Enzymic resolution of 2-substituted cyclohexanols through lipase-mediated esterification

Several lipases were used for the kinetic resolution of the racemic cis- and trans-isomers of 2-(4-methoxybenzyl)cyclohexanol, by lipase-mediated esterification of the substrates to the corresponding acetate isomers. Conversion of the products and the remaining deracemized substrates into diastereoisomeric esters of 3,3,3-trifluoromethyl-2-methoxy-2-phenylpropanoic acid, their analysis by chiral HPLC and assignment of their absolute configurations through their ¹H and ¹⁹F NMR spectra, were the basis of evaluation of the studied enzymic process. Lipase from Rhizomucor miehei (RML) was found to be the most efficient enzyme regarding enantiomeric excess (ee) and yield of the desired products, while resolution by lipase from Rhizopus arrhizus (RAL) resulted in satisfactory ee and lower yields.     

Conformational energies for 2-substituted butanes

The conformational free energies for some 2-substituted butanes where X = F, Cl, CN, and CCH were calculated using G3-B3, CBS-QB3, and CCSD(T)/6-311++G(2d,p) as well as other theoretical levels. The above methods gave consistent results with free energies relative to the trans conformers as follows: X = CCH, g+ = 0.77 +/- 0.05 kcal/mol. g- = 0.88 +/- 0.05 kcal/mol; X = CN, g+ = 0.85 +/- 0.05 kcal/mol, g- = 0.75 +/- 0.05 kcal/mol; X = Cl, g+ = 0.70 +/- 0.05 kcal/ml, g- = 0.80 +/- 0.05 kcal/mol; and X = F, g+ = 0.53 +/- 0.05 kcal/mol, g- = 0.83 +/- 0.05 kcal/mol. The conformational free energies also were estimated using the observed liquid phase IR spectra and intensities calculated using B3LYP/6-311++G** and MP2/6-311++G**. The rotational free energy profiles for all of the compounds were estimated at the G3-B3 level.     

Conformational analysis of 2-substituted nitroethenes

Experimental and theoretical conformational analysis of polyfunctional 2-substituted nitroethenes was carried out by the method of dipole moments and density functional theory calculations. It was established that the nitro and ester (or trichloromethyl) groups are trans-arranged in the molecules of 2-trichloromethyl-(ethoxycarbonyl)-1-nitro- and 1-bromo-1-nitroethenes, i.e., nitroalkenes have E-configuration, their bromo-containing analogues have Z-configuration, and s-cis-orientation of the C=C and C=O double bonds is preferred for nitroacrylates. 2,3-Dibromo-3-nitroacrylates have untrivial Z-configuration in solution.     

Conformational equilibria for 2-substituted cyclohexylidenemalononitriles

The conformational effect of predominance for the axial conformer has been observed for the title compounds and is discussed in terms of steric and orbital interactions.     

Conformational effects on optical rotation. 3-substituted 1-butenes

A calculation of the optical rotation of (R)-(-)-3-chloro-1-butene found a remarkably large dependence on the C=C-C-C torsional angle. At tau = 0 degrees, [alpha](D) = +244 degrees, whereas at tau = 180 degrees, [alpha](D) = -526 degrees. The effect of conformation on the optical rotation was confirmed by a study of the temperature dependence of the rotation. An analysis of the data gave the difference in free energy between the low- and high-energy conformers as 1315 cal/mol and gave the optical rotation of the low-energy conformer and the average of the rotations of the higher energy forms. Although a large effect was found, the observed rotations are a factor of 2.6 smaller than the calculated values, independent of both conformation and wavelength from 589 to 365 nm. The effect of replacing Cl with F, CN, and CCH was examined theoretically. The effects of substituents are remarkably small despite large changes in the calculated electronic transition energies.     

Conformational analysis of 2-substituted 1-nitro-and 1-bromo-1-nitroethenes

Conformational analysis of 2-trichloromethyl(ethoxycarbonyl)-1-nitro-and 2-trichloromethyl-(ethoxycarbonyl)-1-bromo-1-nitroethenes was performed using the dipole moment method, IR spectroscopy, and DFT quantum-chemical calculations (B3LYP/6-31G*). The nitro and ester (or trichloromethyl) groups in the molecules of these compounds were found to occupy trans positions with respect to the double C=C bond, i.e., the nitroalkenes have E, and their bromine-containing analogs, Z configuration; the compounds having an ethoxycarbonyl group are characterized by s-cis orientation of the C=C and C=O bonds.     

Stereochemical studies—XXV: Conformational equilibria of 2-substituted 1,1-dialkylcyclohexanes

The positions of the conformational equilibria in a series of 1,1,2-trisubstituted cyclohexanes have been determined by ¹H NMR. The gauche-interaction of substituents in the 1,1-dimethyl series are, in general, very close to those of monosubstituted cyclohexanes. However, in the spiro-compounds 5 and 6 the equatorial conformers are somewhat destabilized by gauche-interactions though still enthalpy preferred. In contrast, the enthalpy preferred conformer in the 1,1-diethyl series is the axial one.     

Facile synthesis of chiral 2-formyl-1,1′-binaphthyl via lipase-catalyzed acylation and hydrolysis of 1,1′-binaphthyl oximes

Lipase-catalyzed acylation of 2-hydroxyiminomethyl-1,1′-binaphthyl [(±)-1] and hydrolysis of 2-acetoxyiminomethyl-1,1′-binaphthyl [(±)-2] yielded optically active oximes 1 and 2 with high enantiomeric excess. Successful synthesis of the optically active aldehyde 4 from chiral O-acetyl oxime 2 occurred without a decrease of enantiomeric excess.     

2-取代吲哚的染料敏化光氧化反应

2-苯基吲哚 (1a) 在甲醇中的染料敏化光氧化反应给出2-苯基-2-(2'-苯基-3'-吲哚基)二氢吲哚-3-酮 (2a) 和2-甲氧基-2-苯基二氢吲哚-3-酮 (4a), 相应N-甲基取代产物由1-甲基-2-苯基吲哚 (1b) 的类似反应获得。发现反应产物分布随吲哚 (1) 的浓度和介质酸度的变化而变化。对反应机理进行了推测, 其中当1a的反应在乙腈中进行时, 分离到了相应的反应中间体: 2-苯基-3H-吲哚-3-酮 (3a)。     

Stereochemical studies—XXVI: Conformational Equilibria of ketals of 2-substituted cyclohexanones

The position of the conformational equilibria in a series of 2-substituted cyclohexanone ketals have been determined by ¹H NMR. For the ethylene ketals 6 the equatorial conformer has been found to be enthalpically preferred. The other ketal system (5, 7–9), in contrast, display predominance of axial conformers. The reasons for this behavior are discussed in terms of rotameric conformations of acetal chains.     

2-Trifluoroacetyl aminoindoles as useful intermediates for the preparation of 2-acylamino indoles

A three-step method was developed to convert N-1 unprotected 3-substituted indoles to 3-substituted 2-acylaminoindoles. Established indole chlorination chemistry was employed to generate stable 2-trifluoroacetylamino indoles, which were subsequently deprotected and selectively acylated.     

Highly efficient diastereoselective biocatalytic acylation of a diastereotopic furanose diol and synthesis of key intermediates for amino derivatized bicyclonucleosides

The selectivity of Candida antarctica lipase has been demonstrated and employed in the manipulation of a diastereotopic furanose diol as the key step in the synthesis of a novel bicyclo 3-amino-3-deoxy furanose derivative, which is an important intermediate for the synthesis of bicyclic analogs of AZT. The asymmetrization of the diol has been achieved with preferred formation of a monoacylated product with 100% diastereoselectivity. An efficient synthesis of an intermediate in the synthesis of amino derivatized bicyclonucleosides is also described, two such novel compounds containing cycloamino residues have been prepared.     

2-乙基蒽醌的合成工艺研究

本文以邻苯二甲酸酐和乙苯为原料，采用傅氏酰基化，水解，闭环，蒸馏回收溶剂，氧化还原提纯及乙醇萃取蒸馏技术，合成了高纯度2-乙基蒽醌．     

Regiospecific Acetylation of Substituted α,α′‐Benzylidenedimethanols with Vinyl Acetate using Porcine Pancreas Lipase

Acetylation of substituted α,α′‐benzylidenedimethanols with 10 equivalents of vinyl acetate in the presence of 50 w/w% of porcine pancreas lipase (PPL) type II regiospecifically proceeded to afford only the corresponding E‐monoacetates in excellent yields without Z‐monoacetates, diacetate, or the starting materials.     

Conformational effects on optical rotation. 2-Substituted butanes

The specific rotations of 2-substituted butanes (X = F, Cl, CN, and HCC) were calculated at the B3LYP/aug-cc-pVDZ level as a function of the C-C-C-C torsion angle. The results for the four compounds are remarkably similar, despite large differences in the electronic transition energies. The temperature dependence of the specific rotations for 2-methylbutyronitrile and for 2-chlorobutane was studied to give experimental information about the effect of the torsion angle on the specific rotation. The results were in good accord with B3LYP/aug-cc-pVDZ calculations. The specific rotations derived from the study of 2-chlorobutane are similar to those previously obtained for 3-chloro-1-butene, indicating that the double bond does not have a large effect on the optical rotations, but it did lead to a large difference between calculated and observed specific rotations.     

Synthesis of 2-substituted morpholines from dihydroxyalkylsulfamates

2-Substituted morpholines and hexahydro-1,4-oxazepines were prepared by cyclodehyration of potassium dihydroxyalkylsulfamates in concentrated sulfuric acid Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 11, pp. 2123–2125, November, 1999.     

Conformational equilibria of α-substituted carbonyl compounds. Study of solvent effects

PM3 computations have been performed to study confonnational equilibria of a series of α-substituted carbonyl compounds in solution. The solvent is taken into account in the calculations by using cavity models. The compounds studied are a series of substituted acetaldehydes CH₂R-CHO and cyclohexanones C₆H₉OR (R = F, Cl, Br, CN, NO;). The predicted solvent effects are in agreement with available experimental data. The discussion emphasizes the role played by the multipole moments and the necessity of going beyond the ellipsoidal cavity shape approximation in the case of substituted cyclohexanones.     

Conformational studies of N(3)-substituted [1,3,4]-oxadiazinan-2-ones

Pseudoephedrine-based [1,3,4]-oxadiazinan-2-ones acylated at the N(3)-position with either acetyl (2a), propionyl (2b), or phenylacetyl (2c) substituents are known to undergo conformational changes that are observable by (13)C NMR spectroscopy. The conformational properties of new [1,3,4]-oxadiazinan-2-one derivatives 2d-k are examined by X-ray crystallography and variable-temperature (13)C NMR spectroscopy and further evaluated by semiempirical AM1 calculations. The collected data reveal that the conformational changes of the overall ring system are dependent upon the stereoelectronic factors of the N(3)-substituent.     

Conformational studies of 5-substituted 3-aryl-1,2,3-oxathiazolidine 2-oxides using 13C-NMR

The title compounds were prepared and their ¹³C-nmr spectra were examined. On the basis of the data for the magnitudes of the γ shifts and the δ effects, four isomeric conformations of the compounds were discussed.