用于新型等效原理空间实验检验的静电加速度计设计

等效原理是爱因斯坦广义相对论的基本假设之一,在更高精度上检验等效原理是否成立可以预言新型基本相互作用力。新型等效原理是我国科技工作者提出的一种假设,通过检验两个相同材料但自旋状态不同的宏观物体的自由落体运动来检验等效原理可能存在的破坏。提出了一种面向空间检验新型等效原理的差分静电加速度计设计方案,给出了地面实验用原理样机的结构设计,对结构模态和温度应力进行了有限元仿真;依据支承刚度和量程约束条件,对径向和轴向静电支承控制回路进行了设计和仿真分析;建模分析了高真空下转子静电加转驱动回路的主要性能,仿真结果表明启动过程中达到目标转速(10~4 rpm)的启动时间为36.9 min。     

八电极静电陀螺仪的非线性建模及控制参数优化

考虑扰动作用下转子相对于电极腔中心可能存在较大范围运动,建立了八电极结构静电陀螺仪四轴斜坐标系下三阶转子-电极电容模型,同时结合转子在电场力和重力作用下的动力学模型,实现具有非线性特征的静电支承控制模型。在此基础上探讨了转子偏离电极腔中心时加力控制信号对位移测量信号的影响,并建立了基于抵消机制的位移测量模型。另外采用Simulink Response Optimization工具箱优化了控制器参教。离线仿真实验表明,设计的支承控制器在转子较大偏离电极中心时,仍能确保转子的定中性。     

小型静电陀螺电极划分方式对转子电位及陀螺精度的影响分析

就小型静电陀螺电极划分方式对转子电位的影响进行了理论分析及仿真,并深入研究了转子的非零电位对陀螺精度的影响,为小型静电陀螺电极结构的设计提供了理论依据。     

静电陀螺仪加转磁场转速对加转力矩和加转时间的影响

介绍了磁场加转系统的工作原理和过程;通过对静电陀螺加转系统的加转力矩和加转时间的研究,分析了加转磁场转速等参数对加转力矩和加转时间的影响,推导出了相应公式,给出了加转磁场最佳转速的确定方法。研究结果表明:在其它参数不变时,存在最优加转磁场转速,使转子达到额定转速所需的加转时间最短。文中给出的确定该最优转速的方法是有效可行的;实际工作时加转磁场转速可在最优转速附近±314 s~(-1)范围内选取。     

基于可控式被动阻尼的静电陀螺仪启动控制系统

静电陀螺仪(ESG)的启动阻尼是一个转子最大惯性主轴与转轴对准的过程。采用直流磁场的可控式被动阻尼方法有效地解决了转子极性倒置问题。中介绍了基于可控式被动阻尼ESG启动控制系统的设计和研制，该系统以浮点DSP芯片TMS320C32为核心电路，具有转子阻尼、极性识别与控制、故障检测、转速测定、恒速控制和RS232通讯等功能。在气浮装置上证实了所研制的系统能有效实现上述功能。     

球形转子的精密恒速控制系统

讨论了静电支承球形转子的精密恒速控制系统，该系统主要基于旋转磁场加转和锁相控制。阐述了控制系统的组成，分析了鉴相器、PD控制、加转系统模型并加以线陛化，求出传递函数并分析特性，最后介绍了具体实验效果。     

八电极静电陀螺支承系统的建模

八电极静电支承系统沿着四个非正交轴对转子施加静电力,这些作用力相互影响,因此需要对支承坐标进行垂直解耦。针对采用八电极方案的静电陀螺,给出了电极电容的计算公式和位移解算方法,推导了静电力计算公式,最后建立了八电极静电陀螺支承系统的模型并利用Simulink对系统进行仿真。仿真结果表明,在系统中加入解算矩阵和"3-4"变换矩阵后,可以使X、Y、Z三个轴向上对转子位移的控制相互独立,为转子的可靠支承奠定了基础。     

小型静电陀螺仪静电场基本干扰力矩分析

推导了采用装配式电构结构的小型静电陀螺仪静电场基本干扰力矩计算公式,进行了仿真计算,并分析了转子的谐波、转子线位移、支承回路放大系数,转子极轴相对于电极坐标系的偏称对干扰力矩的影响,其结果对小型静电陀螺仪的设计与研制具有参考价值。     

基于xPC Target的静电陀螺支承控制系统仿真

针对静电陀螺转子在电极腔内的运动特性,建立了具有负刚度特性的转子动力学方程。结合传统的3-4,4—3变换,建立了三路支承控制器,并采用MATLAB参数优化工具箱设计控制器参数。采用xPC Target及相应的接口电路建立了实时仿真平台,对支承控制系统进行实时仿真。实时仿真结果表明三路支承控制器能够对具有负刚度特性的转子运动进行有效控制。另外通过一个实际模拟电路验证了实时仿真平台的有效性,这对八电极小型实心转子静电陀螺的支承控制系统快速研制具有重要意义。     

静电陀螺转子位移测量电路的研究

—静电陀螺转子位移测量电路是静电陀螺支承系统的重要部件。它直接影响转子在电极球腔中的失中度，从而导致陀螺漂移。因此在温度变化及电磁干扰情况下，必须提高测量电路的分辨率和零位稳定性。本文在理论分析和实验研究的基础上，提出参数优化设计方法和模块化结构设计。实验结果表明所研制的电路性能良好，工作稳定度达到了高精度静电陀螺仪的要求。     

On the origin of spin-up processes in decaying two-dimensional turbulence

A remarkable feature of two-dimensional turbulence in a square container with no-slip walls is the spontaneous production of angular momentum due to flow-wall interactions, also known as spontaneous spin-up of the flow. In this paper we address the statistics of spin-up and discuss its likely origin. A signature of the spontaneous production of angular momentum is the development of a large-scale circulation cell. It is found that the global turnover time of the flow guides the spin-up process, which can be considered as a relaxation process of the macroscopic flow to an angular momentum containing state. The high turnover rate of the small-scale vortical structures emerging from the no-slip walls apparently has no significant effect on the spin-up rate. The presented data on the spin-up process strongly suggest that spin-up is not the net result of isolated vortex-wall interactions, with its associated pressure fluctuations on the domain boundaries, alone. The rapid spin-up of the flow clearly suggests the attraction to an angular momentum containing state.     

Spin-up in a semicircular cylinder

This paper addresses the spin-up from rest of a free-surface fluid confined in a cylindrical container with a semicircular cross-section. The flow in the various stages of the spin-up process has been calculated numerically by using the finite-volume technique on a three-dimensional grid. Local grid refinement was applied in order to capture the effects of the boundary layer at the lateral boundaries and of the Ekman layer at the bottom. The numerical results agree very well with laboratory observations.     

圆筒容器内起旋和降旋过程中分层液体混合现象

针对旋转圆筒容器内的两种分层流体,应用平面激光诱导荧光与高速摄影技术对互溶与不互溶液体进行了实验研究.结果表明,上下层液体密度梯度与黏度梯度方向是产生界面不稳定的关键因素.当二者的梯度方向相同时,起旋过程不会发生剧烈混合,降旋过程中轻流体会冲击重流体;当二者的梯度方向相反时,起旋过程中形成抽吸效应,其后期发生界面破碎,降旋过程中重流体冲击轻流体.在旋转的3个过程中,降旋过程对混合的作用最大,无论梯度方向是否相同,都会发生液体间的界面不稳定.     

Implementation of 3-D isoparametric finite elements on supercomputer for the formulation of recursive dynamical equations of multi-body systems

Kinematic formulation of the versatile three-dimensional isoparametric eight-noded brick element with six degrees of freedom at each node (three-translational and three-rotational), suitable for the discretization of flexible bodies with intricate geometric configurations, has been developed and implemented on the supercomputer IBM-3090 for the simulation of dynamical mechanical systems. The pipelining feature of the above vector-processor has been exploited for achieving a significant order of magnitude in computational efficiency. The concepts of indexed reference arrays have been utilised in the development of dynamical equations of motion, eliminating expensive Boolean matrix multiplication operations. The algorithm developed is an improvement and extension of [7], with the implementation of the brick element formulation. The recursive Kane's equations, modal analysis technique and strain energy principles are integrated into the procedure. The above technique is also applied to the constrained multi-body systems. An illustrative example of an spin-up maneuver of a space robot with three flexible links carrying a solar panel is presented. The prediction of dynamic behaviour of the system is carried out under a constrained environment and the effects of geometric stiffening and its subsequent restoring elastic forces are demonstrated.     

Validation of flexible beam elements in dynamics programs

A spatial beam element for static and dynamic problems which involve large displacements and rotations is described. This beam element is applied to static linear buckling problems, the simulation of the motion of a slider-crank mechanism with a flexible connecting rod and a planar and spatial spin-up motion of a flexible beam. Results are compared with those from the open literature.     

Nonlinear dynamics of a spinning shaft with non-constant rotating speed

Research on spinning shafts is mostly restricted to cases of constant rotating speed without examining the dynamics during their spin-up or spin-down operation. In this article, initially the equations of motion for a spinning shaft with non-constant speed are derived, then the system is discretised, and finally a nonlinear dynamic analysis is performed using multiple scales perturbation method. The system in first-order approximation takes the form of two coupled sets of paired equations. The first pair describes the torsional and the rigid body rotation, whilst the second consists of the equations describing the two lateral bending motions. Notably, equations of the lateral bending motions of first-order approximation coincide with the system in case of constant rotating speed, and considering the amplitude modulation equations, as it is shown, there are detuning frequencies from the Campbell diagram. The nonlinear normal modes of the system have been determined analytically up to the second-order approximation. The comparison of the analytical solutions with direct numerical simulations shows good agreement up to the validity of the performed analysis. Finally, it is shown that the Campbell diagram in the case of spin-up or spin-down operation cannot describe the critical situations of the shaft. This work paves the way, for new safe operational ‘modes’ of rotating structures bypassing critical situations, and also it is essential to identify the validity of the tools for defining critical situations in rotating structures with non-constant rotating speeds, which can be applied not only in spinning shafts but in all rotating structures.     

The transient development of the flow in an impulsively rotated annular container

When a fluid-filled container is spun up from rest to a constant angular velocity the fluid responds in such a way that the fluid–container system is ultimately in a state of rigid-body rotation. The fluid can then be said to have traversed a trajectory in phase space from a simple stable equilibrium state of no motion to another stable equilibrium representing full rigid-body rotation. This simple statement belies the fact that during this process the fluid can undergo a series of transitions, from a laminar through a transient turbulent state, before attaining the stable motion that is rigid-body rotation. Using a combination of analytical and computational methods, we focus on the dynamics resulting from an impulsive change in the rotation rate of a fluid-filled annulus, specifically, the impulsive spin-up of a stationary annulus, or the impulsive spin-down of an annulus already in a state of rigid-body rotation. We explore the initial development of the impulsively generated axisymmetric boundary layer, its subsequent instability, and the larger-scale transient features within this class of flows, allowing us to look at the effect these features have on the time it takes for the system to spin up to a steady state, or spin down to rest.     

Measurements of an unsteady liquid metal flow during spin-up driven by a rotating magnetic field

A cylindrical cavity with an aspect ratio of unity is filled with liquid metal and suddenly exposed to an azimuthal body force generated by a rotating magnetic field (RMF). This experimental study is concerned with the secondary meridional flow during the time, if the fluid spins up from rest. Vertical profiles of the axial velocity have been measured by means of the ultrasound Doppler velocimetry. The flow measurements confirm the spin-up concept by Ungarish (J Fluid Mech 347:105–118, 1997) and the continuative study by Nikrityuk et al. (Phys Fluids 17:067101, 2005) who suggested the existence of two stages during the RMF-driven spin-up, in particular the so-called initial adjustment phase followed by an inertial phase which is dominated by inertial oscillations of the secondary flow. Evolving instabilities of the double-vortex structure of the secondary flow have been detected at a Taylor number of 1.24 × 10⁵ verifying the predictions of Grants and Gerbeth (J Fluid Mech 463:229–240, 2002). Perturbations in form of Taylor–Görtler vortices have been observed just above the instability threshold.     

Spin-up and wrapping of cryogenic helium bubble around dewar well from rest in microgravity

Time dependent animation of spherically shaped bubble sitting at one-side of the dewar container, which is spin-up from rest to certain rotating speed of interests, has been investigated. Time dependent deformation of bubble with or without a completion of wrapping around the inner well of the rotating dewar, are numerically studied and simulated. Some similarity parameters are considered for a completion of bubble wrapping around the dewar well. Illustrative examples show that the degree of the completion of bubble wrapping around the dewar well increases with increasing container rotating speed and Weber number.     

Run-up and spin-up in a viscoelastic fluid. IV

Three problems are discussed — run-up when the fluid is contained between infinite parallel plates and longitudinal run-up and spin-up when it is contained in an infinitely long circular cylinder. The procedure adopted for solving these problems differs from that employed in Part I of this series, where these three problems were previously discussed, and yields results for the velocity fields in quite different forms. It is similar to that used in Part III in the context of the problem of run-up between parallel plates.