Spectroscopy of surface space charge layers

Spectroscopic studies of the semiconductor surface space charge layer system complement and enlarge on the information derived from dc transport experiments. The paper fkst gives an account of far-infrared cyclotron resonance and dynamical conductivity studies in the surface layer. Such work explores the carrier motion in the plane of the space charge layer. A later section discusses intersubband spectroscopy, experiments in which the quantized motion in bound levels normal to the surface is probed.     

Quantum antidot as an electrometer:Observation of fractional charge

In experiments on resonant tunneling through a quantum antidot in the quantum Hall (QH) regime, we observe periodic conductance peaks both versus magnetic field and a global gate voltage, i.e., electric field. Each conductance peak can be attributed to tunneling through a quantized antidot-bound state. The fact that the variation of the uniform electric field produces conductance peaks implies that the deficiency of the electrical charge on the antidot is quantized in units of charge of quasiparticles of surrounding QH condensate. The period in magnetic field gives the effective area of the antidot state through which tunneling occurs, the period in electric field (obtained from the global gate voltage) then constitutes a direct measurement of the charge of the tunneling particles. We obtain electron charge C in the integer QH regime, and quasiparticle charge C for the QH state.     

电荷量子比特与量子化光场之间的纠缠

研究了初态为混合态的电荷量子比特与量子化光场之间的纠缠.通过求解系统的concurrence下限, 研究初态的混合度λ和失谐量Δ对系统纠缠随时间演化的影响. 在弱场中, 电荷量子比特初始是激发态的系统, 其纠缠度远远大于电荷量子比特初始是基态的系统, 并且Δ对系统的纠缠有明显的抑制作用. 在强场中, 电荷量子比特初始分别为激发态和基态时系统的纠缠演化接近一致, 初态混合度最高时系统的纠缠度最小, 并且Δ对系统纠缠的影响变弱. 关键词： 约瑟夫森结 纠缠 混合态 concurrence下限     

Vacuum charge and the eta function

The vacuum charge of a second quantized spinor field in a static classical background field on a static spacetime is studied. Wheng ₀₀=1 the vacuum charge is shown to be essentially the eta function of the spinor Hamiltonian ats=0. This is computed for compact and noncompact spaces and a boundary dependence is derived in the latter case.     

Switchable coupling between nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond and charge qubit

We propose a scheme to achieve switchable coupling between nitrogen-vacancy (N-V) center in diamond and superconducting charge qubit by a quantized nanomechanical resonator (NAMR) as a data bus. This procotol can be used to transfer the quantum state from charge qubit to N-V center. Owing to the N-V center has relatively long decoherence time, the information can be stable stored in it. Finally, we discuss the experimental feasibility of our scheme.     

An integrodifferential dirac equation with quantized charge in one space dimension

An integrodifferential Dirac equation in one space dimension is proposed, such that there is a close correspondence between its solutions and a subset of those of the sine-Gordon equation. It has solitonic solutions, quantized charge and positive definite energy density, so that it can be considered a spinorial version of sine-Gordon. Accordingly, it could be named the sine-Dirac equation.     

First quantization of mass and charge

The proper time is introduced as a parameter into the wave functions of relativistic quantum theory by first quantization of the mass. The classical limit is shown to be given by a recently developed canonical formulation of classical relativistic mechanics. The adjoint spinor is redefined with the help of a sign operator to remove a discrepancy between the classical and quantum actions in the behavior under time inversion. This results in positive energy densities for the Dirac theory. The inclusion of this sign operator into the definition of the probability current then removes negative probabilities from the theory. A five-dimensional formulation with first quantized charge is given.     

Irrational charge from topological order

Topological or deconfined phases of matter exhibit emergent gauge fields and quasiparticles that carry a corresponding gauge charge. In systems with an intrinsic conserved U(1) charge, such as all electronic systems where the Coulombic charge plays this role, these quasiparticles are also characterized by their intrinsic charge. We show that one can take advantage of the topological order fairly generally to produce periodic Hamiltonians which endow the quasiparticles with continuously variable, generically irrational, intrinsic charges. Examples include various topologically ordered lattice models, the three-dimensional resonating valence bond liquid on bipartite lattices as well as water and spin ice. By contrast, the gauge charges of the quasiparticles retain their quantized values.     

六氮杂苯并菲及其衍生物电荷传输性质的理论研究

在B3LYP/6-31G^**理论水平对六氮杂苯并菲及其衍生物和苯并菲及其衍生物分子及分子离子进行结构优化和频率计算,得到稳定构型.在此基础上,计算二聚物的单电能随旋转角度的变化关系,得到能量最低点.根据电子转移的半经典模型研究这些化合物分子的电荷传输性质.计算结果表明,六氮杂苯并菲的正电荷传输速率最小,负电荷传输速率最大.巯基,羟基,烷氧基和氟基团的取代有利于正电荷传输,不利于负电荷传输.烷氧基的链长对电荷传输性质几乎无影响. 关键词： 六氮杂苯并菲 电荷传输 盘状液晶     

A muonic X-ray study of the charge distribution of 144, 148, 150, 152, 154Sm

We report the measurement of the energies of the 4f → 3d, 3d → 2p and 2p → Is muonic atomic transitions in separated isotopes of ^{144, 148, 150, 152, 154}Sm, and that of the 2s → 2p transitions of ¹⁵²Sm as well. Using these transition energies as well as the hyperfine splittings of the 2p levels, we have interpreted our data in terms of a deformed Fermi distribution for the charge density and obtained good fits. A model independent analysis of the isotope shifts in terms of generalized R_h moments has been made and is in good agreement with electronic X-ray and optical isotope shifts. The static quadrupole moments and the isomer shifts of the first excited state of ^{152, 154}Sm have been determined from the 2p hyperfine structure.     

Simple quantum field theory of the retarded image potential of a slowly moving charge

By using a recently developed retarded field quantization of the normal modes of a metallic slab the image potential of a slowly moving charge is calculated. It is explicitly shown that there is no contradiction between the classical and quantum result, respectively. In the quantized retarded theory the main contribution to the image potential at very large distances from the surface is provided by the volume polarition continuum and not by the two surface polaritons. Thereby, a longstanding controversy is resolved.     

Quantized charge transport in adiabatic pumping by a driven double δ-barrier

We investigate the condition that the charge carried by quantum parametric pumping per cycle is quantized in units of the electron charge e and the role of adiabaticity in charge quantization. Using a driven double-δ-potential model and a Floquet scattering approach, it is found that the quantization phenomenon occurs only at very low frequencies of the oscillating potential and adiabaticity of the potential modulation is crucial for quantization.     

Macroscopic spin and charge transport theory

According to the general principle of non-equilibrium thermodynamics, we propose a set of macroscopic transport equations for the spin transport and the charge transport. In particular, the spin torque is introduced as a generalized `current density' to describe the phenomena associated with the spin non-conservation in a unified framework. The Einstein relations and the Onsager relations between different transport phenomena are established. Specifically, the spin transport properties of the isotropic non-magnetic and the isotropic magnetic two-dimensional electron gases are fully described by using this theory, in which only the macroscopic-spin-related transport phenomena allowed by the symmetry of the system are taken into account.     

Is there a quantization condition for the classical problem of charge and pole?

In elementary derivations of the quantization of azimuthal angular momentum the eigenfunction is determined to be exp(im φ), which is “oversensitive” to the rotation φ → φ+2π, unlessm is an integer. In a recent paper Kerner examined the classical system of charge and magnetic pole, and expressed Π, a vector constant of motion for the system, in terms of a physical angle ψ, to deduce a remarkable paradox. Kerner pointed out that Π(ψ) is “oversensitive” to ψ → ψ+2π unless a certain charge quantization condition is met. Our explicandum of this paradox highlights the distinction between coordinates in classical and quantum physics. It is shown why the single-valuedness requirement on Π(ψ) is devoid of physical significance. We are finally led to examine the classical analog of the quantum mechanical argument that demonstrates the quantization of magnetic charge, to show that there is “no hope” of a classical quantization condition.     

表层氟化聚乙烯中的空间电荷

本文试图简要地汇集近年来与近期我们所取得的关于表面氟化对聚乙烯(PE) 空间电荷行为影响的研究结果, 总结与探讨PE中的空间电荷积累与其氟化层特性和特征间的关联. 这些结果显示在氟化反应气中没有氧存在时一个非常薄的氟化层能产生有效的电荷抑制, 而当氧存在时为达到有效的电荷阻挡、需要一个具有高氟化度的非常厚的氟化层. 在影响空间电荷的诸电学因素中, 氟化层的电荷传导特性比其电荷俘获特性和介电常数或极性对阻止电荷注入材料内部更为重要, 尽管氟化层的高介电常数和被俘获的电荷会降低界面电场、因此减少电荷的电极注入. 氟化层的电荷传导特性密切关联于其自由体积, 反应混合气中存在的氧对减小自由体积、因此对电荷的抑制具有强的负面影响.     

Role of coherence in resistance quantization

The quantization of resistances in the quantum Hall effect and ballistic transport through quantum point contacts is compared with the quantization of the charge relaxation resistance of a coherent mesoscopic capacitor. While the former two require the existence of a perfectly transmitting channel, the charge relaxation resistance remains quantized for arbitrary backscattering. The quantum Hall effect and the quantum point contact require only local phase coherence. In contrast quantization of the charge relaxation resistance requires global phase coherence.     

Relationship between the average number of photons and the quasiphoton occupation numbers in a system consisting of a charge plus the field of a quantized plane electromagnetic wave

The relationship between the average number of photons and the quasiphoton occupation numbers is found for a system consisting of a charge plus the field of a quantized plane electromagnetic wave. The exact expression which is derived is analyzed in various approximations.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 6, pp. 54–59, June, 1989.     

Nonadiabatic charge pumping in a hybrid single-electron transistor

We study theoretically current quantization in the charge turnstile based on the superconductor-normal-metal single-electron transistor. The quantization accuracy is limited by either Andreev reflection or by Cooper-pair-electron cotunneling. The rates of these processes are calculated in the "above-the-threshold" regime when they compete directly with the lowest-order tunneling. By shaping the ac gate voltage drive it should be possible to achieve the metrological accuracy of 10;{-8}, while maintaining the quantized current on the level of 30 pA, just by one turnstile with realistic parameters using aluminum as a superconductor.     

共轭高分子链中极化子间相互作用对电荷迁移率的影响

基于综合考虑了电子与声子以及电子与电子相互作用的理论模型,采用数值方法计算了在外电场作用下共轭高聚物分子中电荷的迁移率,讨论了大小极化子共存并相互作用对分子链内电荷迁移率的影响。研究发现,电荷迁移率明显受大小极化子的载荷性质的影响,当大小极化子具有相同电性时,在低电场范围内,分子内电荷迁移率由大极化子运动性质主导,而在高电场范围内,分子内电荷迁移率由小极化子主导;另一方面,当大小极化子具有相反电性时,电荷迁移率只由大极化子运动性质主导,与电场强度无关。此外,还讨论了电子与电子相互作用对电荷迁移率"的影响。