Viscosimetric evaluation of solvent effects

The intrinsic viscosities of methylene blue, glucose and dextran were determined in various solvents. They are linear againstY Winstein-Grunwald solvent parameters. The relation observed offers an alternative route of the evaluation of the solvent effects by means of viscosimetric measurements.

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Viskosimetrische Auswertung von Lösungsmittel-Effekten

Zusammenfassung Die Grenzviskositäten von Methylenblau, Glukose und Dextran wurden in verschiedenen Lösungsmitteln bestimmt. Sie sind gegen denWinstein-Grunwald-LösungsmittelparameterY linear. Die festgestellte Beziehung bietet einen alternativen Weg zur Bestimmung von Lösungsmitteleffekten mittels viskosimetrischer Messungen.

     

On the theory of solvent effects

A simple electrostatic analysis is given of the virtual charge (solvaton) model to represent the environment effect on the electronic wave function of a solute immersed in a polarizable surrounding. New features of this model are found. The classical aspects are discussed and secondly the quantal implications are considered. A correct Hartree-Fock-like operator is derived which represents an electron in a molecular orbital subjected to the average effect of the other electrons and to the reaction field produced by the virtual charges on the atomic centers.A general formalism based on the preceding model is presented in appendix. The final equations have a form similar to Newton's equation to represent a solvated electron. Unlike some other theories in this field, there is no cut-off involved in the evaluation of the molecular integrals.     

Unprecedented rearrangement during the formation of P-P homoatomic N-phosphino formamidine complexes

A variety of homoatomic P-P donor-acceptor homoleptic (R = R′) and heteroleptic (R ≠ R′) N-phosphino formamidine complexes [iPr₂N-C(H)N-PR₂-PR′₂]Cl were synthesized from the addition of N-phosphino formamidine (phosfam) donor reagent iPr₂N-C(H)N-PR₂ on halogenophosphane compounds R′₂PCl which are synthetic sources for the corresponding phosphenium derivatives R₂P⁺. We have demonstrated that the dynamic equilibrium observed between the different species is shifted either completely to the side of the free species or to the side of the donor-acceptor adduct [iPr₂N-C(H)N-PPh₂-PPh₂]Cl by changing the solvent or by varying the temperature. Activation parameters of ΔS^≠ = (−130 ± 7.2) J mol⁻¹ K⁻¹, ΔH^≠ = (8.4 ± 0.6) kJ mol⁻¹ and ΔG^≠ (298.15 K) = (53.6 ± 2.3) kJ mol⁻¹ were determined by an Eyring analysis over the temperature range of 193-293 K. The negative entropy of activation is consistent with an associative pathway and the low value of ΔH^≠ suggests that the energy barrier for this reaction is entropically controlled. Phosphine-phosphenium adducts is the most appropriate term to describe the dynamic process observed at variable temperature for complexes [iPr₂N-C(H)N-PR₂ → PR′₂]⁺, but the ³¹P NMR chemical shift and the calculated electronic charges are more in favor of a phosphinophosphonium Lewis drawing [iPr₂N-C(H)N-PR₂-PR′₂]⁺. Formation of the homoatomic P-P heteroleptic formamidine complexes [iPr₂N-C(H)NPR′₂PR₂]Cl (R = Ph, R′ = Et, iPr) results in the formal insertion of the phosphino group of the corresponding alkyl chlorophosphanes R′₂PCl into the N-P bond of the starting phosfam ligand iPr₂N-C(H)N-PR₂. Computed data are in agreement with the transient formation of a heteroatomic N-P intermediate [iPr₂N-C(H)N(PR₂)PR′₂]Cl, which then rearranges to the more thermodynamically favored homoatomic P-P compound [iPr₂N-C(H)N-PR₂-PR′₂]Cl.     

FT-IR study on solvent effects in building blocks of bioactive compounds. V

3-Hydroxy-4-hydroxymethyl pyrrolidin-2-ones, easily prepared from the Baylis–Hillman adduct 1-ethyl-4-methyl-2-hydroxy-3-methylenebutanedioate, are useful intermediates in the synthesis of bioactive compounds. In order to understand the mechanism involved in this reaction, vibrational and Montecarlo molecular mechanics conformational analysis on 1-ethyl-4-methyl-2-hydroxy-3-methylenebutanedioate were carried out, confirming the existence of a low energy intramolecular H-bonded five-member ring.     

Effect of solvent polarity on N-H insertion versus rearrangement of alkylidene carbenes

Alkylidene carbenes, when generated from o-aminobenzophenones and lithiated trimethylsilyldiazomethane, give a mixture of alkyne (by rearrangement) and indole (by N-H insertion). It has been found that this ratio of indole to acetylene shows a linear dependence on the polarity of the ethereal solvent.     

Stereoelectronic and solvent effects on the allylic oxyfunctionalization of alkenes with singlet oxygen

The factors that control the stereochemistry of sensitized photooxygenation of alkenes via singlet oxygen (ene reaction) are selectively reported. We also introduce our most recent stereoelectronic effects on the singlet oxygen-ene reaction. The origin of site selectivity and solvent-dependent stereoselectivity in this classical ene reaction with simple as well as functionalized alkenes is highlighted. These studies and other similar studies have enhanced substantially the utility of singlet oxygen in the synthesis of natural and non-natural products.     

Some remarks on the SCRF theory of solvent effects and the calculation of proton potentials

Some aspects concerning the self-consistent reaction field theory of solvent effects are discussed. In particular, the variational solution to the non-linear Schrödinger equation is considered; a necessary and sufficient constraint to be added to the standard variational procedure is discussed. The exact solution of the non-linear equation is presented within the molecular orbital approach; correlation defaults to the Hartree-Fock like solutions are stated. Some thermodynamical correspondences are established with the magnitudes calculated with the self-consistent reaction field theory. Finally, we have commented upon the proton potentials calculated within this theory. An INDO calculation of a water trimer has been used as an example to discuss different types of proton translocation potentials.     

A case against large cluster-induced nonequilibrium solvent effects in supercritical water

Using a partially compressible continuum solvation model, we have shown that solvent compression in just the first two solvation shells (or thereabouts) is all that is required to gain the bulk of the compression-induced enhancement to the solvation energy of ions in supercritical water. This result is found to hold even when the direct, equilibrium solvent-solute cluster involves well over a hundred solvent molecules. We argue that, for charge variation reactions in supercritical water, the observed short-range behavior of the compression-induced solvation free energy precludes the existence of any anomalously large nonequilibrium solvent effects which might be expected on the basis of the very large size of the equilibrium clusters. Received: 8 January 1997 / Accepted: 17 January 1997     

Kinetics and mechanism of the addition of iodine monochloride to some alkenes in nitrobenzene solvent. Effect of polarity of the solvent

The kinetics of the addition of iodine monochloride (ICl) to some vinyl compounds in nitrobenzene solvent was investigated. In all cases the reaction follows second order dependence on ICl and first order on the substrate, making the total order three. Rate constants were measured for each substrate at 20°, 30°, 40° and 50°C.Arrhenius plots were made from which activation energies were evaluated. Other kinetic and thermodynamic parameters are reported. A suitable mechanism is proposed for the reaction and based on this, the various parameters are discussed. Solvent effects are discussed and the data with nitrobenzene and acetic acid solvents are compared.

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Kinetik und Mechanismus der Addition vonICl zu einigen Alkenen in Nitrobenzol als Lösungsmittel. Effekt der Polarität des Lösungsmittels

Zusammenfassung Die Kinetik der Addition von ICl zu einigen Vinylverbindungen in Nitrobenzol als Lösungsmittel wurde untersucht. In allen Fällen ist die Reaktion von zweiter Ordnung hinsichtlich ICl und von erster Ordnung hinsichtlich des Substrats, d. h. mit einer Gesamtordnung von drei. Geschwindigkeitskonstanten wurden für jedes Substrat bei 20°, 30°, 40° und 50°C gemessen. AusArrhenius-Diagrammen wurden Aktivierungsenergien ermittelt und auch andere kinetische und thermodynamische Parameter wurden bestimmt. Ein Mechanismus wird vorgeschlagen, wobei die verschiedenen Parameter diskutiert werden. Lösungsmitteleffekte werden ebenfalls diskutiert und die Daten mit Nitrobenzol und Essigsäure als Lösungsmittel miteinander verglichen.

     

A concise synthesis of Tamiflu: third generation route via the Diels-Alder reaction and the Curtius rearrangement

Our third generation synthesis of Tamiflu was achieved in 12 steps from commercially available starting materials, using the Diels-Alder reaction and Curtius rearrangement as key steps.     

Solvent effects in the reaction of lucigenin with basic hydrogen peroxide: Chemiluminescence spectra in mixed polar solvents

Summary The chemiluminescent reaction of lucigenin with basic hydrogen peroxide has been studied in several mixtures of water with the cosolvents methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, dimethylformamide, and dimethylsulfoxide. The chemiluminescence spectra depend on the cosolvent and its concentration in the reaction medium. With increasing cosolvent concentration, the chemiluminescence shifts to lower wavelengths. For similar cosolvents, the size of this shift increases with decreasing dielectric constant. In high-cosolvent-concentration mixtures, the chemiluminescence matches the fluorescent emission of N-methylacridone. Chemiluminescence from low-cosolvent-concentration mixtures is explained as the sum of the lucigenin and N-methylacridone fluorescent emissions, the lucigenin emission probably being a consequence of energy transfer from N-methyl-acridone. The cosolvent inhibits this energy transfer. These observations, taken together with our previous kinetic results, indicate that the reaction mechanism is the same in all the studied reaction media.

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Lösungsmitteleffekte bei der Reaktion von Lucigenin mit basischem Hydrogenperoxid: Chemilumineszenzspektren in gemischten polaren Lösungsmitteln

Zusammenfassung Die Chemilumineszenzreaktion von Lucigenin mit basischem Hydrogenperoxid wurde in verschiedenen Mischungen von Wasser mit Methanol, Ethanol, 1-Propanol, Dimethylformamid oder Dimethylsulfoxyd untersucht. Die Chemilumineszenzspektren hängen vom organischen Kosolvens und dessen Konzentration im Reaktionsmedium ab. Mit ansteigender Konzentration ergeben sich in der Chemilumineszenz Verschiebungen zu größeren Wellenlängen. Für ähnliche Kosolventien steigt diese Verschiebung mit kleineren Dielektrizitätskonstanten an. Bei hohen Kosolvenskonzentrationen gleicht die Chemilumineszenz der Fluoreszenzemission von N-Methylacridon. Die Chemilumineszenz bei kleinen Kosolvenskonzentrationen kann als die Summe der Fluoreszenzemission von Lucigenin und N-Methylacridon erklärt werden, wobei die Lucigeninemission vermutlich eine Folge eines Energietransfers von N-Methylacridon ist. Das Kosolvens verhindert diesen Energietransfer. Diese Beobachtungen, zusammen mit früheren kinetischen Resultaten, erlauben den Schluß, daß der Reaktionsmechanismus in allen Reaktionsmedien der gleiche ist.

     

Significant solvent effects and unusual additions of p-chloranil in the photoinduced electron-transfer reaction of 2,2-dianisyl-4-isopropylidene-3,3-dimethylcyclobutanone

A photoinduced electron-transfer reaction of 2,2-dianisyl-4-isopropylidene-3,3-dimethylcyclobutanone (1) in benzene gave two unexpected CA-adducts, 5,5-dianisyl-4,4-dimethyl-3-[1-(4-hydroxy-2,3,5,6-tetrachlorophenyl)methylethylidene]dihydrofuran-2-one (7) and 2,2-dianisyl-4-(4-hydroxy-2,3,5,6-tetrachlorophenoxy)-4-isopropenyl-3,3-dimethylcyclobutanone (8), while the reaction in acetonitrile did not, suggesting significant solvent effects on the product distribution.     

Solvent effects on chemiluminescence from the hydrogen peroxide-lucigenin reaction: Kinetics of light emission in mixed polar solvents

Summary The effect of reaction media composition on reaction kinetics was studied for the reaction of lucigenin (10,10-dimethyl-9,9-biacridinium nitrate) with hydrogen peroxide and alkali. Chemiluminescent emission as well as lucigenin disappearance were recorded in mixtures of water with the co-solvents methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, dimethylsulfoxide, and dimethylformamide. The kinetic results (base and peroxide concentration influence on the reaction rate and the relative chemiluminescence yield) are very similar in all the reaction media, suggesting that the fundamental step in the disappearance of lucigenin and in light emission decay is HO ₂ ^– addition to lucigenin. Lucigenin can also disappear through dark reactions with OH^– or H₂O₂. The co-solvent acts as a catalyst for the reaction with HO ₂ ^– and increases both the initial chemiluminescence intensity and the decay rate constant.

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Lösungsmitteleffekte bei der Chemilumineszenz der Wasserstoffperoxid-Lucigenin Reaktion. Kinetik der Lichtemission in gemischten polaren Lösungsmitteln

Zusammenfassung Es wurde der Einfluß der Zusammensetzung des Reaktionsmediums auf die Kinetik der Reaktion von Lucigenin (10,10-dimethyl-9,9-biacridiniumnitrat) mit Wasserstoffperoxid und Alkali untersucht. Die Emission der Chemilumineszenz und das Verschwinden von Lucigenin wurde in Mischungen von Wasser mit den Kosolventien Methanol, Ethanol, 1-Propanol, Dimethylsufoxid und Dimethylformamid gemessen. Die kinetischen Resultate (Einfluß der Basen- und Peroxid-Konzentration auf die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit und die relative Chemilumineszenzausbeute) sind für alle Reaktionsmedien sehr ähnlich; das legt den Schluß nahe, daß der grundlegende Schritt im Verbrauch des Lucigenin unter Lichtemission die Addition von HO ₂ ^– an Lucigenin ist. Lucigenin kann auch über Dunkelreaktionen mit OH^– oder H₂O₂ verschwinden. Das Kosolvens agiert als Katalysator für die Rekation mit HO ₂ ^– und erhöht sowohl die anfängliche Chemilumineszenzintensität als auch die Zerfallsgeschwindigkeitskonstante.

     

Understanding the enthalpic and entropic contributions to solvent effects on osmium tetroxide complexation with pyridine

Solvent effects on the complex formation of osmium tetroxide (which is the most reliable reagent available for the cis-hydroxylation of alkenes) and pyridine were investigated using spectrophotometric techniques in different solvents (benzene, chloroform, acetone, acetonitrile, anisole, tetrahydrofuran, nitrobenzene and nitromethane). The enthalpy and entropy exhibit opposing effects on stability constant with the change in solvent. In these solvents, the entropy and enthalpy of the reaction are found to be mainly influenced by the donor number (DN) of the solvents.     

Vapor-phase Beckmann rearrangement of oxime molecules over H-Faujasite zeolite.

The Beckmann rearrangement (BR) plays an important role in a variety of industries. The mechanism of this reaction rearrangement of oximes with different molecular sizes, specifically, the oximes of formaldehyde (H₂C?NOH), Z‐acetaldehyde (CH₃HC?NOH), E‐acetaldehyde (CH₃HC?NOH) and acetone (CH₃)₂C?NOH, catalyzed by the Faujasite zeolite is investigated by both the quantum cluster and embedded cluster approaches at the B3LYP level of theory using the 6‐31G (d,p) basis set. To enhance the energetic properties, single point calculations are undertaken at MP2/6‐311G(d,p). The rearrangement step, using the bare cluster model, is the rate determining step of the entire reaction of these oxime molecules of which the energy barrier is between 50–70 kcal mol^?1. The more accurate embedded cluster model, in which the effect of the zeolitic framework is included, yields as the rate determining step, the formaldehyde oxime reaction rearrangement with an energy barrier of 50.4 kcal mol^?1. With the inclusion of the methyl substitution at the carbon‐end of formaldehyde oxime, the rate determining step of the reaction becomes the 1,2 H‐shift step for Z‐acetaldehyde oxime (30.5 kcal mol^?1) and acetone oxime (31.2 kcal mol^?1), while, in the E‐acetaldehyde oxime, the rate determining step is either the 1,2 H‐shift (26.2 kcal mol^?1) or the rearrangement step (26.6 kcal mol^?1). These results signify the important role that the effect of the zeolite framework plays in lowering the activation energy by stabilizing all of the ionic species in the process. It should, however, be noted that the sizeable turnover of a reaction catalyzed by the Brønsted acid site might be delayed by the quantitatively high desorption energy of the product and readsorption of the reactant at the active center.     

Two parameter donor-acceptor approach to solvent effects on the electrode kinetics of cations

A two parameter approach to solvent variations in the electroreduction rate constants of cobalt complexes and europium cations is presented and discussed in terms of solvent—solute and solvent—solvent interactions.

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Ein Zwei-Parameter Donor-Acceptor-Ansatz für Lösungsmitteleffekte bei der Elektrodenkinetik von Kationen (Kurze Mitteilung)

Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Zwei-Parameter-Annäherung der Lösungsmitteleinflüsse auf die Geschwindigkeitskonstanten der Elektroreduktion von Kobalt-Komplexen und Europium-Kationen präsentiert und auf der Basis von Lösungsmittel—gelöster Stoff- und Lösungsmittel—Lösungsmittel-Wechselwirkung diskutiert.

     

苯酞类化合物重排反应的研究——————3－位烷基取代苯 酞的重排反应

发现了3-正丁基苯酞在三氯化铝作用下进行重排反应生成1-甲基-5-羧基四氢萘,并提出了氢迁移的重排反应机制。研究了3-位不同烷基取代的苯酞类化合物在三氯化铝作用下的重排反应。在重排过程中,既有氢迁移,也会有烷基迁移,这取决于形成的碳正离子的稳定性。