低雷诺数下周期性尾迹／层流分离泡相互作用的大涡模拟

本文采用大涡模拟(LES)方法,对低雷诺数条件下周期性尾迹/层流分离泡的相互作用进行了数值模拟.计算域入口尾迹采用独立计算的平面尾迹流给出.对周期性尾迹作用下的层流分离泡进行了统计特性及瞬态流场分析,并与相同条件下的无尾迹流动进行比较.计算结果表明:在尾迹作用下,时均层流分离泡长度明显缩短,分离泡变小;相位平均的分离点/再附点随时间不断变化;从瞬态结果容易看出,尾迹诱导的流向涡结构是导致分离泡提前转捩的主要原因.     

舰船远场尾流气泡分布特性的数值模拟

为了了解舰船尾流中气泡的分布特征,为激光探测舰船尾流提供依据,建立了计算热分层环境中舰船远场尾流中气泡数密度分布的数学模型,该模型由抛物化的RaNS方程及气泡输运方程组成,采用k－ε两方程湍流模式.利用该模型数值模拟了舰船尾流中的气泡数密度分布特征、气泡尾流宽度扩展规律,气泡数密度衰减规律,并与实测结果进行了比较,二者定性符合得较好.数值模拟表明舰船尾流中半径为10~30 μm的气泡存活时间最长, 为了确保能在距船尾5 km处还能探测到舰船气泡尾流,其探测的对象应以半径10~30 μm的气泡为主,并且探测准确度至少应能达到识别出初始截面上气泡数密度的3%.     

舰船尾流气泡层散射相位函数及其后向散射信号特性分析

根据实测舰船的尾流气泡分布模型,利用米氏理论计算得到尾流气泡层的散射相位函数,并将其应用于尾流气泡层后向散射光接收信号的Monte Carlo仿真分析中,以便为实际海况下的舰船尾流气泡层后向散射光探测的实验设置与信号预测、分析提供可靠的依据.通过对不同距离处尾流气泡层的散射相位函数及后向散射光接收信号特性的分析,可以得出:尾流中气泡层散射相位函数的变化小明显,且对接收信号的影响较小;气泡数密度的变化导致的多次散射效应和气泡层衰减系数的变化是引起后向散射光强度变化的主要原因,数密度越大,散射光信号中的多次散射光成分越大;当气泡层厚度达到一定倍数的衰减长度时,继续增加气泡层厚度对后向散射接收信号的影响较小.     

舰船尾迹和海面红外仿真成像

舰船在军事领域有着极其重要的地位,其尾迹对海面的温度和高度都会造成相较明显的变化,且具有持续时间长、不易消除等特点,所以模拟舰船尾迹和海面红外辐射图像可以更为直观地识别舰船目标,具有强烈的军事需求。以MODTRAN软件模拟的不同背景环境下大气对8μm～14μm波段的透过率为数据基础,结合Cox-Munk坡度概率分布模型并考虑海浪遮挡因素建立了一种舰船尾迹红外辐射模型,模拟了不同背景环境、不同探测距离的红外尾迹图像。仿真结果表明：相同探测条件下,随着探测距离增大,舰船尾迹辐射亮度减小,但粗糙海面对红外辐射的遮挡作用显著减弱,海面舰船尾迹更易被识别;大气传输模型对红外成像结果影响较大,夏季背景辐射能量大且海面平均遮挡作用小,舰船尾迹红外成像更为清晰。     

再入体缩比模型湍流等离子体电磁散射特性测量

介绍了在弹道靶上利用二级轻气炮发射再入体缩比模型开展湍流等离子体电磁散射特性模拟试验方法、湍流等离子体的雷达散射截面积(RCS)测量方法。给出了模型尾迹湍流等离子体的电磁散射特性测量典型试验结果,对获得的试验结果进行了分析,并与一阶畸变波Born方法计算结果进行了比较。结果表明:合理选择缩比模型发射速度和飞行环境压力,在弹道靶上能够模拟产生湍流等离子体;利用激光阴影成像技术获得的锥模型尾迹流场图像证实了尾迹转捩的出现及其湍流形成;在给定的试验条件下,锥模型及其绕流RCS测量值比其尾迹RCS测量值高3个数量级,比背景散射电平高0.5~2.5个数量级,且信号没有周期性,幅度脉动范围为1~15dB,频率脉动范围0.4~40kHz;锥模型湍流尾迹RCS的脉动可能是尾迹电子密度的脉动引起的;单站X波段雷达系统测量的锥模型尾迹亚密湍流等离子体的散射信号测量值与计算结果变化规律一致;弹道靶RCS测量技术可用于再入体缩比模型湍流等离子体电磁散射特性研究,为开展相关研究提供了一种有效的地面模拟实验研究途径。     

An experimental study of airfoil instability tonal noise with trailing edge serrations

This paper presents an experimental study of the effect of trailing edge serrations on airfoil instability noise. Detailed aeroacoustic measurements are presented of the noise radiated by an NACA-0012 airfoil with trailing edge serrations in a low to moderate speed flow under acoustical free field conditions. The existence of a separated boundary layer near the trailing edge of the airfoil at an angle of attack of 4.2 degree has been experimentally identified by a surface mounted hot-film arrays technique. Hot-wire results have shown that the saw-tooth surface can trigger a bypass transition and prevent the boundary layer from becoming separated. Without the separated boundary layer to act as an amplifier for the incoming Tollmien–Schlichting waves, the intensity and spectral characteristic of the radiated tonal noise can be affected depending upon the serration geometry. Particle Imaging Velocimetry (PIV) measurements of the airfoil wakes for a straight and serrated trailing edge are also reported in this paper. These measurements show that localized normal-component velocity fluctuations that are present in a small region of the wake from the laminar airfoil become weakened once serrations are introduced. Owing to the above unique characteristics of the serrated trailing edges, we are able to further investigate the mechanisms of airfoil instability tonal noise with special emphasis on the assessment of the wake and non-wake based aeroacoustic feedback models. It has been shown that the instability tonal noise generated at an angle of attack below approximately one degree could involve several complex mechanisms. On the other hand, the non-wake based aeroacoustic feedback mechanism alone is sufficient to predict all discrete tone frequencies accurately when the airfoil is at a moderate angle of attack.     

Acceleration and compression of charged particle bunches usingcounterpropagating laser beams

The nonlinear interaction between counterpropagating laser beams in a plasma results in the generation of large (enhanced) plasma wakes. The two beams need to be slightly detuned in frequency, and one of them has to be ultrashort (shorter than a plasma period). Thus produced wakes have a phase velocity close to the speed of light and can be used for acceleration and compression of charged bunches, The physical mechanism responsible for the enhanced wake generation is qualitatively described and compared with the conventional laser wakefield mechanism. We also demonstrate that depending on the sign of the frequency difference between the lasers, the enhanced wake can be used as a “snow-plow” to accelerate and compress either positively or negatively charged bunches. This ability can be used in an electron-positron injector     

真实尾流的光学特性

在实验室对模拟尾流气泡幕研究的基础上,设计了用于真实尾流测试的水下实验系统通过对千湖1号船在不同航速下尾流的几何特征进行观察和分析计算,得到了尾流深度、宽度与航速的关系,并且对尾流的水面宽度以及散开角进行了估计.在5km/h,10km/h和15km/h的航速下对尾流不同几何部位的激光透射强度进行了测量,结果与理论计算基本一致.从透射光的相对强度来分析实验结果,可以认为自然光的影响是一个次要因素.     

模拟尾流泡幕及实际尾流光学性质对比研究

对模拟尾流泡幕及实际尾流光学性质进行了对比研究.结果表明,实验室模拟尾流气泡幕的散射光平均照度均值随着压强变化梯度大,可据此定性区别不同压强的气泡幕.实际尾流随着航速增大,散射光照度减小,但这种减小不是线性的.散射光照度一定周期性的规律,说明随着航速的增大,尾流气泡幕逐渐增强,气泡幕中气泡密度、不同直径气泡分布等均随之变化,这可能预示着气泡幕的增强存在饱和度.实验室模拟尾流气泡幕与实际尾流的散射光信号在轮廓方面是相似的,都随着压强或航速的增加而减小.通过比较实验室模拟气泡幕和实际尾流的差值信号,可以有效地消除杂散光或自然光的影响,利用Haar小波对差值信号的分析也得到相同的结论.     

Wake flow in a wind farm during a diurnal cycle

The atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) undergoes substantial changes in its structure and dynamics in the course of a day due to the transient nature of forcing factors such as the surface fluxes of heat and momentum. The non-stationary nature of the mean wind and turbulence in the ABL, associated with the diurnal cycle, can in turn affect the structure of wind turbine wakes and their effects on power losses within wind farms. In this research, large-eddy simulation is used to study the evolution of the turbine wakes and their effects on power losses inside an idealised finite-size wind farm in the course of a full diurnal cycle. The simulation results show a strong effect of atmospheric stability on the wind farm wakes and associated power losses. During the day, the positive buoyancy flux and associated turbulence production lead to a relatively high turbulence level in the background ABL flow, which enhances turbulent mixing and wake recovery. In contrast, during the night, the relatively low turbulence intensity of the ambient ABL flow results in a relatively slow rate of entrainment of momentum into the wake and, consequently, a slow wake recovery. As a result, the averaged power deficit in the wind farm is found to increase with increasing thermal stability. In particular, the averaged power deficit increased from 28% under the most convective condition to about 57% under the most stable condition. It is also found that the low-level jet formed before dawn is weakened owing to the energy extraction by the turbines and deflected upward over the farm. In addition, strong vertical wind veer at that time, associated with the Coriolis force and shallow boundary layer, causes important lateral wake stretching effects, which in turn significantly impacts the performance of the waked turbines.     

尾流光学信号的处理方法

主要利用滤波器、离散傅里叶变换、以及统计信号处理方法等对实验室模拟的尾流信号进行分析和处理、计算.从能量的角度来看,光学信号在有无气泡幕情况下的区别是非常明显的;利用滤波器只能作为尾流光学信号的预处理,从实际应用来看,需要做进一步处理;离散傅里叶变换对不同气压下得到的处理结果存在的区别,必然也为判断不同航速、不同尾龄下的尾流提供了一种线索;以Chirp z变换的形式对尾流光学信号进行处理,使得这种分布具有相当直观的图形,结合适当的图形处理方式,将有可能确定探测尾流光学性质的特征信号.     

尾流散射光性质的一维小波变换分析

船舶尾流具有特殊的声学、电学、磁学和光学特性。选用一维小波变换含离散小波变换、连续小波变换、小波包变换、复小波变换对测量的尾流光学性质进行了分析，其结果表明：不同条件下尾流散射光信号具有不同的自动阈值，经小波变换后保留的能量比例、小波系数置零比率不同，变换的小波系数染色模式、系数曲线、最大系数线区别明显。一维连续小波变换显示出细节信号具有一定周期性，说明在测量过程存在周期性的干扰因素。通过小波分解的各层细节信号，为在测量结果中消除或降低这些因素的影响指明了方向。一维连续小波变换结果显示，在不同压强下小波系数大小及分布、极大值分布都有明显区别。一维小波包变换的压缩信号保留了原始信号绝大部分的能量，选择的系数可作为不同压强下尾流气泡幕的特征系数，而一维复小波变换变换的模、模角以及系数随时间轴的分布，其相对大小都不相同。经小波分析，可以提取出散射光信号的共性，也可以直观地展示不同散射光信号的区别。     

Phase field simulation of single bubble behavior under an electric field

Based on the Cahn-Hilliard phase field model, a three-dimensional multiple-field coupling model for simulating the motion characteristics of a rising bubble in a liquid is established in a gas-liquid two-phase flow. The gas-liquid interface motion is simulated by using a phase-field method, and the effect of the electric field intensity on bubble dynamics is studied without electric field, or with vertical electric field or horizontal electric field. Through the coupling effect of electric field and flow field, the deformation of a single rising bubble and the formation of wake vortices under the action of gravity and electric field force are studied in detail. The correctness of the results is verified by mass conservation, and the influences of different electric field directions and different voltages on the movement of bubbles in liquid are considered. The results show that the ratio of the length to axis is proportional to the strength of the electric field when the air bubble is stretched into an ellipsoid along the electric field line under the action of electrostatic gravity and surface tension. In addition, the bubble rising speed is affected by the electric field, the vertical electric field accelerates the bubble rise, and the horizontal direction slows it down.     

高速模型尾迹流场及其电磁散射特性相似性实验研究

高速目标再入大气层或在临近空间飞行时,空气电离形成的等离子体鞘套和尾迹对目标的雷达散射特性会产生影响.为了研究不同模型尾迹流场及其电磁散射特性规律和相似性,以氧化铝球模型为研究对象,在弹道靶设备上开展了双尺度参数相同的条件下高速球模型尾迹流场及其电磁散射相似性实验研究.由二级轻气炮发射模型,模型直径分别为8.0、10.0、12.0、15.0 mm,速度约6 km/s,靶室压力分别为6.3,5.0,4.2,3.3 k Pa,采用阴影照相系统测量模型激波脱体距离、电子密度测量系统测量模型尾迹的电子密度分布、X波段单站雷达系统测量在视角为40?的模型及流场的雷达散射截面(RCS)分布.实验结果表明:在速度不变、双尺度参数相同的条件下,随着模型尺寸的增加,激波脱体距离逐渐增加,激波脱体距离与模型直径之比近似相同;不同模型尾迹电子密度测量曲线的趋势和数量级一致,表明不同模型的尾迹流场适用于双缩尺律;不同尺寸模型尾迹的总体RCS与分布RCS均不相同,表明不同模型尾迹的电磁散射不适用于二元缩尺律;高速球模型全目标电磁散射能量分布在模型及其绕流区域、等离子体尾迹区域;高速球模型全目标电磁散射能量在模型及绕流场区域出现1个强散射中心,在模型湍流尾迹区域出现多个散射中心;高速球模型尾迹的RCS测量信号呈现随机性分布特性,幅度脉动和频率脉动均没有周期性;随着模型尺寸的增加,模型尾迹的总体RCS增加,尾迹脉动频率的变化范围减小.     

Pulse chirping effect on controlling the transverse cavity oscillations in nonlinear bubble regime

The propagation of an intense laser pulse in an under-dense plasma induces a plasma wake that is suitable for the acceleration of electrons to relativistic energies. For an ultra-intense laser pulse which has a longitudinal size shorter than the plasma wavelength, λp, instead of a periodic plasma wave, a cavity free from cold plasma electrons, called a bubble, is formed behind the laser pulse. An intense charge separation electric field inside the moving bubble can capture the electrons at the base of the bubble and accelerate them with a narrow energy spread. In the nonlinear bubble regime, due to localized depletion at the front of the pulse during its propagation through the plasma, the phase shift between carrier waves and pulse envelope plays an important role in plasma response. The carrier–envelope phase(CEP) breaks down the symmetric transverse ponderomotive force of the laser pulse that makes the bubble structure unstable. Our studies using a series of two-dimensional(2D) particle-in-cell(PIC) simulations show that the frequency-chirped laser pulses are more effective in controlling the pulse depletion rate and consequently the effect of the CEP in the bubble regime. The results indicate that the utilization of a positively chirped laser pulse leads to an increase in rate of erosion of the leading edge of the pulse that rapidly results in the formation of a steep intensity gradient at the front of the pulse. A more unstable bubble structure, the self-injections in different positions, and high dark current are the results of using a positively chirped laser pulse. For a negatively chirped laser pulse, the pulse depletion process is compensated during the propagation of the pulse in plasma in such a way that results in a more stable bubble shape and therefore, a localized electron bunch is produced during the acceleration process. As a result, by the proper choice of chirping, one can tune the number of self-injected electrons, the size of accelerated bunch and its energy spectrum to the values required for practical applications.     

Bubble Velocity and Size Measurement with a Four‐Point Optical Fiber Probe

The possibility to measure the velocity and size of individual bubbles in a high‐void fraction bubbly flow is investigated by using a four‐point optical fiber probe. The air bubbles have an initial spherical equivalent diameter ranging from 4 to 10 mm and the void fraction is up to 0.3. Firstly, single bubble experiments show that intrusiveness effects, i.e. bubble deformations due to the probe, are negligible provided that the bubble approaches the probe at the axis of the central fiber. A selection criterion is utilized for multiple bubble experiments. A good compromise can be found between the required accuracy, the duration of the measurements and the number of validated bubbles required for reliable statistical averaging. In an air‐water high‐void fraction vertical bubbly pipe flow, the void fraction obtained with the instrument is found to be in good agreement with both local single‐fiber probe measurements, and with the volume average void fraction obtained from pressure gradient measurements. The area average volumetric gas flow rate, based on the bubble velocity and void fraction as measured with the four‐point probe, agree with the measured gas flow rate. Also, the liquid velocity is measured by means of a laser‐Doppler anemometer, to investigate the slip velocity. The results show that reliable and interesting measurements can be obtained by using a four‐point optical fiber probe in high void fraction flows.     

基于互相关的气泡速度的测量方法研究

通过对比互相关技术和多普勒技术的差别，从一个新的角度把互相关技术应用于尾流测速的研究中.实验中利用高速CCD相机拍摄模拟尾流图像.利用快速傅里叶变换实现互相关算法，为提高计算准确度采用高斯曲线拟合互相关函数的峰值并给出拟合公式，得到了亚像素级的运动速度.为标定互相关算法的准确度，文中采用图像平移的方法验证算法的可行性和可靠性.最后把算法应用于模拟尾流的实验中.该方法有望在舰船尾流速度信息的实时获取上起到重要的应用价值.     

Study of gas-fluidization dynamics with laser-polarized 129Xe

We report initial NMR studies of gas dynamics in a particle bed fluidized by laser-polarized xenon (129Xe) gas. We have made preliminary measurements of two important characteristics: gas exchange between the bubble and emulsion phases and the gas velocity distribution in the bed. We used T2* contrast to differentiate the bubble and emulsion phases by choosing solid particles with large magnetic susceptibility. Experimental tests demonstrated that this method was successful in eliminating 129Xe magnetization in the emulsion phase, which enabled us to observe the time dependence of the bubble magnetization. By employing the pulsed field gradient method, we also measured the gas velocity distribution within the bed. These results clearly show the onset of bubbling and can be used to deduce information about gas and particle motion in the fluidized bed.     

Sound propagation in a monodisperse bubble cloud: From the crystal to the glass

We present a theoretical study of the propagation of a monochromatic pressure wave in an unbounded monodisperse bubbly liquid. We begin with the case of a regular bubble array --a bubble crystal-- for which we derive a dispersion relation. In order to interpret the different branches of this relation, we introduce a formalism, the radiative picture, which is the adaptation to acoustics of the standard splitting of the electric field in an electrostatic and a radiative part in Coulomb gauge. In the case of an irregular or completely random array --a bubble glass-- and at wavelengths large compared to the size of the bubble array spatial inhomogeneities, the difference between order and disorder is not felt by the pressure wave: a dispersion relation still holds, coinciding with that of a bubble crystal with the same bubble size and air volume fraction at the centre of its first Brillouin zone. This relation is discussed and compared to that obtained by Foldy in the framework of his multiscattering approach.     

Electromagnetic scattering model of the Kelvin wake and turbulent wake by a moving ship

Taking the attenuation character of the Kelvin wake and the limitation of the traditional two-scale method into account, the practical electromagnetic (EM) scattering model of the Kelvin wake is obtained by using a facet-based model; and for a turbulent ship wake, it is produced by dealing with the wave energy loss rate due to turbulence with the width of turbulent wake closely following a moving ship. The volume scattering theory of foam or bubbles, by using the vector radiation transfer equation, is introduced to modify the traditional two-scale method, a special method for the EM scattering of a turbulent wake, which brings the scattering of ship wakes into better agreement with the real situation.