硫酯参与的有机催化不对称反应研究进展

硫酯在生物合成和有机合成中扮演着十分重要的角色. 硫酯的羰基C(2p)轨道和S(3p)轨道重叠度较小, 其α质子具有较强的酸性, 能在温和的条件下烯醇化并进行亲核反应. 同时, 硫酯还是高效的酰基化试剂, 可用于酯键和酰胺键的构建. 有机小分子催化是不对称催化的重要研究领域. 近十几年来有机催化硫酯底物的不对称反应取得了大量重要成果, 极大拓宽了有机催化酯类底物的反应类型, 并实现了一些其氧酯类似物无法实现的反应. 本综述按照硫酯底物的类型(可烯醇化硫酯和α,β-不饱和硫酯)、有机催化剂类型和反应类型对硫酯底物参与的有机催化不对称反应进行梳理和总结, 同时对代表性反应的机理以及该领域的未来发展进行了简单阐述.     

有机催化不对称Michael加成反应

有机催化的不对称合成反应是目前研究最为活跃的领域之一. 不对称Michael加成反应是合成众多重要的手性合成子和药物中间体的有效手段. 目前报道的催化Michael加成反应的有机催化剂主要有脯氨酸及其衍生物、手性咪唑啉酮、手性(硫)脲、金鸡纳碱衍生物等. 对各类有机催化剂在有机催化不对称Michael加成反应中的应用, 以及不对称诱导反应的机理、催化剂分子结构及反应条件对其催化活性和不对称诱导作用的影响进行了评述.     

有机催化的不对称傅克烷基化反应

傅克烷基化反应是对芳香化合物衍生化的最为有效的方法之一, 而不对称傅克烷基化反应则提供了合成手性芳基衍生物的直接途径. 综述了近年来手性有机小分子催化的不对称傅克烷基化反应的研究进展.     

有机小分子催化的烯酮的不对称环加成反应

重点从立体选择性和催化机理方面,总结了不同的有机小分子催化剂在烯酮的[2+2]和[4+2]不对称环加成反应中的应用.     

Asymmetric Organocatalytic Rearrangement Reactions

Rearrangement reactions often lead to the regio‐ and stereoselective formation of carbon–carbon or carbon–heteroatom bonds, and allow the construction of otherwise hard‐to‐access molecular frameworks. Research disclosed in the present decade, especially in the last two years, has shown that organocatalytic modes of activation can be successfully applied to a variety of rearrangements. In this Minireview we discuss the advances achieved so far in asymmetric organocatalytic rearrangement reactions.     

Organocatalytic Asymmetric Formation of Steroids

A novel and simple one‐step approach for the construction of optically active steroids in a highly stereoselective manner by using organocatalysis is presented. The reaction of (di)enals with cyclic dienophiles in the presence of a TMS‐protected prolinol catalyst leads to the construction of important 14 β‐steroids. This new reaction allows an easy access to optically active steroids with a variety of substituents in the A ring in high yields and up to greater than 99 % ee. The reaction has been extended to include the construction of B‐ and D ‐homosteroids as well as steroids containing heteroatoms in the B ring. The angular substituent at C13 can be varied and alkyl, ester, and sulfone functionalities are introduced with excellent stereoselectivities. Simple synthetic procedures provide access to a range of naturally occurring steroids such as estrone and related analogues.     

有机小分子催化的不对称Strecker反应研究进展

有机小分子催化的不对称合成反应是目前研究最为活跃的领域之一. 不对称Strecker反应是合成光学活性α-氨基酸衍生物的有效手段. 目前报道的催化不对称Strecker反应的有机催化剂主要有手性胍类、手性(硫)脲衍生物、氮-氧偶极化合物、手性Brønsted酸等, 取得了良好的催化活性和对映选择性. 对各类有机小分子催化剂在有机催化不对称Strecker反应中的应用研究进展, 以及催化剂结构与反应条件对催化活性和不对称诱导作用的影响进行了简要评述.     

Organocatalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Organophosphorus Compounds

240 Years have passed since the discovery of elemental phosphorus. During that time organophosphorus chemistry has emerged as an interesting and exciting field of research. Recently organophosphorus chemistry has been raised to a new level. Organophosphorus compounds have found applications in asymmetric organocatalysis for the synthesis of optically active compounds of synthetic or biological importance. The aim of this review article is to present recent contributions to this developing field of chemistry and to point out synthetic advantages of methodologies developed so far.     

手性磷酸催化的有机催化不对称反应

手性磷酸是近年来发展起来的一类新型高效、高对映选择性的Brønsted酸类有机催化剂, 已成功应用于催化不对称Mannich反应、还原胺化反应、Pictet-Spengler反应、aza-Diels-Alder反应和aza-Ene反应等许多重要的有机合成反应. 手性磷酸催化剂分子内同时含有Lewis碱性位点和Brønsted酸性位点, 可同时活化亲电与亲核底物. 作为一种新型双功能有机催化剂, 手性磷酸具有较高的催化活性和对映选择性, 催化剂最低用量可达0.05 mol%. 对各类手性磷酸催化剂在有机催化不对称合成反应中的应用研究进展, 以及不对称诱导反应的机理、手性磷酸的分子结构及反应条件对其催化活性和不对称诱导活性的影响进行了评述.     

The Organocatalytic Asymmetric Prins Cyclization

We describe here the design and development of an organocatalytic Prins cyclization. In the presence of a confined chiral imidodiphosphoric acid catalyst, salicylaldehydes react with 3‐methyl‐3‐buten‐1‐ol to afford highly functionalized 4‐methylenetetrahydropyrans in excellent regio‐ and enantioselectivity. The extreme steric demand of the acid catalyst is key for the success of this transformation.     

手性胺-质子酸催化剂在有机催化不对称合成中的应用

手性胺-质子酸是近年来发展起来的新型高效、高对映选择性的有机催化体系, 已成功应用于催化不对称Aldol反应、Michael加成反应、Diels-Alder反应和Strecker反应等许多重要的有机合成反应. 价廉易得的质子酸的引入不仅可促进活性中间体烯胺的生成, 并可通过形成的氢键稳定反应的过渡态, 从而显著提高该催化体系的催化活性和立体选择性. 对各类手性胺-质子酸催化剂在有机催化不对称合成反应中的应用、不对称诱导反应的机理、手性胺和质子酸的分子结构对其催化活性和不对称诱导活性的影响进行了评述.     

Organocatalytic Upgrading of Biomass Derived Building Blocks

The depletion of finite primary fossil fuels we are facing makes necessary a deep metamorphosis in fundamental parts of the chemical industry. A progressive transition from petro-based starting materials toward renewable biomass-derived sources will have to take place in the synthesis of added-value chemicals, important for our everyday life, such as pharmaceuticals, polymers, agrochemicals etc. Moreover, greener processes, carried out under friendlier reaction conditions, must be designed to address current concerns about the climate change and the resulting pressing need to reduce the environmental footprint of chemical processes. To this end, organocatalysis could offer a valuable opportunity for upgrading biomass-derived platform molecules in line with the principles of Green Chemistry. This review presents some of recent and remarkable advancements in this emerging area. Organocatalysis has proven to be an efficient tool to transform low value bio-based renewable platform building blocks into new high value bio-based chemicals, with potential applications as synthetic intermediates, innovative materials and pharmaceutically active compounds.     

有机催化不对称[4+2]环加成反应*

有机催化不对称合成反应是目前国内外研究最为活跃的领域之一。不对称[4+2]环加成（Diels-Alder）反应是合成光学活性环状化合物的有效手段,目前报道的催化不对称Diels-Alder反应的有机催化剂主要有手性咪唑啉酮、手性Br?nsted酸、手性伯胺、金鸡纳碱衍生物等。本文对各类有机催化剂在有机催化不对称Diels-Alder反应中的应用研究进展,以及不对称诱导反应的机理进行了评述。     

Asymmetric Organocatalytic Homologation: Access to Diverse Chiral Trifluoromethyl Organoboron Species

A broad range of aliphatic, aromatic, and heterocyclic boronic acids were successfully homologated using trifluorodiazoethane in the presence of BINOL derivatives to provide the corresponding chiral trifluoromethyl containing boronic acid derivatives in high yields and excellent enantioselectivity. The in situ conversion of the chiral transient boronic acids to the corresponding alcohols or β-CF3 carboxylates are also demonstrated.     

Organocatalytic,Asymmetric, One-Pot,Three-Component Mannich Reaction of Hydroxyacetone

The direct three-component asymmetric Mannich reactions of hydroxyacetone with anilines and aromatic aldehydes in the presence of (2S,5S)-5-(methoxycarbonyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid afforded syn-1,2-amino alcohols in good-to-excellent yields (55～91%) and up to 98% ee.     

Organocatalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of an Advanced Intermediate of (+)-Sarain A

The first organocatalytic asymmetric synthesis of an advanced intermediate of (+)-sarain A was achieved. This approach featured the employment of an organocatalytic asymmetric Michael addition reaction and a nitrogen-to-carbon chirality transfer to forge three chiral centers, as well as a catalytic hydrosilylation for the chemoselective reduction of a key lactam intermediate. The tricyclic intermediate contained all the required functionalities for elaborating into (+)-sarain A.     

有机催化蒽酮与β-硝基烯烃的不对称Michael加成反应

将金鸡纳生物碱衍生物用于催化蒽酮和β-硝基芳基乙烯的不对称Michael加成反应。 考察了溶剂、温度及催化剂用量对反应催化性能的影响。 结果表明,最佳条件为5%(摩尔分数)催化剂1b、甲苯为溶剂、0 ℃反应,得到了91%~99%的化学产率和最高达95%ee的对映体选择性。     

手性有机小分子催化的最新进展*

手性有机小分子催化是近年来不对称催化领域发展起来的一个研究热点。手性有机小分子催化具有反应条件温和,环境友好,催化剂易于回收利用等优点,符合绿色化学的要求。本文根据手性有机催化剂活化模式的不同,从烯胺催化、亚胺催化、氢键活化、卡宾催化、相转移催化以及光化学等方面对近年来的有机小分子催化的进展,特别是中国学者的工作做一简要评述。重点通过对不同催化体系下催化剂和反应底物之间立体效应和电子效应的考察,发现控制反应立体选择性以及活化惰性底物的规律,进而设计更加高效的手性有机小分子催化剂,完善和拓展有机小分子催化的不对称合成。