合成偏氟乙烯和含氟丙烯的催化剂及应用研究进展

由于含氟烯烃在自然界易降解、对臭氧层破坏力小、对环境友好的特性,近年来在科研和工业领域得到广泛关注.偏氟乙烯（VDF）和含氟丙烯是重要的含氟烯烃,主要用于合成氟弹性体高分子功能材料的单体和含氟树脂等.我们参照偏氟乙烯的合成发展史,主要介绍了通过催化,热裂解和共裂解方法合成偏氟乙烯过程中使用的催化剂类型、工艺条件和结果对比,综述了近年来偏氟乙烯的主要合成方法,并介绍了通过直接催化氟化法合成含氟丙烯的工艺技术及其可能机理研究进展.     

芳香胺类化合物的二氟烷基化研究进展

含氟化合物具有独特的物理化学特性，被广泛应用于药物开发、临床医学、农业化学、材料科学和有机合成等领域。过去几十年里，利用含氟砌块策略将含氟官能团引入有机分子中引起了合成化学家们的广泛关注，特别是利用二氟烷基化试剂合成具有重要价值的含氟分子方面取得了重要进展。本文聚焦于总结芳香胺类化合物的二氟烷基化反应，按照金属催化、可见光催化以及其它方法对近年来文献报道的芳香氮杂化合物的二氟烷基化反应进行介绍，并对反应机理进行探究，期望为该类含氟化合物的合成及进一步应用提供方法和思路。     

含氟卟啉的研究进展

综述了近几年国内外含氟卟啉的合成及其研究进展. 含氟卟啉合成方法分为直接氟化法和间接氟化法. 直接法主要采用无机氟化试剂直接对卟啉环进行氟化; 间接法主要采用含氟砌块法引入氟基团. 由于合成卟啉环比较复杂, 目前氟化学家主要采用间接氟化法合成含氟卟啉化合物.     

三氟甲基三氮唑及四氮唑化合物的合成研究进展

三氟甲基取代的三氮唑及四氮唑化合物在药物、农药、催化及材料等领域发挥着越来越重要的作用,其合成方法也日益受到重视.对近10年来三氟甲基三氮唑及四氮唑化合物的合成方法研究进展进行了分类归纳总结,着重展示了三氟甲基炔烃、三氟乙酰基衍生物、三氟甲基吡喃酮及三氟重氮乙烷等含氟砌块在这两类杂环合成中的应用.     

含氟双环吡啶类杂环化合物的“一步法”合成

建立了以杂环烯酮缩胺为原料与含氟β-二羰基化合物在酸性条件下"一步法"合成含氟双环吡啶类化合物的方法.以含氟β-二羰基化合物三氟乙酰乙酸乙酯(2)、六氟乙酰丙酮(3)为砌块在1,4-二氧六环溶剂中,醋酸催化下分别与杂环烯酮缩胺1反应,"一步法"简捷高效地合成了一系列新的含氟双环吡啶类化合物4a~4e及5a~5e,产率79%~95%.该方法具有原料易得、合成路线简捷、产率高、后处理简单等优点.     

钼酸盐的制备及在催化中的应用

钼酸盐作为一种新型的功能材料应用于社会的各个领域,探究钼酸盐材料的制备合成方法、研究钼酸盐材料的性质成为材料领域的一个热点。本文介绍了常见的几种合成钼酸盐的方法,例如,高温固相法、化学沉淀法、液相合成法、微乳液法、水热/溶剂热法、模板法等以及钼酸盐在催化方面的应用。     

β-烷氧乙烯基三氟甲基酮类化合物在有机合成中的应用

β-烷氧乙烯基三氟甲基酮类化合物作为一类典型的含氟砌块, 被广泛地应用于含氟有机化合物的合成中. 综述了近年来此类含氟砌块的研究进展, 特别是在合成各种含氟杂环化合物中的应用.     

微纳米稀土氯氧化物的合成研究进展

稀土氯氧化物作为一种重要的发光基质,具有较高的光吸收效率和传能效率,在彩色显示、催化、生物医药、光电转换、气敏等领域均有广泛的应用,已成为光功能材料领域的研究热点之一。目前研究者已用固相法、沉淀法、液相-高温焙烧法、水热与溶剂热法、前驱体热解法、溶胶-凝胶法、静电纺丝法等方法成功地制备了稀土氯氧化物微米颗粒,纳米颗粒、纳米条、纳米片、纳米棒、纳米针、纳米纤维、纳米带、纳米管等稀土氯氧化物微纳米材料。总结了各种制备方法的研究进展及优缺点,并结合本课题组在稀土氯氧化物纳米材料方面的研究工作,对稀土氯氧化物微纳米材料的制备方法的发展方向进行了展望。     

碳铁催化剂的研究进展

Fe_xO_y/C复合材料作为催化剂,在有机化合物的催化氧化方面表现出非常高的活性,如对苯甲醇催化氧化苯甲醛,苯乙烯催化氧化苯甲醛,苯甲醛催化氧化苯甲酸,苯催化氧化苯酚,是最高效的催化剂之一。近年来的研究报道中,Fe_xO_y/C复合材料的制备方法主要有水热合成法,浸渍法和超声喷雾热解法。比较了三种方法各有利弊,以期寻找一种更加高效,方便,省时的制备Fe_xO_y/C复合材料的方法。其中溶液燃烧法尤为重要,溶液燃烧法给Fe_xO_y/C复合材料的制备带来了新的机遇。     

异丙醇铝水解制备超微细高纯氧化铝

高纯超细氧化铝是重要的功能材料,其制备方法有拜耳法、硫酸铝铵热解法、碱式碳酸铝铵热解法和近期开发的有机铝水解热解法。本文报道用醇铝水解法获得水合氧化铝,通过高温焙烧制备超微细高纯氧化铝。本法工艺简单,水解反应后在同一容器中通过蒸馏回收醇,水解产物可以不经过滤、烘干和粉碎处理直接进高温炉焙烧,原料消耗小,无污染,制得氧化铝的粒度比其他方法细而均匀、纯度高。     

Synthesis of brush‐shaped polymers consisting of a poly(phenylacetylene) backbone and pendant poly(vinyl ether)s via selective reaction of 2‐Vinyloxyethyl 4‐Ethynylbenzoate

We have newly designed an original bifunctional monomer (PAVE) containing both a phenylacetylene (PA) group and a vinyl ether (VE) group, which is expected to be a key material for the synthesis of brush‐shaped polymers consisting of a poly(phenylacetylene) (polyPA) main chain and polyVE side chains. Actually, we have demonstrated the selective chemical transformation of the VE moiety of PAVE to an initiator site for the living cationic polymerization of isobutyl vinyl ether (IBVE), and then succeeded in the controlled synthesis of a novel PA‐end‐capped polyIBVE macromonomer. Moreover, using this macromonomer, the first synthesis of a brush‐shaped polyPA bearing polyVE side chains was achieved via Rh complex‐mediated homopolymerization. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014 , 52, 2800–2805     

Lipid analysis by thin-layer chromatography--a review of the current state

High-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) is a widely used, fast and relatively inexpensive method of separating complex mixtures. It is particularly useful for smaller, apolar compounds and offers some advantages over HPLC. This review gives an overview about the special features as well as the problems that have to be considered upon the HPTLC analysis of lipids. The term "lipids" is used here in a broad sense and comprises fatty acids and their derivatives as well as substances related biosynthetically or functionally to these compounds. After a short introduction regarding the stationary phases and the methods how lipids can be visualized on an HPTLC plate, the individual lipid classes will be discussed and the most suitable solvent systems for their separation indicated. The focus will be on lipids that are most abundant in biological systems, i.e. cholesterol and its derivates, glycerides, sphingo- and glycolipids as well as phospholipids. Finally, a nowadays very important topic, the combination between HPTLC and mass spectrometric (MS) detection methods will be discussed. It will be shown that this is a very powerful method to investigate the identities of the HPTLC spots in more detail than by the use of common staining methods. Future aspects of HPTLC in the lipid field will be also discussed.     

物理化学理论体系中的几种基本研究方法

理想模型化法、标准状态法、可逆过程极值法和微元法是物理化学中具有典型学科特征的基本理论研究方法,在物理化学理论体系的形成和发展过程中相应形成并贯穿整个学科。本文从科学方法论的角度,归纳总结了四种理论研究方法的研究目的、处理方法及相应规定和结论,并对它们在物理化学理论体系中的具体应用通过实例予以分析和说明。同时阐述了如果掌握并深刻领会了这些科学研究方法,将有助于学习者构建物理化学宏观知识体系,培养逻辑思维能力,增强分析问题和解决问题能力。     

Using random forest to classify T-cell epitopes based on amino acid properties and molecular features

T-lymphocyte (T-cell) is a very important component in human immune system. T-cell epitopes can be used for the accurately monitoring the immune responses which activation by major histocompatibility complex (MHC), and rationally designing vaccines. Therefore, accurate prediction of T-cell epitopes is crucial for vaccine development and clinical immunology. In current study, two types peptide features, i.e., amino acid properties and chemical molecular features were used for the T-cell epitopes peptide representation. Based on these features, random forest (RF) algorithm, a powerful machine learning algorithm, was used to classify T-cell epitopes and non-T-cell epitopes. The classification accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC), and area under the curve (AUC) values for proposed method are 97.54%, 97.22%, 97.60%, 0.9193, and 0.9868, respectively. These results indicate that current method based on the combined features and RF is effective for T-cell epitopes prediction.     

Determination of phosphorus in copper-phosphorus alloys,by GLC technique

Summary A simple, sensitive, accurate and rapid gas chromatographic method for the quantitative determination of phosphorus in copper-phosphorus alloys is described. The method is based on the chlorination of the sample with carbon tetrachloride in a sealed glass capsule at 550°C. The volatile products are introduced into the gas chromatograph after crushing the capsule in a special device. The method is very quick (ca. 20 min), involves simple manipulations and the error is about ±0.5%.     

4-Dimethylaminopyridine-catalyzed Cascade Reaction for Efficient Synthesis of Naphthofurans

A convenient and efficient method was developed for the synthesis of naphtho[2,1-b]furans via 4-dimethylaminopyridine(DMAP)-catalyzed cascade reaction of 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehydes and α-halogenated ketones in moderate to good yields in the presence of Na₂CO₃ at 80℃ for 6 h. The mechanism for this process was briefly discussed with a tentative catalytic cycle proposed. Moreover, this method features organocatalysts and high step-economy, which makes it practical and attractive.     

Size exclusion chromatography of polyelectrolytes with aqueous elution solvents

Size exclusion chromatography (=SEC) is a widly used method for determining the molecular weight distribution of polymer samples. But using aqueous elution solvents, this method is even today combined with numerous problems, mostly caused by the polyelectrolyte structure of water soluble polymers. Therefore we will firstly give a survey of this special features and discuss preventive measures. From this view then some working rules will be derived with special regard to the devices, columns and calibration standards available today. Finally we will give some remarks about the specific experimental conditions for ultrahigh molecular weight samples.     

Molecular orbitals of conjugated ketenes and analysis of the intramolecular cycloaddition

MO calculations by CNDO/2 method on some conjugated ketenes were carried out. Several special features obtained and the evaluation of a role of the in plane π*-orbital for the intramolecular ene-ketene cycloaddition are described.