基于DNA纳米花的细胞自噬基因沉默用于增敏抗肿瘤化疗

自噬是真核细胞降解蛋白质的重要途径之一, 在细胞的更新代谢中起重要作用. 肿瘤细胞借助高水平的细胞自噬能够阻断细胞凋亡途径, 降低化疗药物的抗肿瘤效果. 本文通过设计编码有核酸适配体序列(Aptamer)和DNA酶序列(DNAzyme)的多功能DNA纳米花, 利用DNA序列可负载化疗药物阿霉素(Dox)的特性, 实现了对肿瘤细胞特异靶向的药物递送, 并高效沉默肿瘤细胞的自噬相关基因ATG5, 达到增敏抗肿瘤化疗的效果. 通过RT-PCR实验验证合成的DNA纳米花可以有效剪切肿瘤细胞中自噬相关基因ATG5的mRNA; 并通过DNA纳米花的细胞毒性和细胞凋亡实验研究了其对肿瘤细胞系MCF-7的靶向治疗作用, 结果显示该多功能DNA纳米花在增敏抗肿瘤化疗方面具有明显优势.     

温度敏感性药物载体及其在肿瘤热化疗中的应用

温度敏感性材料由于其理化性质对温度变化高度敏感,同时相变温度又易于调控,因而成为条件响应型药物控释载体中的研究热点。多种类型的温敏性药物载体,包括脂质体、聚合物囊泡、聚合物胶束,经过多年的研究和优化,其稳定性得到进一步的提高,而相变温度也实现了在较宽范围内的随意调整,可同时适用于病理性的高热和局部人工热疗等多种方式的温敏靶向性释药。并且,由于局部热疗可以有效控制温敏载体的药物释放,同时,热疗还能有效增强化疗药物的细胞毒性,因此温敏药物载体在肿瘤化疗和热化疗领域具有独特的应用潜力。本综述简要回顾了温敏性载体在药物载体领域的研究现状。在此基础上,从对肿瘤热化疗原理、发展现状、疗效影响因素的角度,进一步综述了温敏性药物载体在肿瘤热化疗领域的研究进展,特别关注了复合型温敏载体,因为这类载体结合了具有光热/磁热效应的纳米颗粒而兼具自升温能力,因而在靶向性热化疗中独具优势。最后,本文结合热化疗的影响因素,对温敏性载体在肿瘤热化疗领域的发展方向进行了展望。     

聚乙烯亚胺介导siRNA和顺铂协同抗肿瘤治疗

用聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)为载体,介导siRNA(siSurvivin)沉默肿瘤细胞抗凋亡基因survivin,并与抗癌药物(顺铂)进行协同抗肿瘤治疗.凝胶阻滞电泳实验显示,PEI能够对siRNA进行有效复合,在PEI/siRNA质量比为0.4时实现完全阻滞.细胞耐药性实验证明了耐顺铂细胞(A549DDP细胞)的survivin基因过度表达且耐顺铂能力是顺铂敏感细胞(A549细胞)的8倍.RT-PCR实验验证了PEI担载siSurvivin后对survivin基因实现了有效沉默,与顺铂药物共同作用后不影响基因沉默效果.细胞凋亡实验验证了基因与药物协同作用后细胞的凋亡率达到60.9％,而单独药物或PEI/siSurvivin复合物分别作用后的细胞凋亡率仅分别为30.2％和19.8％.细胞增殖实验进一步验证了PEI介导siSurvivin与顺铂联合治疗能够实现有效地协同抗肿瘤效果.     

纳米TiO2-Cu2O复合材料可见光催化杀伤人宫颈肿瘤细胞研究

以人宫颈肿瘤细胞(Hela细胞)为研究对象, 研究了可见光催化(光强为50 mW/cm2)条件下, 该复合材料Fenton作用对细胞的凋亡诱导作用和细胞周期的影响, 并对抗肿瘤作用机理进行探讨. 结果表明, 该复合材料对肿瘤细胞具有明显的杀伤作用, 抑制Hela细胞增殖, 降低细胞存活率, 诱导Hela细胞产生细胞凋亡. 此外, 还能够引起细胞周期各时相改变, 使细胞生长阻滞于G2/M期. 并引发细胞氧化应激反应的发生, 最终破坏胞内抗氧化酶体系的平衡. 由此可见, 纳米TiO2-Cu2O复合材料在抗肿瘤的可见光疗应用中具有一定的应用价值.     

单纯疱疹二型病毒和口蹄疫病毒感染过程能量代谢的微量热研究

本论文采用LKB－2277生物活性检测器研究HeLa细胞在单纯疱疹Ⅱ型病毒感染和BHK－21细胞在口蹄疫病毒感染下的能量代谢过程，以及热疗及抗病毒药物干扰素对这一过程的能量代谢的影响。结果表明病毒感染细胞的代谢热功率大于未被感染的细胞并且被不同类型病毒感染的细胞之间代谢产热功率存在显著的差别；病毒感染是一个温度敏感的过程；干扰素对病毒感染过程有抑制作用。通过对不同贮存时间口蹄疫病毒感染BHK－21细胞的能量代谢产热曲线的分析表明长时间保存对病毒的毒力和感染能力产生了较明显的影响。这些结果都表明微量热法是研究病毒感染过程的一种有效方法。     

31P核磁共振在肿瘤细胞代谢研究中的应用

综述31P NMR在肿瘤细胞代谢研究中的应用.通过细胞的灌流装置,用31P NMR测定细胞内含磷化合物、pH等的变化,对肿瘤细胞代谢进行分析.31PNMR能动态地一次同时监测活细胞内多种含磷代谢物及pH变化,较好地应用于肿瘤细胞的能量代谢和磷脂代谢等研究中.31P NMR具有无损伤性,克服了许多分析方法的提取分离步骤,具有独特的优点.     

键合紫杉醇的纳米胶束与C6胶质瘤细胞的相互作用

制备了键合紫杉醇(PTX)的聚乙二醇-聚乳酸嵌段共聚物(PEG-PLA/PTX)的纳米胶束, 采用四氮唑(MTT)比色法、流式细胞术、透射电镜及激光共聚焦显微镜等技术, 考察了PEG-PLA/PTX胶束对C6胶质瘤细胞的影响, 包括C6细胞超微结构的变化和细胞周期的改变, 以及纳米颗粒在细胞内的分布, 探讨了PEG-PLA/PTX胶束对肿瘤细胞的作用机理. 结果表明, PEG-PLA/PTX胶束进入到C6细胞内, 聚集于细胞浆中, 通过与细胞核中DNA的作用改变细胞生长的周期, 造成在G2-M期的阻滞, 引起细胞的凋亡. 因此, PEG-PLA/PTX胶束有望用于脑胶质瘤的化疗.     

铂类抗肿瘤药物与蛋白质的作用机理

铂类抗肿瘤药物在癌症化疗中被广泛应用,通常认为铂类药物通过与肿瘤细胞的DNA形成交联物,抑制DNA复制,造成DNA损伤,进而诱导细胞凋亡.然而,近年来的研究表明,铂类药物在进入细胞核与DNA结合之前,会与细胞内外的多种蛋白质发生复杂的相互作用.这些作用一方面会影响铂类药物的运输、代谢以及与DNA靶点的作用,从而对铂类药物的药效、耐药性产生影响;另一方面,铂类药物的作用会影响蛋白质的活性,与铂类药物的毒副作用以及蛋白质靶点所贡献的药效紧密相连.本文将从这两方面介绍近年来铂类药物与蛋白质相互作用研究取得的进展、小分子化合物对铂类药物与蛋白质作用的影响,并对铂类药物与非抗癌作用靶点蛋白的作用进行了介绍,以及研究这些相互作用的常用方法.     

木香烃内酯诱导乳腺癌MCF-7细胞凋亡作用机制的研究

研究了木香烃内酯诱导人乳腺癌细胞MCF-7细胞凋亡的作用机制.采用流式细胞仪测定不同浓度木香烃内酯(0,2,4,8 μg/mL)作用于MCF-7细胞后细胞凋亡、活性氧(Reactive oxygen species,ROS)含量及线粒体跨膜电位(Mitochondrial transmembrane potential,MTP)的变化,气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-TOF/MS)技术分析加药组与未加药组的代谢差异物.结果表明,木香烃内酯能诱导MCF-7细胞凋亡,并具有浓度依赖性,能够促使ROS含量升高;MTP在2μg/mL木香烃内酯作用时升高,在4和8μg/mL时显著下降;基于GC-TOF/MS的细胞代谢组学研究,最终发现15种代谢差异物.基于上述结果,推测木香烃内酯通过引起ROS含量升高、MTP降低,扰乱线粒体的正常功能,进一步阻碍TCA循环,抑制ATP合成,扰乱了细胞内代谢物的平衡,并引起位于膜间隙的凋亡相关蛋白释放,最终导致MCF-7细胞的凋亡.     

端粒酶活性在氯化镧诱导MDCC-MSB1细胞凋亡中的作用

探讨端粒酶活性在LaCl_3诱导MDCC-MSB1细胞凋亡中细胞中的作用.肿瘤细胞常规培养于RPMI1640培养液中,加入终浓度为3 mmol·L~(-1)的LaCl_3,继续培养12,24,36,48 h后,应用琼脂糖凝胶电泳和AO/EB双荧光染色检测细胞凋亡,以FITC-(C_3TA_2)_3 PNA为荧光探针检测细胞内端粒长度.以TRAP-PCR银染法检测端粒酶活性.LaCl_3浓度为3 mmol·L~(-1),作用0～48 h,细胞的琼脂精凝胶电泳和AO/EB双荧光染色法均观察到明显的细胞凋亡变化,细胞内端粒长度缩短,端粒酶活性下降,并呈时间-效应关系.LaCl_3可通过抑制MDCC-MSB1细胞端粒酶活性而诱导其发生凋亡.     

Photosensitizing and radiosensitizing effects of hypericin on human renal carcinoma cells in vitro

The renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is extremely resistant to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The prognosis of patients with metastatic RCC still remains poor, the median survival is less than 12 months. Therefore, new therapeutic options are desirable. The aim of this study was to investigate the photosensitizing and radiosensitizing effects of hypericin on human RCC cells in vitro. First the RCC-derived cell lines A498 and ACHN were incubated with different concentrations of hypericin. In vitro uptake and intracellular distribution of hypericin were confirmed by fluorescence microscopy. Subsequently cells were illuminated and irradiated with a dose of 2-8 Gy, respectively. Finally, metabolic activity, apoptosis and clonogenic survival were investigated. Uptake of hypericin was observed for almost all cells. Hypericin treatment combined with illumination led to a 94-97% decrease in metabolic activity and caused apoptosis in nearly 100% of RCC cells. Hypericin enhanced the radiosensitivity of A498 cells in vitro. The clonogenic survival after irradiation was significantly reduced by hypericin treatment. Taken together, the photosensitizing and radiosensitizing effects of hypericin on human RCC cells we found in this investigation could be of clinical relevance, e.g. for radiotherapy and intraoperative photodynamic therapy, respectively.     

Dynamic metabolic change of cancer cells induced by natural killer cells at the single-cell level studied by label-free mass cytometry

Natural killer cells (NK cells) are important immune cells which have attracted increasing attention in cancer immunotherapy. Due to the heterogeneity of cells, individual cancer cells show different resistance to NK cytotoxicity, which has been revealed by flow cytometry. Here we used label-free mass cytometry (CyESI-MS) as a new tool to analyze the metabolites in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HepG2) cells at the single-cell level after the interaction with different numbers of NK92 MI cells. A large amount of chemical information from individual HepG2 cells was obtained showing the process of cell apoptosis induced by NK cells. Nineteen metabolites which consecutively change during cell apoptosis were revealed by calculating their average relative intensity. Four metabolic pathways were impacted during cell apoptosis which hit 4 metabolites including glutathione (GSH), creatine, glutamic acid and taurine. We found that the HepG2 cells could be divided into two phenotypes after co-culturing with NK cells according to the bimodal distribution of concentration of these 4 metabolites. The correlation between metabolites and different apoptotic pathways in the early apoptosis cell group was established by the 4 metabolites at the single-cell level. This is a new idea of using single-cell specific metabolites to reveal the metabolic heterogeneity in cell apoptosis which would be a powerful means for evaluating the cytotoxicity of NK cells.

Label-free mass cytometry is utilized to study the dynamic metabolic change during apoptosis in HepG2 cells induced by NK92 MI cells at the single-cell level. The metabolic heterogeneity of individual HepG2 cells during apoptosis was revealed.     

Distinguishable Targeting of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Using Hyaluronan Functionalized Platinum Nanoclusters and Their Inhibition Behaviors of Proliferation,Invasion, Migration

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide and most cancer patients receiving conventional chemotherapy suffer from severe side effects due to the non-selective effects of chemotherapeutic drugs on normal cells. Targeted nanomaterials can obtain excellent accumulation at the tumor site through their active or passive targeting mechanisms, thereby reducing the toxicity of the drugs in various ways. In this study, hyaluronic acid (HA) which could specifically bind to CD44 on the surface of tumor cells, was used to modify amine-caged platinum nanoclusters (Pt NCs-NH₂) to obtain targeting HA-Pt NCs-NH₂. Based on the differential expression of CD44 on the surface of three lung cells (non-small cell lung cancer cell H1299, small cell lung cancer cell H446, and embryonic lung fibroblast HFL1), HA-Pt NCs-NH₂ can differentially enter the three cells and achieve their targeting of non-small cell lung cancer cell (NSCLC) cells. Pt NCs significantly inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion of NSCLC cells and induced their apoptosis in comparison of classical cisplatin and carboplatin, showing a bright future in early diagnosis and treatment of NSCLC.     

Enhancement of parthenolide-induced apoptosis by a PKC-alpha inhibition through heme oxygenase-1 blockage in cholangiocarcinoma cells

Cholangiocarcinoma (CC) is a chemoresistant intrahepatic bile duct carcinoma with a poor prognosis. The aims of this study were to identify molecular pathways that enhance sesquiterpene lactone parthenolide (PTL)-induced anticancer effects on CC cells. The effects of PTL on apoptosis and hemoxygenase-1 (HO-1) induction were examined in CC cell lines. The enhancement of PTL-mediated apoptosis by modulation of HO-1 expression and the mechanisms involved were also examined in an in vitro cell system. Low PTL concentrations (5 to 10 microM) led to Nrf2-dependent HO-1 induction, which attenuated the apoptogenic effect of PTL in Choi-CK and SCK cells. PTL-mediated apoptosis was enhanced by the protein kinase C-alpha inhibitor Ro317549 (Ro) through inhibition of expression and nuclear translocation of Nrf2, resulting in blockage of HO-1 expression. Finally, HO-1 silencing resulted in enhancement of apoptotic cell death in CC cells. The combination of PTL and Ro efficiently improved tumor growth inhibition compared to treatment with either agent alone in an in vivo subcutaneous tumor model. In conclusion, the modulation of HO-1 expression substantially improved the anticancer effect of PTL. The combination of PTL and Ro could prove to be a valuable chemotherapeutic strategy for CC.     

Lipoic Acid-Modified Oligoethyleneimine-Mediated miR-34a Delivery to Achieve the Anti-Tumor Efficacy

MiR-34a, an important tumor suppressor, has been demonstrated to possess great potential in tumor gene therapy. To achieve the upregulation of miR-34a expression level, an oligoethyleneimine (OEI) derivative was constructed and employed as the carrier through the modification with lipoic acid (LA), namely LA-OEI. In contrast to OEI, the derivative LA-OEI exhibited superior transfection efficiency measured by confocal laser scanning microscopy and flow cytometry, owing to rapid cargo release in the disulfide bond-based reduction sensitive pattern. The anti-proliferation and anti-migration effects were tested after the miR-34a transfection to evaluate the anti-tumor response, using human cervical carcinoma cell line HeLa as a model. The delivery of LA-OEI/miR-34a nanoparticles could achieve obvious anti-proliferative effect caused by the induction of cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G1 phase. In addition, it could inhibit the migration of tumor cells via the downregulation of MMP-9 and Notch-1 level. Overall, the LA-OEI-mediated miR-34a delivery was potential to be used as an effective way in the tumor gene therapy.     

Combination treatment for osteosarcoma with baculoviral vector mediated gene therapy (p53) and chemotherapy (adriamycin)

The insect baculovirus Autographa californica multiple nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcMNPV) has been evaluated as a vector for gene delivery to human tumor cells. A human osteogenic sarcoma cell line, Saos-2, was found to be highly susceptible to infection with a baculoviral vector, with nearly 100% of Saos-2 cells being able to express a lacZ reporter gene after a brief exposure to the virus at a m.o.i. of 30 pfu/cell. The production of beta-galactosidase protein was 18-times greater than that in HepG2 cells which were previously thought to be the mammalian cells most susceptible to the baculovirus. The possibility of developing a baculovirus as a cytotoxic vector for p53-defective cancer was tested by destruction of Saos-2 cells (p53-/-) with a recombinant baculovirus containing the wild type p53 gene (BV-p53) in vitro. The p53 baculovirus induced apoptotic cell death in tumor cells in a dose-dependent manner with approximately 60% killing at an m.o.i. of 160 pfu/cell. Combined treatments of gene therapy (p53) and chemotherapy (adriamycin) resulted in synergistic and potent killing of the osteogenic sarcoma cells. For example, greater than 95% of Saos-2 cells were killed by the combination of BV-p53 (m.o.i. of 100) and adriamycin (35 ng/ml), whereas approximately 50% and approximately 55% cells were killed by BV-p53 and adriamycin alone, respectively. These results indicate that a baculoviral gene delivery vector can be used to efficiently target certain types of mammalian cells and the combination treatment of gene-therapy mediated by a baculovirus and chemotherapy may enhance induction of apoptosis in cancer cells.     

负载紫杉醇的聚乳酸纳米纤维对宫颈癌的抑制作用

从细胞水平和动物模型两个层次上研究了负载紫杉醇的聚乳酸纤维毡诱导U14宫颈癌细胞凋亡和抑制小鼠U14皮下移植瘤生长的能力.将U14细胞在纤维毡存在下孵育48 h,经Annexin V-FITC及PI双染后行流式细胞分析.结果表明,载药纤维(折合紫杉醇浓度40)g/mL)组总凋亡细胞比例(25.6%)明显高于对照组(1.0%)和未载药纤维组(1.5%).建立U14宫颈癌皮下移植瘤小鼠模型,将其随机分为3组.A组为对照组,不做任何处理.B、C组小鼠以纳米纤维毡覆盖于肿瘤表面,覆盖率约为70%～75%.其中B组纤维毡为纳米聚乳酸电纺丝纤维,不载药,C组为同种材料纤维毡,载有33 wt%紫杉醇.经处理后第7、14天每组各处死动物5～7只,剥离肿瘤,照相,称重,计算抑瘤率.结果表明,载药纤维对U14宫颈癌皮下移植瘤有明显抑制作用(48%～56%).用未载药聚乳酸纤维包裹肿瘤表面,肿瘤质量与对照组无显著差别,说明聚乳酸纤维本身对肿瘤没有抑制作用,载药纤维组所观察到的抑瘤效果为紫杉醇从纤维毡中释放所致.     

Components of Volatile Oil from Water-caltrop and Their Anti-tumor Effect in vitro

The volatile oil was extracted from water caltrop by steam distillation; it was then analyzed by GC-MS to obtain 16 components, 8 of which were identified. Apocynin was the most abundant one, accounting for 81.41% of the total oil. The in vitro inhibitory effects of the volatile oil on SMMC-7721, MCF-7, Hela, HL-60 cells, and human peripheral blood mononuclear celIs(PBMC) were investigated via the MTT method. The morphological changes of the tumor cells were observed and the apoptosis of HL-60 cells was detected by flow cytometry. The proliferation of the tumor cells could be significantly inhibited and the apoptosis of HL-60 cells could be induced by the volatile oil. The proliferation inhibition effect of the volatile oil on HL-60 tumor cells and the induction of the apoptosis of HL-60 cells had dose-dependent feature.     

Proteomic analysis of apoptosis initiation induced by all-trans retinoic acid in human acute promyelocytic leukemia cells

The irreversible destiny of apoptosis in its early stage might play a critical role in the apoptosis of human acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) cell line induced by all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA). To characterize protein alterations during the apoptosis-initiation phase and to understand the metabolic status at that time, we investigated the protein profiles in the apoptosis-initiation phase of APL cell line HL-60 by proteomic analysis. ATRA-withdrawal was conducted to demonstrate that there was committed initiation phase of apoptosis triggered by 10(-6) M ATRA at day 3. Only after that time point, ATRA-treated cells irreversibly went to apoptosis. Also at that time point, the positive regulators of apoptosis such as STAT3 increased at protein level, whereas negative regulators (Bcl-2 and p-STAT3) decreased. In addition, caspase-3 also increased after that time. Furthermore, comparative proteomic analysis was utilized to examine the protein expression profiles during the initiation stage of apoptosis. Our results showed 12 upregulated and 7 downregulated proteins experiencing twofold alteration, including key regulators of signal transduction such as G-proteins and nucleic receptors, proteins related with metabolism, oxidation and reduction, proteins associated with the nucleus and cytoskeleton-related proteins. Some of them could be positive modulators to trigger apoptosis, whereas others could contribute to intracellular defense against apoptosis induced by exogenous triggers. The results above suggest that there is a subtle balance between apoptosis and the intracellular defense against apoptosis. Once the balance is disturbed, cells would irreversibly initiate to undergo the execution of apoptosis.