Strength and failure of LK7 borosilicate glass under shock compression

The Hugoniot elastic limit (HEL), the spall strength, the failure threshold, and the failure wave velocity in LK7 glass during shock compression are measured. The HEL estimated from the profiles of compression waves of various intensities is 7.1 ± 0.1 GPa. The spall strength exceeds 7 GPa during shock compression in the elastic range and remains high when passing through the HEL. Failure waves form in the stress range from 5.7 to 10.3 ± 0.5 GPa.     

Achievement of ultimate values of the bulk and shear strengths of iron irradiated by femtosecond laser pulses

Shock-wave phenomena generated by femtosecond laser pulses in submicron iron film samples have been studied by the interferometric method with the application of frequency-modulated diagnostics in the picosecond time range. The splitting of the shock wave into the elastic and plastic waves with a compression stress of up to 27.5 GPa behind the front of an elastic precursor has been detected. The corresponding maximum shear stress reaches 7.9 GPa, which is even somewhat higher than the calculated ideal shear strength. The measured spall strengths reach 20.3 GPa, which is also comparable to the calculated values of the ideal tensile strength.     

Shock-wave studies of anomalous compressibility of glassy carbon

The physico-mechanical properties of amorphous glassy carbon are investigated under shock compression up to 10 GPa. Experiments are carried out on the continuous recording of the mass velocity of compression pulses propagating in glassy carbon samples with initial densities of 1.502(5) g/cm³ and 1.55(2) g/cm³. It is shown that, in both cases, a compression wave in glassy carbon contains a leading precursor with amplitude of 0.135(5) GPa. It is established that, in the range of pressures up to 2 GPa, a shock discontinuity in glassy carbon is transformed into a broadened compression wave, and shock waves are formed in the release wave, which generally means the anomalous compressibility of the material in both the compression and release waves. It is shown that, at pressure higher than 3 GPa, anomalous behavior turns into normal behavior, accompanied by the formation of a shock compression wave. In the investigated area of pressure, possible structural changes in glassy carbon under shock compression have a reversible character. A physico-mechanical model of glassy carbon is proposed that involves the equation of state and a constitutive relation for Poisson’s ratio and allows the numerical simulation of physico-mechanical and thermophysical properties of glassy carbon of different densities in the region of its anomalous compressibility.     

Evolution of shock waves in SiC ceramic

The evolution of a shock compression wave in SiC ceramic is measured for determining the possible contribution of relaxation processes to the high-rate straining. No appreciable decay of the elastic precursor and other features of stress relaxation are revealed when the sample thickness changes from 0.5 to 8.3 mm, and the evolution of the compression wave corresponds to a simple wave. The measured values of the Hugoniot elastic limit (σ_HEL = 8.72 ± 0.17 GPa) and spall strength (σ_sp = 0.50–0.62 GPa) with allowance for the density of the ceramic are in conformity with the available data.     

Deformation resistance and fracture of iron over a wide strain rate range

The results of measurements of the decay of an elastic precursor in iron at the distances from 0.13 to 10 mm and the spall strength of the samples with such thicknesses have been compared with similar data for the nanometer-scale samples. The decay has been described by a unique dependence whose differentiation gives the relationship between the initial plastic strain rate in the range from 10³ to 10⁹ s^?1 and the compression stress in the elastic shock wave from 1.5 to 27.5 GPa. The dynamic breaking strength (spall strength) varies in this range of shock-wave load time from 1.5 to 20 GPa.     

Influence of the reversible α–ε phase transition and preliminary shock compression on the spall strength of armco iron

Full wave profiles are used to determine the Hugoniot elastic limit and the spall strength of armco iron samples with an as-received structure and the samples recovered after preliminary loading by plane shock waves with an amplitude of 8, 17, and 35 GPa. The measurements are performed at a shock compression pressure below and above the polymorphic a–e transition pressure. Metallographic analysis of the structure of armco iron shows that a developed twinned structure forms inside grains in the samples subjected to preliminary compression and recovered and that the twin concentration and size increase with the shock compression pressure. The spall strength of armco iron under shock loading below the phase transition pressure increases by approximately 10% due to its preliminary deformation twinning at the maximum shock compression pressure. The spallation of samples with various structures at a shock compression pressure above the phase transition proceeds at almost the same tensile stresses. The polymorphic transition in armco iron weakly affects its strength characteristics.     

基于原位X射线衍射技术的动态晶格响应测量方法研究

获取动态压缩条件下结构演化过程是冲击相变及其动力学机理研究最为关注的基础问题之一.对此,基于激光驱动瞬态X射线衍射技术,通过系列实验的物理状态关联和抽运-探测时序控制,实现了静态与动态晶格衍射信号的同时获取,消除了不同实验的装置结构和样品差异带来的测量误差,建立了一种基于原位X射线衍射技术的动态晶格响应测量方法.利用上述实验方法,成功实现了激光冲击加载下[111]单晶铁晶格压缩过程的原位测量,获取弹性及塑性响应的晶格压缩度与宏观雨贡纽测量结果完全符合,从晶格层面证实了超快激光加载下的高屈服强度(雨贡纽弹性极限值大于6 GPa),以及可能与晶向效应或加载率效应相关的相变迟滞现象(至终态压力23.9 GPa仍为体心立方结构),相关物理机制仍有待进一步研究.上述测量方法的建立为后续开展相变动力学机理研究提供了可行的技术途径和重要的参考价值.     

On the yield strength of single-crystal zinc under uniaxial compression in a plane shock wave

The shock wave pattern in zinc single crystals compressed in the direction normal to the basal plane of the crystal is traced with a high time resolution. In this geometry of the experiment, plastic deformation of the zinc is found to begin at a shock compression pressure above 15 GPa and is not accompanied by splitting of the shock wave into an elastic precursor and a plastic compression wave.     

Temperature–rate dependences of the flow stress and the resistance to fracture of a VT6 titanium alloy under shock loading at a temperature of 20 and 600°C

The evolution of elastic-plastic shock compression waves in a VT6 titanium alloy is measured at a distance of 0.16–17 mm at room temperature and 600°C. The results of measuring the decay of an elastic precursors and the compression rate in a plastic shock wave are used to determine the temperature–rate dependences of the flow stress in the strain-rate range 10³–10^7s–1. New data for the spall strength of the alloy at normal and elevated temperatures are obtained.     

Effect of Small Preliminary Deformation on the Evolution of Elastoplastic Waves of Shock Compression in Annealed VT1-0 Titanium

The evolution of an elastoplastic waves of shock compression in VT1-0 titanium in the as-annealed state and after preliminary compression is measured. A preliminary strain of 0.6% and the related increase in the dislocation density are found to change the deformation kinetics radically and to decrease the Hugoniot elastic limit. An increase in the preliminary strain from 0.6% to 5.2% only weakly changes the Hugoniot elastic limit and the compression rate in the plastic shock wave. The measurement results are used to plot the strain rate versus the stress at the initial stage of high-rate deformation, and the experimental results are interpreted in terms of dislocation dynamics.     

冲击加载下Zr51Ti5Ni10Cu25Al9金属玻璃的塑性行为

进行了10—27 GPa应力范围内Zr₅₁Ti₅Ni₁₀Cu₂₅Al₉金属玻璃的平面冲击实验以研究其高压-高应变率加载下的塑性行为.由样品自由面粒子速度剖面的分析获得了冲击加载过程的轴向应力,并通过轴向应力与静水压线的比较获得剪应力.实验结果表明,尽管存在明显的松弛效应,但Zr基金属玻璃的Hugoniot弹性极限随着冲击应力的增加而增加.然而,塑性波阵面上的剪应力则显示先硬化而后软化现象,而且软化的幅度随冲击应力的增加而增加.冲击加载下Zr基金属玻璃的上述剪应力变化特征与分子动力学模拟结果比较一致,但与压剪实验结果和一维应力冲击实验结果明显不同.     

无钴合金钢的冲击响应实验研究

 利用一级轻气炮作为加载手段,研究了无钴合金钢在3~20 GPa压力区间的冲击响应特性。用激光干涉测速——VISAR记录了双波结构的自由面速度剖面,并利用常压下的弹性纵波速度近似替代低压冲击下的弹性先驱波速度,确定了无钴合金钢的Hugoniot关系。根据自由面速度反映的层裂信息,给出了无钴合金钢的Hugoniot弹性极限、层裂强度以及层裂片厚度等动态力学参数。     

Superelasticity and the propagation of shock waves in crystals

The separation of a shock wave into an elastic precursor and a plastic wave is a characteristic phenomenon occurring only in solid media. The existence of the elastic shock wave at pressures p ≈ 10 GPa, which is one or two orders of magnitude higher than the dynamic elastic limit, has been detected in recent numerical calculations and a femtosecond laser experiment. The plastic shock wave has no time to be formed in these ultrashort waves at p ≈ 10 GPa. The processes of the formation and propagation of the elastic and plastic waves in aluminum at higher pressures obtained by means of femtosecond lasers have been analyzed in this work. It has been found that the elastic precursor survives even under the conditions when the pressure behind the plastic front reaches a giant value p ∼ 1 Mbar at which the melting of the metal begins. It has been shown that superelasticity should be taken into account to correctly interpret the preceding laser experiments.     

Behavior of aluminum near an ultimate theoretical strength in experiments with femtosecond laser pulses

The dynamics of the motion of the free surface of micron and submicron films under the action of a compression pulse excited in the process of femtosecond laser heating of the surface layer of a target has been investigated by femtosecond interferometric microscopy. The relation between the velocity of the shock wave and the particle velocity behind its front indicates the shock compression to 9–13 GPa is elastic in this duration range. This is also confirmed by the small (≤1 ps) time of an increase in the parameters in the shock wave. Shear stresses reached in this process are close to their estimated ultimate values for aluminum. The spall strength determined at a strain rate of 10⁹ s⁻¹ and a spall thickness of 250–300 nm is larger than half the ultimate strength of aluminum.     

Anomalies in the temperature dependences of the bulk and shear strength of aluminum single crystals in the submicrosecond range

The results of measurements of the dynamic yield stress and the ultimate strength of aluminum single crystals in the temperature range from 15 to 650°C, which is only 10°C lower than the melting point, are presented. The measurements are made on samples under the action of plane shock waves with a pressure up to 5 GPa behind the front and of a duration of ～2×10^?7 s. It is found that the dynamic yield stress anomalously increases, attaining, in the vicinity of the melting point, a value four times as high as that measured at room temperature. The dynamic strength of the single crystals in this temperature range decreases approximately by 40%, a high strength being preserved in the state in which melting during extension is expected.     

冲击波极端条件下玻璃的细观结构破坏

 研究了冲击波极端条件下玻璃介质的细观结构破坏问题，指出在低于Hugoniot弹性极限的应力区内，按照细观结构损伤程度的不同，在受压玻璃介质中可以划分出两个区域，即压缩区和破坏区。以K9和ZF1玻璃为例，通过双层结构样品实验，确认了玻璃样品的表面效应（即表面原生微裂纹的扩展）是破坏区形成的第一位原因。其次，基于对破坏区内细观结构损伤和破坏特性的分析，进一步提出：由于玻璃内部散布的不均匀相与其基体介质之间的压缩率不同，冲击波压缩造成了众多的局域变形点，当表面裂纹扩展到不均匀相与基体的边界处，会出现裂纹扩展路径拐折或分叉，造成介质的分割甚至粉碎，这是破坏区生成的第二位原因。     

High strain rate deformation and fracture of the magnesium alloy Ma2-1 under shock wave loading

This paper presents the results of measurements of the dynamic elastic limit and spall strength under shock wave loading of specimens of the magnesium alloy Ma2-1 with a thickness ranging from 0.25 to 10 mm at normal and elevated (to 550°C) temperatures. From the results of measurements of the decay of the elastic precursor of a shock compression wave, it has been found that the plastic strain rate behind the front of the elastic precursor decreases from 2 × 10⁵ s^?1 at a distance of 0.25 mm to 10³ s^?1 at a distance of 10 mm. The plastic strain rate in a shock wave is one order of magnitude higher than that in the elastic precursor at the same value of the shear stress. The spall strength of the alloy decreases as the solidus temperature is approached.     

Response of high-purity titanium to high-pressure impulsive loading

Abstract

Measurements of free surface velocity profiles of high-purity titanium samples under shock-wave loading were performed to study the dynamic strength and phase transition parameters. The peak pressure of the initial compression waves was within the range of 4 to 40 GPa, and the load duration was vaned between 10^?8 and 10^?6 s. An anomalous structure of shock waves was observed at pressures of ～ 2.0 to 5.0 GPa due to the α-ω phase transition. The dynamic strength of pure titanium is lower than that of titanium alloys but exceeds the spall strength of commercial grade titanium.     

Iron at high negative pressures

With the object of verifying the presence of a region of anomalous iron compressibility at negative pressures, as predicted by the ab initio calculations, the reflection of compression pulses from the surfaces of iron single crystals was detected. No evidence of the expected formation of rarefaction shock waves was observed in the range of attained tensile stresses up to 7.6 GPa. The breaking stresses achieved 25-50% of the theoretical iron ultimate strength for a load duration of ～10^?8 s. The dependence of breaking strength on the extension rate did not reveal any singularities in the region of assumed anomaly in iron compressibility.     

冲击压缩下非均质脆性固体的弛豫破坏研究

通过平板冲击实验研究了富含微缺陷的非均质脆性固体的冲击压缩响应特性.选取“强角闪石化橄榄二辉岩”作为样品材料，利用激光速度干涉仪测量样品后自由面的速度历史，在冲击加载应力远低于样品材料Hugoniot弹性极限的条件下，观测到了表征破坏波出现的再加载信号，并且该破坏波的速度远大于玻璃中破坏波的速度，以接近于冲击波的速度在样品内向前传播，其形成机理与玻璃样品中的破坏机理不同，称之为“就位扩展机理”.采用同一冲击加载应力(～3.9GPa)作用于不同厚度的样品,获得了破坏波穿过样品的运动过程，确定出样品中破坏波的轨迹线近似为一条不过原点的直线，相应的产生此破坏波的弛豫时间约为0.5 μs.