Novel optical devices based on the tunable refractive index of magnetic fluid and their characteristics

As a new type of functional material, magnetic fluid (MF) is a stable colloid of magnetic nanoparticles, dressed with surfactant and dispersed in the carrier liquid uniformly. The MF has many unique optical properties, and the most important one is its tunable refractive index property. This paper summarizes the properties of the MF refractive index and the related optical devices. The refractive index can be easily controlled by external magnetic field, temperature, and so on. But the tunable refractive index of MF has a relaxation effect. As a result, the response time is more than milliseconds and the MF is only suitable for low speed environment. Compared with the traditional optical devices, the magnetic fluid based optical devices have the tuning ability. Compared with the tunable optical devices (the electro-optic devices (LiNbO₃) of more than 10 GHz modulation speed, acoustic-optic devices (Ge) of more than 20 MHz modulation speed), the speed of the magnetic fluid based optical devices is low. Now there are many applications of magnetic fluid based on the refractive index in the field of optical information communication and sensing technology, such as tunable beam splitter, optical-fiber modulator, tunable optical gratings, tunable optical filter, optical logic device, tunable interferometer, and electromagnetic sensor. With the development of the research and application of magnetic fluid,a new method, structure and material to improve the response time can be found, which will play an important role in the fields of optical information communication and sensing technology.     

Semi-analytical method of calculating the electrostatic interaction of colloidal solutions

We present a semi-analytical method of calculating the electrostatic interaction of colloid solutions for confined and unconfined systems. We expand the electrostatic potential of the system in terms of some basis functions such as spherical harmonic function and cylinder function. The expansion coefficients can be obtained by solving the equations of the boundary conditions, combining an analytical translation transform of the coordinates and a numerical multipoint collection method. The precise electrostatic potential and the interaction energy are then obtained automatically. The method is available not only for the uniformly charged colloids but also for nonuniformly charged ones. We have successfully applied it to unconfined diluted colloid system and some confined systems such as the long cylinder wall confinement, the air–water interfacial confinement and porous membrane confinement. The consistence checks of our calculations with some known analytical cases have been made for all our applications. In theory, the method is applicable to any dilute colloid solutions with an arbitrary distribution of the surface charge on the colloidal particle under a regular solid confinement, such as spherical cavity confinement and lamellar confinement.     

磁性液体在磁场中产生光的双折射效应机理

磁性液体是一种特殊的高分子稳定胶体,在磁场中会产生光的双折射效应,对磁性液体在胶体学科方面展开研究,发现磁性液体在磁场中的弱絮凝行为表现异常明显,显示出特有的方向性,且又不至胶体系统失稳,证明了磁性液体中的磁性微粒在磁场中聚集成方向性的链状而又不失稳的临界状态存在。从而揭示了方向性弱絮凝是磁性液体在磁场中产生光的双折射效应的机理。     

Thermodiffusion motion of electrically charged nanoparticles

The present work deals with experimental studies to examine the theoretical model of thermodiffusion of electrically charged nanoparticles. Three different ionic magnetic colloid samples have been synthesized and profoundly analyzed. The theoretical model is a classical one, based on the calculation of the temperature and the electric potential distribution around nanoparticles. The discrepancy between experimental data and theory turns out not to exceed 20%. We focus on applying different approximations between calculated electrical double layer in the theoretical model and experimental determination of the surface charge density of colloidal particles. We assume this is the main reason for obtained discrepancy.     

Preparation and characterisation of a stable silver colloid for SER(R)S spectroscopy

A method for the reproducible preparation of a silver colloid with strong surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) properties, good stability with a zeta potential of −55 mV and a shelf life exceeding 1 year is reported. The mean particle size is 20 nm with a narrow size distribution of 10–30 nm. The colloid is produced by the reduction of silver nitrate with hydroxylamine phosphate to give a negatively charged phosphate surface on the silver particles. This is an ultrafast room temperature reaction and with controlled rapid addition and dispersion of reagents, very reproducible batches of colloid can be prepared making it suitable for commercial applications of Surface enhanced resonance Raman scattering(SER(R)S) spectroscopy. The stability of the colloid is attributed to the extremely low solubility product (K_sp) of silver phosphate. Characterisation and stability study data for this colloid have been obtained by ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, particle size analysis and SERS analyses using a 514 nm laser on a Raman spectrometer. A SERS method to detect and to identify riboflavin in a vitamin B complex tablet is reported to illustrate a SERS application based upon the use of this silver colloid. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Bethe-Weiss方法在固溶体铁磁性统计理论中的应用

Bethe-Weiss方法是Bethe对合金有序现象所创建的近似理论被移植于铁磁性海森堡模型的统计理论的结果。在这方法中,我们选出由一个中心原子与它所有的最近邻原子所组成的集团作为处理的对象,它们之间的交换作用得到精确的对待,而集团以外的原子的作用就近似地用一有效场代替,后者由自洽条件来推。我们应用这一方法来计算由磁性原子(自旋为1/2)与非磁性原子组成的代换固溶体在较高温度段内的铁磁性,得出简单立方和体心立方晶格居里点T_c随非磁性原子浓度f的增加而下降的曲线,居里点以上的磁化率与磁矩的短程有序能与温度的关系。由后者看出,当f增加时,在有较高的短程有序的情况下才出现铁磁性。从居里点的计算中发现:这一方法只能应用在非磁性原子的浓度较低的情况,我们讨论了这一事实出现的原因。     

磁性液体表观密度随磁场变化测量仪的研制

利用自制的磁性液体研制出测量固、液两相胶体溶液磁性液体表现密度的测量装置并给出了测量方法和测量原理．该装置既能测量磁性液体中不同液层的表观密度，也能测量磁性液体中某点的表观密度随磁场变化的规律．     

热处理温度对蛋白石晶体的影响

 采用等体积快速混合法制备了不同粒径的单分散SiO₂微球,通过重力垂直沉降自组装形成了蛋白石模板,研究了热处理温度对蛋白石晶体模板形貌、结构与光学性能的影响。SEM,TG-DSC,UV-Vis等分析表明：热处理可提高组装微球的粘合性与模板的机械强度;SiO₂胶体模板煅烧温度在700～800 ℃较为合适;热处理能够改变蛋白石晶体光子带隙的位置,随着煅烧温度的升高,带隙发生蓝移并且带隙逐渐变窄。     

Improving surfactant grafting in magnetic colloids

The grafting number of surfactant coating on magnetite nanoparticles in a magnetic colloid (magnetic fluid), defined as the number of surfactant molecules adsorbed per surface area of nanoparticles, was successfully obtained from the atomic absorption spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. We found that the increases of grafting number with the molar concentration of surfactant and the adsorption temperature can be quantitatively measured, making it possible to produce well controlled, stable magnetic colloids that are precursors for many magnetic nanostructures.     

Magnetic Phase Transition in MnSi on the Base of the LSDA + U + SO Calculations of the Electronic Structure and the Spin-Fluctuation Theory

Spin states appearing near the magnetic phase transition in helicoidal ferromagnet MnSi are studied on the basis of the spin-fluctuation theory and the LSDA + U + SO calculations of the electronic structure. The temperature dependence of the uniform magnetic susceptibility is calculated near the magnetic phase transition temperature, and the result agrees well with the experiment. Spin correlators corresponding to various solutions of the equation of magnetic state are determined in the region of the magnetic phase transition expanded in temperature. It is shown that, in this region, a helicoidal short-range order appears in the form of the superposition of left and right spin spirals with stochastic weight coefficients. It is shown that the magnetic susceptibility divergences on the helicoid wave vector at the temperature of disappearance of local magnetization and during the transition to the paramagnetic state.     

Electrical Properties of Nanostructured Magnetic Colloid and Influence of Magnetic Field

We investigate the electrical properties of the nanostructured magnetic colloid without and with magnetic field. The competition between the directional motion of the charged magnetic nanoparticles and other minor nonmagnetic impurities （also small amount of ions） under applied voltage and their random orientation due to thermal activation is implemented to elaborate the electrically conduction mechanism under zero magnetic field. Two equivalent electric circuits are employed for explaining the charging and discharging processes. The tunnelling conduction mechanism upon application of externally magnetic field may exist in the nanostructured magnetic colloid. The alternation of the two conduction mechanisms accounts for the current spikes when the magnetic field is switched on or off. This work presents the peculiar electrical phenomena of the magnetically colloidal system.     

Separation of magnetic from non-magnetic information in the Bitter pattern method

The paper deals with the problem of separating magnetic and non-magnetic contributions to the image contrast in the Bitter pattern method. With the help of the digital image difference procedure, it is demonstrated for the first time for the Bitter method that the separation is easy to achieve for relatively soft magnetic specimens, when an external field can be applied to simply produce the non-magnetic reference image of the specimen area under study. It is also shown that obtaining satisfactory results is principally impossible when removing the colloid from the specimen surface is used for the purpose of recording the non-magnetic image.     

Free oscillations of magnetic fluid in strong magnetic field

The paper presents the esults of measuring the elastic parameters of an oscillatory system (coefficient of pondermotive elasticity, damping factor, and oscillation frequency) whose viscous inertial element is represented by a magnetic fluid confined in a tube by magnetic levitation in a strong magnetic field. The role of elasticity is played by the pondermotive force acting on thin layers at the upper and lower ends of the fluid column. It is shown that, by measuring the elastic oscillation frequencies of the magnetic fluid column, it is possible to develop a fundamentally new absolute method for determining the saturation magnetization of a magnetic colloid.     

An improved self‐assembly gold colloid film as surface‐enhanced Raman substrate for detection of trace‐level polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in aqueous solution

To detect trace‐level polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, some investigations of an improved self‐assembly method are carried out using gold colloid films for the preparation of the surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)‐active substrate. Extinction spectra and scanning electron microscopy images reveal that controllable surface plasmonic metal substrates can be obtained by increasing the temperature of (3‐aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane solution up to 64.5 °C. The SERS‐active substrates have a high enhancement factor, and they can be both easily prepared and reproducible. With the use of these substrates, different concentrations of pyrene and anthracene in aqueous solutions were detected by SERS. A further enhancement can be supported by shifted excitation Raman difference spectroscopy. Raman signals of pyrene and anthracene adsorbed on gold colloid substrates up to limits of detection at 5 and 1 nmol/l, respectively, can be obtained. The quantitative analysis shows the possibility of in situ detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons while such gold colloid film serves as a SERS‐active substrate. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Thermodynamic properties of the XX model in a chain with a period two and three coupling

The exact solutions for the energy spectrum of the XX model with a periodic coupling and an external transverse magnetic field h are obtained. The diagonalization procedure is discussed, and analytical and numerical solutions are given. Using the solutions for period-two coupling, the free energy, entropy, and specific heat are calculated as functions of temperature and applied transverse external magnetic field. Their expressions show that below a particular value v and above a value u of the magnetic field |h|, the entropy and the specific heat vanish exponentially in the low temperature limit.     

Motion of a charged fermion with an anomalous magnetic moment in magnetized media

A quantization method based on the use of lowering and raising operators is developed and applied to describing states of Fermi particles that move under extreme external conditions (strong magnetic field and dense matter). The efficiency of this method is demonstrated by applying it to examples of finding exact solutions of quantum equations that describe the motion of charged particles in a magnetic field and dense matter. For the first time, the problem of charged-fermion motion in matter and an external magnetic field is formulated and solved with allowance for the anomalous magnetic moment of the particle. Exact solutions for the wave functions and energy spectrum of the respective modified Dirac equation are obtained. The application of these results to describing fermions and neutrinos is of special interest for astrophysical applications.     

Finite element simulation of the magneto-mechanical response of a magnetic shape memory alloy sample

Abstract

In this paper, the stress- and magnetic field-induced variant reorientation in a magnetic shape memory alloy (MSMA) sample is simulated by using the finite element method. This model is set up based on a three-dimensional setting with the whole sample and the surrounding space taken into account. A typical loading pattern is proposed on the sample. The unknowns of the model governing system include the spatial displacement vector, the scalar magnetic potential and some internal variables related to the effective magnetization vector. By considering the different properties of the unknowns, an iterative computational scheme is proposed to derive the numerical solutions. With the obtained solutions, the magneto-mechanical response of the MSMA sample under different field and stress levels can be predicted. The distributions of the variant state and the effective magnetization in the sample can also be determined. By comparing with the experimental results, it is found that the numerical solutions obtained in this model can predict the response of the MSMA sample at a quantitative level.     

Modulation of ultrasonic pulses by a magnetized magnetic colloid

The dependence of the shape of an ultrasonic pulse transmitted through a magnetized magnetic colloid on the angle between the wave vector and the magnetic induction vector is investigated.     

Investigation of the character of the exchange interaction in the system Hg1−xMnxSe

A new method is proposed for determining the magnetic characteristics (magnitude and sign of the exchange interaction energy and the average size of clusters of magnetic ions) of dilute solid solutions of semimagnetic semiconductors at low temperatures based on oscillation measurements. The method makes it possible to find the magnetic characteristics of the indicated systems at temperatures between the point of the transition into the spin glass state and the temperature corresponding to the characteristic binding energy of magnetic atoms in clusters, for which standard methods based on the measurement of the magnetic susceptibility are not effective. The method is used to study the character of the exchange interaction in the system of solid solutions Hg_1–xMn_xSe as a function of their composition as well as under conditions of hydrostatic compression. To this end the oscillations of the magnetoresistance (Shubnikov-de Haas (SH) effect) in single-crystalline samples of Hg_1–xMn_xSe in the region of compositions 0.001 x 0.23 in magnetic fields H up to 65 kOe at temperatures T = (0.4–20) K and pressures up to 16 kbar were studied.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 11, pp. 29–39, November, 1989.