4-羟丁基缩水甘油醚的合成

以1,4-丁二醇（BDO）和环氧氯丙烷(ECH）为原料,经一步法合成了丙烯酸羟丁基缩水甘油醚中间体4-羟丁基缩水甘油醚（4-HBGE）,其结构经¹H NMR和MS(ESI)确证。对反应条件进行了优化,最佳反应条件为：BDO 0.1 mol,四丁基溴化铵(5 wt%)为催化剂,n(ECH: n(BDO)为1 : 2, n(NaOH) : n(BDO)=1:1.5,甲苯/水（V/V=1/1）为溶剂,于40 ℃反应6 h,经二级萃取法提纯,4-HBGE收率和纯度分别为69.5%和97.6%。     

端羟基聚丁二烯/环氧氯丙烷合成多羟基聚丁二烯的实验研究

在氢氧化钠碱性条件下,以端羟基聚丁二烯(HTPB)和环氧氯丙烷(ECH)为原料,四丁基溴化铵(TBAB)为催化剂,制得多羟基聚丁二烯(PHPB)。采用红外光谱(IR)、热重分析仪(TG)、核磁共振(1 H-MNR)对原料、中间产物和产物的结构和热稳定性进行了分析。通过产品的羟值、粘度和产率详细考察了反应温度、反应时间、原料配比、催化剂用量和氢氧化钠用量对PHPB合成的影响。结果表明,最适宜合成工艺条件为:反应温度为55℃,反应时间1.5h,n(HTPB)∶n(ECH)∶n(NaOH)∶n(TBAB)=1∶2.9∶3∶0.03。     

季铵盐和叔胺协同催化一步酯交换法合成碳酸二甲酯的研究

以不同季铵盐和叔胺为催化剂,考察了它们各自和协同催化甲醇、CO2和环氧丙烷(PO)或环氧氯丙烷(ECH)一步法合成碳酸二甲酯(DMC)的催化性能。结果表明,季铵盐对一步法合成DMC中第一步反应(即CO2和PO环加成反应生成环状碳酸酯)的催化性能较好,而叔胺对一步法合成DMC中第二步反应(即环状碳酸酯与甲醇反应生成DMC)的催化效果较好。其中,以双十六烷基二甲基溴化铵(DHDMAB)和N,N-二烯丙基甲基胺(MDAA)分别为季铵盐和叔胺的协同催化性能最佳,其DMC产率达35.2%。此外,以PO为环氧化合物的DMC产率远高于ECH。     

[(μ-CF~3CO~2)~2Ln(μ-CF~3CHO~2)AlR~2.2THF]~2的合成和表征及其对某些极性单体的催化活性

通过(CF~3CO~2)~3Ln(Ln=Nd、Y和Eu)和R^1AlR~2(R^1=H, R=i-C~4H~9;R^1=R=C~2H~5), 反应首次合成和培养出Nd-Al、Y-Al和Eu-Al三种新的双金属稀土配合物和晶体, 并用X射线衍射法测定出它们的晶体结构, 然后再用二维波谱技术, 进一步证实和完善了晶体结构中的价态和非共面现象。由此确定这三种稀土配合物分子式的通式为: [(μ-CF~3CO~2)~2Ln(μ-CF~3CHO~2)AlR~2.2THF]~2。根据实验结果还提出了通过烷基化、β-消除(或氢化)、氢转移、键合及缔合等五个步骤生成这些配合物的反应机理。这些配合物单独可使MMA和ECH催化聚合, 前者可获得主要以间同结构聚合物, 后者聚合催化活性较高, 在极少量的ECH存在下,还可使THF开环聚合, 并通过PTHF端基分析, 提出了羊离子聚合反应机理。     

[(μ-CF~3CO~2)~2Ln(μ-CF~3CHO~2)AlR~2.2THF]~2的合成和表征及其对某些极性单体的催化活性

通过(CF~3CO~2)~3Ln(Ln=Nd、Y和Eu)和R^1AlR~2(R^1=H, R=i-C~4H~9;R^1=R=C~2H~5), 反应首次合成和培养出Nd-Al、Y-Al和Eu-Al三种新的双金属稀土配合物和晶体, 并用X射线衍射法测定出它们的晶体结构, 然后再用二维波谱技术, 进一步证实和完善了晶体结构中的价态和非共面现象。由此确定这三种稀土配合物分子式的通式为: [(μ-CF~3CO~2)~2Ln(μ-CF~3CHO~2)AlR~2.2THF]~2。根据实验结果还提出了通过烷基化、β-消除(或氢化)、氢转移、键合及缔合等五个步骤生成这些配合物的反应机理。这些配合物单独可使MMA和ECH催化聚合, 前者可获得主要以间同结构聚合物, 后者聚合催化活性较高, 在极少量的ECH存在下,还可使THF开环聚合, 并通过PTHF端基分析, 提出了羊离子聚合反应机理。     

含环氧侧基酚酞聚芳醚酮的合成及其自固化

由3,3′-双(4-羟基苯基)苯并吡咯酮(HPP)和4,4′-二氟二苯酮经亲核缩聚合成聚芳醚酮(PEK-H),再经与环氧氯丙烷(ECH)的亲核取代反应,制得了一种含量可控的环氧侧基酚酞聚芳醚酮(PEK-HE)。 改变ECH的投料量,可调控环氧侧基在聚合物中的含量。 采用FTIR、1H NMR和TGA等技术对聚合物进行了结构表征与性能测试,并考察了经自固化后聚合物涂膜的性能。 涂膜热稳定性较固化前明显提高,5%热失重温度均在450 ℃以上。 涂膜具有优异的热性能和机械性能：耐温(350±20) ℃;冲击强度高于100 kg·cm。     

具有八面体结构单元的类沸石锆硅矿物Umbite的合成研究

在K2O-KF-ZrO2-SiO2-H2O体系中,研究了水热合成方法制备类沸石矿物Umbite的合成规律.考察了无机盐种类、有机添加物种类、碱源等对合成Umbite合成的影响.用XRD、SEM、FT-IR、化学分析等对合成样品加以表征.实验结果表明可合成Umbite的原料配比为K2O/SiO2/ZrO2/KF/TMABr/H2O=(1.0-3.0)∶1∶(0.01-0.2)∶(0.3-3.0)∶(0.3-1.2)∶36.8;有机添加物在Umbite合成中仅仅影响了晶化速率;受四面体与八面体交替排列的结构限制,产物中Si/Zr可调性较小.     

钩吻素子的半合成

钩吻素子(Koumine)的新型笼状结构,引起了人们探讨其生源合成的兴趣。我们研究了从国产钩吻中分离出的7个已知结构的生物碱后,认为钩吻素戊(16-epi-nor-macusineB)可能是钩吻素子的前体。于是我们以手头所有的另一生物碱,老刺木碱(Vobasine)(在结构上与钩吻素戊同属于蛇根精(Sarpagine)类生物碱)为起始原料,先经LiAlH_4还原,再在稀硫酸中以SeO_2/H_2O_2氧化,同时发生骨架重排,完成了钩吻素子的半合成。其可能的机理如图所示:     

R-沙美特罗的合成方法

近年来手性沙美特罗的合成方法有微生物催化、不对称氢化、CBS(Corey-Bakshi-Shibata)还原反应及不对称Henry反应、手性(Salen)Co试剂催化的HKR(末端环氧不对称水解动力学)拆分反应等。对这些方法进行比较,结果表明,不对称催化合成由于其反应收率高、反应产物光学纯度高、操作容易控制,在目前手性药物的合成中处于主导地位。此外酶催化不对称合成、手性辅基诱导的对映选择性合成等方法也是有效的途径。     

液相组合合成研究进展

综述了近年来液相组合合成的研究进展,主要包括液相组合合成法(LPCS),氟合成,树状载体组合合成及高分子辅助试剂在液相组合合成中的应用等。     

Preferential Adsorption of Ethylene Oxide on Fe and Chlorine on Ni Enabled Scalable Electrosynthesis of Ethylene Chlorohydrin

Industrial manufacturing of ethylene chlorohydrin (ECH) critically requires excess corrosive hydrochloric acid or hypochlorous acid with dealing with massive by-products and wastes. Here we report a green and efficient electrosynthesis of ECH from ethylene oxide (EO) with NaCl over a NiFe₂O₄ nanosheet anode. Theoretical results suggest that EO and Cl preferentially adsorb on Fe and Ni sites, respectively, collaboratively promoting the ECH synthesis. A Cl radical-mediated ring-opening process is proposed and confirmed, and the key Cl and carbon radical species are identified by high-resolution mass spectrometry. This strategy can enable scalable electrosynthesis of 185.1 mmol of ECH in 1 h with 92.5 % yield at a 55 mA cm⁻² current density. Furthermore, a series of other chloro- and bromoethanols with good to high yields and paired synthesis of ECH and 4-amino-3,6-dichloropyridine-2-carboxylicacid via respectively loading and unloading Cl are achieved, showing the promising potential of this strategy.     

Determination of epichlorohydrin and 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol in synthesis of cationic etherifying reagent by headspace gas chromatography

This study demonstrates a headspace gas chromatographic(HS-GC) technique for the determination of residual epichlorohydrin (ECH) and generated 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol (DCP) in synthesis process of 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride (CHTAC). By a weight-based sampling method, coupled with significant dilution in 15.8% sodium sulfate and 0.1% silver nitrate mixed solution rapidly, the sample for HS-GC analysis is prepared. Based on the reaction stoichiometry, the conversion (R) of CHTAC during the synthesis process can be calculated from sampling weight and GC peak area. The results showed that the method has a good measurement precision (RSD<2.5%) and accuracy (recovery=101-104%) for the quantification of both ECH and DCP in the process samples. The present method is simple and accurate, which can be used for the efficient determination of the CHTAC conversion in the synthesis research.     

Ring-opening copolymerization of epoxy-terminated polystyrene macromer with epichlorohydrin and study on properties of the copolymers

The synthesis and ring-opening copolymerization of epoxy-terminated polystyrene (PS-ep) macromer with epichlorohydrin (ECH) as well as some properties of the graft copolymers, were studied. The results showed that content of the epoxy-terminated macromer in the crude macromer can be increased by anionic polymerization of styrene in cyclohexane, and capping with propylene sulfide, followed by termination with ECH at 0 °C. The ring-opening copolymerization of ECH with the macromer can be performed by using a quaternary catalyst system which was composed of triisobutyl aluminium-phosphoric acid-water-amine in the molar ratio of 1:0.25:0.25:0.1-0.15. When the charging weight percentage of PS-ep/ECH=25-65% and M_n of PS-ep was 2.6-10×10³, the conversion of ECH was greater than 95% and the conversion of the macromer or grafting efficiency was 35-65%. The purified copolymer was characterized by IR, ¹H NMR and dynamic viscoelastometer to be a copolymer of ECH with polystyrene (PS) grafts. Transmission electron microscope showed the existence of PS domains in the continuous phase of polyepichlorohydrin (PECH). In a certain range of compositions the graft copolymer behaves like a thermoplastic elastomer. The graft copolymer can be melted and processed repeatedly. Its oil and solvent resistance were better than PS and similar to PECH rubber. The graft copolymer can be used as a compatibilizer for blending PECH with PS to form thermoplastic elastomer blends. Only 2% of it based on the blend is needed to raise the tensile strength of the blends obviously.     

The versatile,functional polyether,polyepichlorohydrin: History,synthesis, and applications

Polyepichlorohydrin (PECH) is a functional polyether first synthesized in the 1950's by the catalytic ring opening polymerization of epichlorohydrin (ECH), its inexpensive epoxide pre-cursor. PECH elastomers are used in diverse commercial applications due to their unique combination of properties including low temperature flexibility and heat and oil resistance. PECH holds an interesting place in polymer history as its synthesis led to the discovery of highly effective aluminum-based catalysts for epoxide polymerizations and a new class of high molecular weight polyether elastomers by an exceptional polymer chemist, Edwin J. Vandenberg. ECH is an ideal feedstock for polymer materials as it is functional, inexpensive, and produced through environmentally friendly means. However, due to the alkyl chloride pendant, polymerizations involving ECH are difficult and limited synthetic advancement has occurred until very recently. This focused review will discuss modern polymerization methods involving ECH while giving a historical perspective on the evolution of these techniques. We will also review applications of ECH-based polymers and discuss the future development of these materials. We hope to convince the reader to explore ECH-based materials in their own work.     

杂多酸引发四氢呋喃开环聚合反应Ⅵ.以环氧氯丙烷为促进剂

在以低浓度杂多酸(ＨＰＡ)催化四氢呋喃(ＴＨＦ)聚合反应中,我们曾采用环氧乙烷(ＥＯ)和环氧丙烷(ＰＯ)为促进剂,发现它们都具有很好的促进效果[1,2],并且活性相近.在以三氟化硼(ＢＦ3)为催化剂的四氢呋喃正离子开环聚合反应中,促进剂的活性次序为:ＥＣＨ(环氧氯丙烷)>ＰＯＥＯ[3].在ＨＰＡ催化ＴＨＦ聚合反应中,ＥＣＨ是否仍具有高的促进活性是本文研究的目的.1　原料及聚合操作ＴＨＦ的纯化见文献[4],ＥＣＨ的纯化见文献[5],十二磷钨杂多酸(ＰＷ12)的处理见文献[1],三氟醋酸酐的合成方法和聚合反应的操作均见前文[2].2　分析测试核磁共振…     

Synthesis of novel tetrahydrofuran‐epichlorohydrin [poly(THF‐b‐ECH)] macromonomeric peroxy initiators by cationic copolymerization and the quantum chemically investigation of initiation system effects

Cationic polymerization of tetrahydrofuran (THF) and epichlorohydrin (ECH) was performed with peroxy initiators synthesized from bis (4,4′‐bromomethyl benzoyl peroxide (BBP) or bromomethyl benzoyl t‐butyl peroxy ester (t‐BuBP) and AgSbF₆ or ZnCl₂ system at 0 °C to obtain the poly(THF‐b‐ECH) macromonomeric peroxy initiators. Kinetic studies were accomplished for poly(THF‐b‐ECH) initiators. Poly(THF‐b‐ECH‐b‐MMA) and poly(THF‐b‐ECH‐b‐S) block copolymers were synthesized by bulk polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and styrene (S) with poly(THF‐b‐ECH) initiators. The quantum chemical calculations for the block copolymers, the initiating systems of the cationic polymerization of THF and ECH were achieved using HYPERCHEM 7.5 program. The optimized geometries of the polymers were investigated with the quantum chemical calculations. Poly(THF‐b‐ECH) initiators having peroxygen groups were used for graft copolymerization of polybutadien (PBd) to obtain poly(THF‐b‐ECH‐g‐PBd) crosslinked graft copolymers. The graft copolymers were investigated by sol‐gel analysis. Swelling ratio values of the graft copolymers in CHCl₃ were calculated. The characterizations of the polymers were achieved by FTIR, ¹H NMR, GPC, SEM, TEM, and DSC techniques. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 2896–2909, 2010     

Synthesis and application of bimetallic chiral [Co(salen)]‐type complexes: a new catalytic approach to synthesis of optically pure β‐blockers via kinetic resolution of epichlorohydrin

A series of bimetallic chiral [Co(salen)]‐type complexes were successfully applied for the synthesis of optically pure β‐blockers via phenolic kinetic resolution (PKR) of racemic epichlorohydrin [2‐(chloromethyl)oxirane; ( ± )ECH]. The reaction proceeded readily at room temperature and consequently provided enantiomerically enriched corresponding α‐aryloxy alcohols with excellent enantioselectivities of up to 98% ee. The PKR method described in this work is highly efficient and straightforward strategy for the synthesis of chiral building blocks. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The synthesis of chiral amino diol tridentate ligands and their enantioselective induction during the addition of diethylzinc to aldehydes

A series of C₂-symmetric chiral amino diol tridentate ligands 3a–g were prepared from achiral bulky organolithiums, achiral bulky primary amines, and optically active epichlorohydrin (ECH). The prepared C₂-symmetric chiral amino diol tridentate ligands were capable of inducing enantioselectivity in the model reaction of aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes with diethylzinc with an ee of up to 96%. The enantioselectivity can be modulated by adjusting the steric hindrance of the achiral reagents employed in the synthesis of the chiral ligand. The configuration of the addition product depended on the configuration of the amino diol ligands, which can be simply controlled as desired by using the ECH with the desired configuration during the preparation of the ligand.     

Peculiarities in the copolymerization of trioxane and epichlorohydrin under the influence of EtB⊖F3 A⊕lEt2

This study deals with the copolymerization of trioxane (TO) and 1-chloro-2, 3-epoxypropane (epichlorohydrin, ECH) catalyzed by EtB^?F₃ A^⊕lEt₂ in toluene. The rate of exhaustion of monomers during copolymerization was measured by gas chromatography. It was established that no homopolymers were formed. The copolymers obtained show a high alkali resistance, indicating a statistical distribution of the ECH in the polymer chain. During the first stages of the copolymerization the ECH is exhausted almost instantaneously, whereas TO is gradually exhausted, finally reaching a certain equilibrium depending both on the quantity of the initial ECH and on the temperature at which the process was carried out. Copolymerization is inhibited at increased ECH levels, and only homopolymerization occurs at a certain critical concentration of ECH.