微波与物质之间的相互作用机理.本文针对微波化学数值模拟的特点,系统介绍了各种方法及模拟过程,对数值模拟分析中的关键问题进行了讨论,综述了近年来数值模拟温度分布在微波化学中的应用,提出了目前的研究难点,并展望了发展趋势.     

“热效应”或“非热效应”——微波加热反应机理探讨

微波辅助下有机反应是否存在"非热效应",是微波化学领域备受争议的研究热点。"非热效应"和"热效应"的支持者都通过大量实验和理论计算来验证自己的观点。本文总结了微波与物质的相互作用,探讨了准确测定反应温度在验证"热效应"和"非热效应"中的重要作用。大量的研究结果表明,在微波辐射下有机反应,"热效应"对反应时间、速率和收率作用重大。     

微波干法催化醛酮与胺的缩合反应

利用微波辐射和固体中性Al2 O3 载体催化醛酮与胺的缩合反应的方法合成了十六种亚胺 ,研究了微波功率、作用时间、产物提取方式等因素对反应的影响 ;与无微波作用的一般合成方法相比 ,该法明显地提高反应速度及产率 ;文中用低极性熔点递变物质灌装毛细管的方法观测微波作用下反应温度 ,探讨微波作用化学反应的机理 ,其机理除与微波加热作用有关外还与分子间氢键及分子的缔合性有关。     

多空间尺度下的金属锂负极表征技术

金属锂因为其优秀的特性被认为是未来锂电池负极的最终之选。然而目前金属锂负极在旧有液态体系中的研究陷入瓶颈,在新兴固态体系中的挑战层出不穷。想要实现金属锂负极的实用化,必须加深对金属锂负极基础科学问题的认识。本文系统论述了多空间尺度下金属锂的电极行为与对应的表征技术。首先综述了多空间尺度下金属锂负极的基础科学和应用技术问题,结合近年来的工作,对全空间尺度下的先进表征手段做了梳理,分析了从原子级到宏观尺度各种表征手段的技术特点,并重点讨论了各类表征技术在研究固态体系中金属锂负极时的特点与可能的发展方向。     

Combined linear response quantum mechanics and classical electrodynamics (QM/ED) method for the calculation of surface-enhanced Raman spectra

A multiscale method is presented that allows for evaluation of plasmon-enhanced optical properties of nanoparticle/molecule complexes with no additional cost compared to standard electrodynamics (ED) and linear response quantum mechanics (QM) calculations for the particle and molecule, respectively, but with polarization and orientation effects automatically described. The approach first calculates the total field of the nanoparticle by ED using the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method. The field intensity in the frequency domain as a function of distance from the nanoparticle is calculated via a Fourier transform. The molecular optical properties are then calculated with QM in the frequency domain in the presence of the total field of the nanoparticle. Back-coupling due to dipolar reradiation effects is included in the single-molecule plane wave approximation. The effects of polarization and partial orientation averaging are considered. The QM/ED method is evaluated for the well-characterized test case of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) of pyridine bound to silver, as well as for the resonant Raman chromophore rhodamine 6G. The electromagnetic contribution to the enhancement factor is 10(4) for pyridine and 10(2) for rhodamine 6G.     

Real-time linear response for time-dependent density-functional theory

We present a linear-response approach for time-dependent density-functional theories using time-adiabatic functionals. The resulting theory can be performed both in the time and in the frequency domain. The derivation considers an impulsive perturbation after which the Kohn-Sham orbitals develop in time autonomously. The equation describing the evolution is not strictly linear in the wave function representation. Only after going into a symplectic real-spinor representation does the linearity make itself explicit. For performing the numerical integration of the resulting equations, yielding the linear response in time, we develop a modified Chebyshev expansion approach. The frequency domain is easily accessible as well by changing the coefficients of the Chebyshev polynomial, yielding the expansion of a formal symplectic Green's operator.     

Two-wave mixing on the cubic non-linearity in the smectic A liquid crystals

We present a theoretical study of two-wave mixing in smectic A liquid crystals (S_ALC) due to the resonant interaction of the electromagnetic (EM) waves through the second sound (SS), which is a new type of the cubic non-linearity. It is shown that a parametric amplification of one EM wave by the other occurs. Explicit expressions for the EM and SS wave amplitudes are obtained, which appear to be of the kink and transverse spatial soliton form, respectively. It is also shown that the SS wave creates flexoelectric polarization and space charge. The estimated gain is one or two orders of magnitude greater than the gain for the stimulated Brillouin scattering in isotropic organic liquids. The theoretical results obtained may be used as a basis for an experimental investigation of SS high frequency behaviour.     

Application de la dynamique des solutions concentrées de polymères à la résonance acoustique de réticulation

One can characterize the large-scale displacements of a macromolecule by the time required for the chain to renew completely its conformation. These displacements are displayed by changing the topological orientation of the condensation reactions. This effect is produced by putting the medium through a sound wave or an alternating electric field that is in resonance with the Brownian motion of the macromolecule. The physical contact between the chains is enhanced and the intermolecular reactions are more frequent than the intramolecular reactions. The application of a sound wave or an electric field of a characteristic frequency on the elastomers during chemical crosslinking produces a noticeable change in the crosslinking density.     

Frequency dependent energy transfer in particle-field interaction

Dynamics of a particle in the plane electromagnetic wave is investigated by classical theory. By introducing the uncertainty principle into classical theory it is possible to explain the frequency dependent energy transfer in this interaction. Comparison with quantum theory is made and a very good agreement is found in almost all cases. Classical theory fails to describe a resonant process which occurs at a particular frequency of the electromagnetic plane wave.     

NMR study of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) and TiO2 nanocomposites

The chemical behavior of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) and of the SBR/TiO₂ and photodegraded SBR/TiO₂ nanocomposites was investigated through nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) in the solid state with magic angle spinning (MAS). The ¹³C cross polarization/magic angle spinning (CP/MAS) routine spectrum allowed us to obtain information on the polymer microstructure and also to evaluate the domain mobilities. The variation contact time and the proton spin-lattice relaxation time in the rotating frame (T₁ρH) were determinant factors to evaluate the dynamic molecular motion. The NMR spectrum of the nanocomposites was dislocated 5 ppm to higher chemical shift, indicating the presence of a strong interaction between the polymer chains and the TiO₂ nanoparticles. The VTC experiment showed a rigid domain in the SBR/TiO₂ photodegraded nanocomposite due to cross-linking reactions.     

Design and development of chemical ontologies for reaction representation

This paper describes the development of chemical ontologies applied to the representation of organic chemical reactions. The ontologies are built using the methodology known as methontology. The hierarchically structured set of terms describing the subdomains, namely, organic reactions, organic compounds, and reagents, are constructed into individual ontologies. The ontologies consist of about 200 concepts and around 125 individuals. A set of binary relations is defined in order to integrate the ontologies with applications. The ontologies are implemented as an XML application with a set of vocabulary describing the domain knowledge. This paper also features an easy-to-use chemical ontological support system (COSS) intended to represent organic chemical reactions automatically. As a model application, the automatic representation of aliphatic nucleophilic substitution reactions is demonstrated using COSS. The paper also describes a keyword-based search system whose functionality is backed with COSS.     

Frequency-Swept Integrated Solid Effect

The efficiency of continuous wave dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) experiments decreases at the high magnetic fields used in contemporary high-resolution NMR applications. To recover the expected signal enhancements from DNP, we explored time domain experiments such as NOVEL which matches the electron Rabi frequency to the nuclear Larmor frequency to mediate polarization transfer. However, satisfying this matching condition at high frequencies is technically demanding. As an alternative we report here frequency-swept integrated solid effect (FS-ISE) experiments that allow low power sweeps of the exciting microwave frequencies to constructively integrate the negative and positive polarizations of the solid effect, thereby producing a polarization efficiency comparable to (±10 % difference) NOVEL. Finally, the microwave frequency modulation results in field profiles that exhibit new features that we coin the “stretched” solid effect.     

Quantum theory of chemical reactions in the presence of electromagnetic fields

We present a theory for rigorous quantum scattering calculations of probabilities for chemical reactions of atoms with diatomic molecules in the presence of an external electric field. The approach is based on the fully uncoupled basis set representation of the total wave function in the space-fixed coordinate frame, the Fock-Delves hyperspherical coordinates, and the adiabatic partitioning of the total Hamiltonian of the reactive system. The adiabatic channel wave functions are expanded in basis sets of hyperangular functions corresponding to different reaction arrangements, and the interactions with external fields are included in each chemical arrangement separately. We apply the theory to examine the effects of electric fields on the chemical reactions of LiF molecules with H atoms and HF molecules with Li atoms at low temperatures and show that electric fields may enhance the probability of chemical reactions and modify reactive scattering resonances by coupling the rotational states of the reactants. Our preliminary results suggest that chemical reactions of polar molecules at temperatures below 1 K can be selectively manipulated with dc electric fields and microwave laser radiation.