Palladium-catalyzed heteroannulation of cyclic alkenes by functionally substituted aryl iodides

Indolines and 2,3-dihydrobenzofurans are produced in good yields by the Pd(0)-catalyzed heteroannulation of cyclic and bicyclic alkenes by o-amino- and o-hydroxyaryl iodides. These processes are only successful with cyclic olefins in which the key alkylpalladium intermediate cannot undergo facile palladium β-hydride elimination. These reactions appear to involve: (1) oxidative addition of the aryl iodide to the palladium catalyst, (2) arylpalladation of the olefin, (3) possible coordination of the internal nucleophile to the palladium, (4) formation of a six-membered palladacycle, and (5) reductive elimination of the organopalladium intermediate to give the heteroannulation product and regenerate Pd(0).     

丙二酰氧基硼氢化钠与烯烃的选择性硼氢化

叙述了丙二酰氧基硼氢化钠的制备及其原位与烯烃的选择性硼氢化反应。通过化学反应证实,丙二酰氧基硼氢化钠在THF中与脂肪族末端烯烃例如1-庚烯的硼氢化反应,有98%的硼原子加到双键末端碳原子上,只有2%的硼原子加到2-位上,生成单取代的有机硼化合物,即丙二酰氧基硼氢化钠是一个单官能硼氢化试剂。     

Hydrosilylation of alkenes catalyzed by Fe powder

A novel iron-catalyzed hydrosilylation of alkenes process under solvent-free conditions has been reported. The influence of the amount of Fe catalyst, reaction temperature and various alkenes and silanes on the hydrosilylation were investigated. High yields of adduct were obtained in the hydrosilylation of octene with MeCl₂H, Me₂ClSiH and Ph₂SiH₂ by using 10?mol% iron powder as a signal catalyst.     

Reduction of nitrobenzene derivatives using sodium borohydride and transition metal sulfides

Reported here is the reduction of aromatic nitro compounds using sodium borohydride and transition metal sulfides as catalysts. The reaction conditions were optimized using the reduction of nitrobenzene as a model reaction. The catalysts studied were iron sulfide (Fe₃S₄), copper sulfide (CuS), zinc sulfide (ZnS), cobalt sulfide (Co₃S₄), and nickel sulfide (NiS). The reduction was monitored using gas chromatography. Quantitative conversions were achieved using Co₃S₄ and NiS, representing a ten-fold increase in reactivity compared to the non-catalyzed reaction. Fe₃S₄ and ZnS had no apparent effect on the reduction of nitrobenzene while the reduction using CuS showed a marginal increase. The reduction method was applied to several aryl-nitro derivatives containing either electron-withdrawing or electron-donating groups. Halogen containing aryl-nitro compounds were reduced without dehalogenation. The reduction had no effect on other functional groups such as carboxylic acids, esters, amides, or alkenes, indicating that the reduction is highly chemoselective.     

全氟丁基取代烯烃的制备及其硼氢化反应

在相转移催化或超声作用下, 全氟丁基碘和烯烃或炔烃发生加成反应, 从加成得到的烷烃脱碘化氢或烯烃加成产物脱碘还原生成全氟丁基取代烯烃. 全氟丁基取代烯烃的硼氢化反应主要得到α-全氟丁基取代的硼烷.     

Functionalization of polypropylene by hydroboration

This article relates to functionalized polypropylene with high molecular weight and high crystallinity. The chemistry involves the hydroboration of poly(propylene-co-1,4-hexadiene) with borane reagents, such as diborane and 9-BBN. In turn, the borane-containing polymers are very versatile and can be easily converted to various functionalized polymers under mild reaction conditions. Despite the heterogeneous reaction conditions, both hydroboration and interconversion reactions were very effective using appropriate solvents. Apparently, the double bonds in the side chains are located in the amorphous phase and are ready for reaction with reagents. Overall, this functionalization process preserves the molecular weight and most of the crystallinity of poly(propylene-co-1,4-hexadiene). © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Metal-complex catalysis during the reduction of functional groups by sodium borohydride in the synthesis of pyrrolidine derivatives

A selective method was developed for the reduction of functional groups with sodium borohydride using complexes of CoCl₂ and CuCl₂ with triethylbenzylammonium chloride and cobalt and copper mesotetra[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)pyridyl]porphyrinates as catalysts. __________ Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 2, pp. 205–208, February, 2006.     

Testing catalytic activity of ruthenium(III) acetylacetonate in the presence of trialkylphosphite or trialkylphosphine in hydrogen generation from the hydrolysis of sodium borohydride

Catalytic activity of Ru(acac)₃ in the presence of different phosphorus compounds (P(OMe)₃, P(OPh)₃, PPh₃ and dppe) was investigated for the first time in the hydrolysis of NaBH₄. Phosphorus compound, usually known as poison in catalysis, is involved in the formation of a species which has higher catalytic activity in comparison with Ru(acac)₃ alone. Varying the phosphorus compound affects the catalytic activity and lifetime of the catalyst as well as the kinetics and the activation parameters of the hydrolysis of NaBH₄. For all of the phosphorus compounds, the hydrogen generation was found to be zero-order with respect to the substrate concentration and first-order regarding the catalyst concentration. The catalyst system with P(OMe)₃ shows the highest catalytic activity and provides the largest total turnover number (TTON = 20,700 over 72 h) in the hydrolysis of NaBH₄. The highest activation energy and enthalpy values were obtained for the catalyst with dppe (E_a = 59 ± 2, ΔH^# = 60 ± 2 kJ/mol) while the lowest values were found for the catalyst system with PPh₃ (E_a = 46 ± 2, ΔH^# = 43 ± 1 kJ/mol).     

How to turn the catalytic asymmetric hydroboration reaction of vinylarenes into a recyclable process

Optically pure rhodium(I) complexes [Rh(cod)(Lbond;L)]X (cod=cyclooctadiene; L-L= (R)-2,2'-bis(diphenylphosphino)1-1'-binaphthyl ((R)-BINAP), (S,S)-2,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)pentane ((S,S)-BDPP), 2-diphenylphosphino-1-(1'-isoquinolyl)naphthalene ((S)-QUINAP); X=BF(4), PF(6), SO(3)CF(3), BPh(4)) were immobilised onto smectite clays such as montmorillonite K-10 (MK-10) and bentonite (Na(+)-M). (19)F, (31)P and (11)B NMR experiments recorded in CDCl(3) during the impregnation process provided evidence that montmorillonite K-10 may immobilise ionic metal complexes throughout the cationic and anionic counterparts. However, when bentonite was used as the solid, only the cationic metal complex was immobilised through cationic exchange while the counteranion remained in solution. When we used these preformed catalytic systems in the hydroboration of prochiral vinylarenes, we obtained high activities and enantiomeric excess with (S)-1-(2-diphenylphosphino-1-naphthyl)isoquinoline-modified rhodium complexes. These activities and selectivities are competitive with the homogeneous counterparts. The significant features of this method are the simple separation and good retention of the active metal in the solid, which allows efficient recycling even on exposure to air.     

Formation of isomeric iodohydrins from terminal alkenes upon oxidation by a RuCl3-NaIO4 system

RuCl₃-catalyzed periodate oxidation of alkenes affords isomeric iodohydrins.Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 12, pp. 2961–2963, December, 1996.     

Ruthenium catalysed reduction of alkenes using sodium borohydride

The reduction of alkenes has been achieved using NaBH₄ as the reducing agent using 0.5-1.0 mol % Ru(PPh₃)₄H₂ in the presence of water.     

Highly Selective Hydroboration of Alkenes,Ketones and Aldehydes Catalyzed by a Well‐Defined Manganese Complex

Well‐defined manganese complexes based on inexpensive, readily available ligands, 2,2′:6′,2′′‐terpyridine and its derivatives have been prepared and employed for the selective hydroboration of alkenes, ketones and aldehydes. Highly Markovnikov regioselective hydroboration of styrenes as well as excellent chemoselective hydroboration of ketones over alkenes were achieved, for the first time, by an earth‐abundant manganese catalyst.     

Manganese‐Catalyzed Hydrofunctionalization of Alkenes

The manganese‐catalyzed hydrosilylation and hydroboration of alkenes has been developed using a single manganese(II) precatalyst and reaction protocol. Both reactions proceed with excellent control of regioselectivity and in high yields across a variety of sterically and electronically differentiated substrates (25 examples). Alkoxide activation, using NaO^tBu, was key to precatalyst activation and reactivity. Catalysis was achieved across various functional groups and on gram‐scale for both the developed methodologies with catalysts loadings as low as 0.5 mol %.     

Recent methodologies mediated by sodium borohydride in the reduction of different classes of compounds

Reduction is a fundamental transformation in organic synthesis. Since its discovery by Brown and co‐workers, sodium borohydride is the most frequently hydride used in reduction processes. Owing to the importance of this reagent in modern organic synthesis, the aim of this review is to highlight recent methodologies (2000–2006) mediated by sodium borohydride in the reduction of different classes of compounds. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Thermal properties of alkaline sodium borohydride solutions

Alkaline sodium borohydride solutions are potential hydrogen sources for fuel cells. Thermal properties of the NaBH₄–NaOH–H₂O ternary system were measured by DSC and temperature-rise calorimetry. Liquidus temperatures showed that it is possible to store and use the solutions well below 0 °C if NaOH concentration is less than 20 wt%. The solubility of sodium borohydride was found to be large in these solutions, but decreased with increasing NaOH concentration. The optimum composition for alkaline borohydride solutions seems to be 15 wt% NaBH₄ in 10 wt% NaOH considering both the liquidus temperature and hydrogen storage density.     

Iron‐Catalyzed Hydroboration: Unlocking Reactivity through Ligand Modulation

Iron‐catalyzed hydroboration (HB) of alkenes and alkynes is reported. A simple change in ligand structure leads to an extensive change in catalyst activity. Reactions proceed efficiently over a wide range of challenging substrates including activated, unactivated and sterically encumbered motifs. Conditions are mild and do not require the use of reducing agents or other additives. Large excesses of borating reagent are not required, allowing control of chemo‐ and regioselectivity in the presence of multiple double bonds. Mechanistic insight reveals that the reaction is likely to proceed via a highly reactive iron hydride intermediate.     

过渡金属催化下的烯烃硼氢化反应

本文综述了在过渡金属尤其是铑络合物催化下烯烃与CB ( 邻苯二酚硼烷 ) 的硼氢化反应在化学、位置和立体选择性的进展, 对它们的机理也进行了讨论。     

Reductive removal of methoxyacetyl protective group using sodium borohydride

Herein, we have developed a mild and selective reductive deprotection method for the MAc protected alcohols using sodium borohydride. The new deprotection conditions provide a complete orthogonality between O-MAc and other protecting groups such as tert-butyl ester, N-Boc, Fmoc, Cbz, O-TBDMS, N-benzyl, O-benzyl, O-acetyl, N-acetyl, N-MAc, etc. In addition to O-MAc deprotection, this method is also applicable for S-MAc deprotection.     

Homogeneous hydrogenation of electron‐deficient alkenes by iridium complexes

The catalytic homogeneous hydrogenation of electron‐deficient alkenes (nucleophilic hydrogenation) was achieved in the presence of iridium complexes and a base as co‐catalyst. Contrary to hydrogenation of electron‐rich alkenes, which is inactivated by bases, the hydrogenation of the electron‐deficient alkenes turned out to be base activated. Here, we present a more thorough study on the capacities but also limitations of this new reaction mechanism using screenings of the reaction conditions as well as different Ir complexes and substrates. The formation of a catalytically active Ir complex is proposed. The active complex usually attacks a soft electron‐deficient atom, if more than one possibility exists (as shown by density functional theory computations). Additionally, first examples of enantiomeric enrichments in the presence of chiral Ir complexes are presented. The high catalyst load needed and the moderate yields show that the active complex is very unstable under conditions of nucleophilic hydrogenation and is quickly deactivated, which has to be addressed in further studies. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.