Analogs of pyrimidine nucleosides

N₁-(-Tetrahydrofuranyl)- and N₁-(-tetrahydropyranyl)uracils and the corresponding 6-azauracils have been obtained by the condensation of bistrimethylsilyl derivatives of uracils and 6-azauracils with-chlorotetrahydrofuran and-chlorotetrahydropyran. The superiority of the silyl method over the mercury method used previously has been demonstrated.For part III, see [9].     

The thermal decomposition of disodium propan-2-one-l,3-disulphonate

The thermal decomposition of disodium propan-2-one-1,3-disulphonate (NaO₃S.CH₂.CO.CH₂.SO₃Na) in atmospheres of both oxygen and nitrogen proceded by a complete molecular disruption with sodium sulphate or mixtures of sodium sulphate and sodium carbonate as the final residues. No organic compounds were detected in the volatile products.

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Zusammenfassung Die thermische Zersetzung des Dinatriumpropan-2-on-l,3-disulfonats (NaO₃S.CH₂.CO.CH₂.SO₃Na) vollzog sich sowohl in Sauerstof-fals in Stickstoff-Atmosphäre unter vollständiger Zerstörung des Moleküls mit Natriumsulfat oder Mischungen von Natriumsulfat und Natriumcarbonat als Restprodukt. Unter den flüchtigen Produkten wurden keine organischen Verbindungen nachgewiesen.

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Résumé La décomposition thermique du disulfite de sodium 1,3 one 2 propane (NaO₃S. CH₂.CO.CH₂.SO₃Na) s'effectue avec disruption moléculaire complète et obtention de résidus constitués de sulfate de sodium ou de mélanges de sulfate de sodium et de carbonate de sodium, tant en atmosphère d'oxygène que d'azote. Aucun composé organique n'est détecté dans les produits volatils.

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--2--1,3- (NaO₃S. CH₂. CO. CH₂. SO₃Na) . .

     

n-Hexane cracking over heteropoly acids, 2. Catalytic activity and thermal stability of H4SiW12O40, H6P2W18O62 and H6P2W21O71(H2O)3

The catalytic activity of three heteropoly acids has been studied in n-hexane cracking. Only H₄SiW₁₂O₄₀ does not decompose into oxides at the reaction temperature. Its acidic form is active in cracking but its dehydration leads to an inactive compound.

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-. H₄SiW₁₂O₄₀ . , .

     

The Dissociation Constants of 1,1′-Bis (pyridinium-4-aldoxime)trimethylene dibromide

Summary. The dissociation constants of the two oxime groups of 1,1-bis(pyridinium-4-aldoxime)trimethylene dibromide (TMB-4) were determined using spectrophotometric data. Two numerical methods were applied to treat the overlapping equilibria. The results obtained by both agreed with each other and their mean values at 25°C corrected for the ionic strength of 0.05moldm^–3 are pK_a1=7.49±0.11 and pK_a2=8.96±0.09. These values were discussed in terms of the pK_as of 1,1-bis(pyridinium-4-aldoxime)oxydimethylene dichloride (Toxogonin), a similar dioxime, which were derived by extrapolation of literature data.     

DTA and chemical characteristics of YBa2Cu3O6.5+γ superconductor processing from different raw materials

The YBaCu=123 coprecipitates of carbonates (precipitated with Na₂CO₃ or Na₂CO₃-NaOH solution) and of oxalates (obtained in aqueous, partly aqueous and non-aqueous media) were investigated as concerns the yield and stoichiometry of the precipitates, including their transmission electron microscopy and DTA characteristics. Oxalates coprecipitated from acetate solutions in non-aqueous media provide fine samples with increased reactivity. For comparison, when thermally treated, an oxide ceramic mixture containing aged BaO (with some Ba(OH)₂ and BaO₂) exhibits increased reactivity due to the formation of a liquid phase in the temperature range 400–500°.

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Zusammenfassung Gemeinsam gefällte Carbonate (aus Na₂CO₃- bzw. Na₂CO₃-NAOH-Lösung) und Oxalate (aus wässeriger, wässerig-akoholischer bzw. alkoholischer Lösung) von Y, Ba und Cu im Molverhältnis 123 wurden untersucht in Bezug auf die Ausbeute und Stöichiometrie der Fällungsprodukte, mittels Transmission-Elektronenmikroskopie und DTA. Durch Oxalatfällung aus Acetaten in nichtwässeriger Lösung wurden feinteilige Proben erhöhter Reaktivität erhalten. Zum Vergleich wurden oxidkeramische BaO-haltige Mischungen (die infolge Alterung durch Ba(OH)₂ und BaO₂ verunreinigt waren) thermisch behandelt und zeigten infolge Bildung einer flüssigen Phase im Temperaturbereich 400–500 °C ebenfalls erhöhte Reaktivität.

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, , 1:2:3 Na₂CO₃ Na₂CO₃-NaOH, , , . , . . , ()_{2 2}, , 400–500°.

     

Electrochemical dissolution of magnetite in acid solutions

The present paper deals with the electrochemical behavior of magnetite microcrystals in an acid medium. A voltammetric method employing a carbon-paste electroactive electrode (CPEE) with an organic binder was used. It was found that the cathodic voltammograms, which were recorded at different scan rates, formed a set bounded in the space of i–E parameters by a generalizing voltammetric curve corresponding to the effective potential scan rate _eff. In other words, all curves are situated under one enveloping curve, just as the smaller dolls sit in the largest doll of a Russian doll. Reverse currents (a cathodic current in the anodic direction of the potential scan) were observed on the cyclic voltammogram. Forward and reverse currents obey the same laws and have one and the same generalizing curve, which could be taken as the magnetite characteristic.     

Rotamerism and roulettamerism of vertex-sharing biicosahedral supraclusters: Synthesis and structure of [(Ph3P)10Au13Ag12Cl8](SbF6)

The relative rotation of two centered icosahedra of a vertex-sharing biicosahedral supracluster about the pentagonal symmetry axis gives rise to cluster rotamerism while the relative rotation of the satellite ring of six bridging halide ligands around the equator with respect to the metal framework gives rise to cluster roulettamerism; the latter is exemplified by the structures of [(Ph₃P)₁₀Au₁₃Ag₁₂ X ₈]⁺ X=Cl (this work) or Br.     

Comparison Between a Generalized Electronic Diabatic Approach and the Born–Oppenheimer Separation Scheme in Inertial Frames

We discuss a generalized electronic diabatic (GED) approach to diagonalize the exact Hamiltonian of an n-electron system which embeds an external background of positive charges. This Hamiltonian, denoted by _e(q,), is defined in an inertial frame, and it contains a quantum part (the electrons with coordinates q) and a classical part (the external charges in a three-dimensional configuration ). We derive a GED basis set { _k (q)} using an operator _e(q,⁰) for a single configuration ⁰, and then show that these are also eigenfunctions for any other _e(q,); only the ordering of eigenvalues may depend on (i.e., k=k()). The GED functions can also be used to represent the eigenstates of a fully quantum-mechanical system of electrons and nuclei. We discuss briefly the differences between the present procedure and the standard Born–Oppenheimer (BO) technique in the clamped-nuclei approximation. As illustration, we show how chemical changes emerge as transitions among diabatic states mediated by an electromagnetic field.     

The application of thermoanalytical methods for the characterization of zeolite catalysts

Through the coupling of a DSC 111 (Setaram) with a gas dosing valve and a catharometer detector, equipment was developed for the investigation of adsorbents and catalysts. This equipment was applied for the determination of differential and integral heats of adsorption of C₂ to C₄ hydrocarbons on zeolites of the pentasile family. The proposed method has sufficient accuracy for the determination of adsorption heats for technical products. The advantages and the problems of the presented method are discussed.

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Zusammenfassung Durch Kombination eines DSC-Geräts (Setaram Typ 111) mit einem Gasdosierventil und einem Wärmeleitfähigkeitsdetektor wurde ein Gerät für die Untersuchung von Adsorbentien und Katalysatoren geschaffen. Dieses Gerät wurde zur Bestimmung difierentieller und integraler Adsorptionswärmen von C₂- bis C₄-Kohlenwasserstoffen an Zeolithen der Pentasil-Familie eingesetzt. Die vorgeschlagene Methode ist ausreichend genau, um Adsorptionswärmen technischer Produkte zu bestimmen. Vorzüge und Probleme der Methode werden diskutiert.

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111 () - - , . C₂ C₄ . . .

     

Mechanism of silane oxidation

The polymerization of acrylonitrile has been studied in dimethylformamide in the presence of the complex catalyst tris-(-allyl/chromium and pyridine. The structure of the active sites of polymerization is discussed on the basis of experimental data.

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, , - .

     

Oxidation of propylene over tellurium oxides and Cd?Te?Mo?O and Mn?Te?Mo?O systems

The catalytic behavior of the Cd–Te–Mo–O and Mn–Te–Mo–O systems in the selective oxidation of propylene to acrolein has been related to the MTeMoO₆ phases in the region rich in Te and to the MMoO₄ phases with Te as dopant in the region poor in Te. In view of the possible relevance of Te⁴⁺ and Te⁶⁺ ions to catalysis, the behavior of the different forms of tellurium oxide is also discussed.

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Cd–Te–Mo–O Mn–Te–Mo–O MTeMoO₆ Te MMoO₄ Te Te. Te⁺⁴ Te⁺⁶ .

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This work was supported by the Italian C.N.R. (Roma)     

Entropy in dissimilarity and chirality measures

Within the prospect of quantifying the geometrical dissimilarity of molecular models on the basis of a thermodynamical formalism, the algebra of stereogenic pairing equilibria is reviewed and applied to molecular geometry: developing Rassat's proposition, an interaction energy of two figures F and F is taken as proportional tod _H ^Emphasis>/2 (F, F), whered _H denotes the Hausdorff distance. IfG is a group of rotations in E _n the geometrical version of the general equation (E) of the chemical algebra defines a distance extensionD _p(F,F) ofd _H(F,F), which is independent of the orientations of F and F, and where the coefficientp is interpreted as the reciprocal of a temperature-like parameter:p 1/T. At K (p = ), no formal entropy contributes to the definition of the uniform distanceD . At K (p = 0), the discrimination between homo- and hetero-pairing of figures by the harmonic distance Do is averaged over orientation states. Temperature-dependent chirality measuresc _p are derived fromD _p, andc is analogous to Mislow's chirality measure. If T and oT are normalized enantiomorphic triangles with coincident centroids inE ₂,c _p(T) =D _p (T, T) is calculated forp = 0 andp = , and discussed for 0 <p < . Finally, the Hausdorff interaction model is putatively related to energy profiles versus dihedral angle inmeso- anddl-molecules.     

Studies on the active sites for dehydrocyclization reaction over Pt?Al2O3 catalysts

The work represents a search for direct evidence of the existence of low temperature and high temperature active sites over Pt–Al₂O₃ for dehydrocyclization reaction. It is suggested that the former consists of dispersed metallic Pt and the latter of super-dispersed metallic Pt or isolated atomic Pt and ionic Pt.

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- - Pt/Al₂O₃ . , Pt, Pt, Pt.

     

QSAR of copper(II) complexes with cytotoxic properties

Summary A QSAR based on a multiple regression analysis for 15 copper(II) semi- and thiosemicarbazone complexes with cytotoxic properties is presented. In vitro cytotoxicity was selected as the dependent variable and Van der Waals volumes (Vm), octanol- water partition coefficients (logP), specific rate constants of the copper(II) complexes towards superoxide radicals (k _s ) and variation in C=N vibration bands (CN) in IR spectra of the complexes with respect to the free ligands were selected as the independent variables. The stepwise regression procedure and the all possible regressions were practiced in the analysis of the data. The orthogonality analysis proved noncollinearity among the variables. According to the obtained equation the two best copper(II) complexes were submitted to a broad in vivo screening study and resulted to be active against La, P-388 and L-1210 leukemias.

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QSAR von Kupfer(II)-Komplexen mit cytotoxischen Eigenschaften

Zusammenfassung Es wird eine quantitative Struktur-Aktivitäts-Beziehung basierend auf einer multiplen Regressionsanalyse für 18 Kupfer(II)-Semi- und Thiosemicarbazon-Komplexe präsentiert. Die in vitro-Cytotoxizität wurde als die abhängige Variable und Van-der-Waals-Volumina (Vm), Octanol-Wasser-Verteilungskoeffizienten (logP), spezifische Geschwindigkeitskonstanten der Kupfer(II)-Komplexe gegenüber Superoxid-Radikalen (k _s ) und die Variationen der C=N-Vibrationsbanden (CN) in den IR-Spektren der Komplexe gegenüber den freien Liganden als unabhängige Variablen eingeführt. Es wurde stufenweise Regression und die alle möglichen Regressionen-Prozedur in der Analyse der Daten verwendet. Die Orthogonalitätsanalyse zeigte Nichtkolinearität der Variablen an. Entsprechend den erhaltenen Gleichungen wurden die beiden besten Kupfer(II)-Komplexe einem breiten in vivo-Screening unterworfen. Sie waren gegenüber La, P-388 und L-1210 Leukemie aktiv.

     

Structure and conformation of 1-Bromopropane: A gas-phase electron-diffraction investigation using microwave-spectroscopy data and results from ab initio calculations as constraints

1-Bromopropane has been studied by gas-phase electron diffraction (ED) at 24C. Earlier published values for rotational constants from microwave spectroscopy (MW), together with results from ab initio molecular-orbital calculations, have been included in the ED analysis. Two conformers with C-C-C-Br torsion angles of 180 (anti) or 66.0(17) (gauche) have been observed. The results obtained for the bond distances (r _g) and valence angles () from this combined ED/MW analysis, with the ab initio results used as constraints are r (C-H)=1.114(9) å,r(C₁-C₂)=1.521(5) å,r(C₂-C₃)=1.535(5) å,r (C₁-Br)=1.962(6) å, <(C-C-C)anti,=110.0(11), <(C-C-C)gauche=113.3(11), < (C-C-Br)anti=111.1(6), < (C-C-Br)gauche=112.1(6), <C₂-C₁-H=112.1 (ab initio value), <C₂-C₃-H=111.4 (ab initio value), <H-C₂-H=107.0 (ab initio value). Error limits are given as 2, where (standard deviation) includes estimates of uncertainties in voltage/height measurements and correlation in the experimental data. The observed amountof gauche conformer was 64(14)%. Using the entropy difference between conformers obtained in the ab initio calculations, this composition corresponds to an energy difference of E=E _anti —E _gauche=0.03(36) kcal/mol. The results are compared with those earlier obtained for other 1-halopropanes.     

Chemical algebra. II: Discriminating pairing products

The algebra of stereogenic pairing equlibria is presented in a very general context. Starting from the notions of fuzzy subgroup and conjugacy link, chemical pairing constants between molecular speciesu andv having a skeletal symmetry groupG are formulated as pairing products on aG-Hilbert space. Discriminating pairing productsK are defined by the conditions: K 1 and K = 1 the representative vectors of the paired species areG-equivalent. WhenG has only two elements, the pairing product is always discriminating. For several skeletal symmetries, if the vectors are enantiomorphic (v = u, ² =e, G), thenK is greater than 1 and reaches 1 only ifu is achiral: chirality indexes and general permutational indexes are then defined fromK(u u). The general model is illustrated by some examples.     

Some effective solvents for rapid and reliable characterization of phenylthiohydantoin-amino acids

Summary One-dimensional chromatography with internal standards permits reliable identification of the phenylthiohydantoins from all the common amino acids with the following TLC systems: silica gel — chloroform/n-butyl acetate (9010), di-isopropylether/ethanol (955), dichloromethane/ethanol/acetic acid (9082) ortrans-dichloroethylene/ethanol/acetic acid (88102); and cellulose with 25% formic acid — heptane/isobutanol/75% fromic acid (40309) or silica gel — chloroform/ ethanol/acetic acid/water (50470.52.5).Abbreviations: PTH=phenylthiohydantoin, TLC=thin-layer chromatography, HPTLC=high-performance TLC; other abbreviations: see end of text. Proportions in solvent mixtures are v/v except where otherwise indicated.     

Two-electron atomic wave functions which satisfy proportionality relations between one-and two-electron moments

Based on momentum- and position-space analyses of the moment operators for two-electron atoms, it is shown that there exists a family of two-electron wave functions which satisfy a proportionality relation, r/ ₁ ^v /r ₁₂ ^v =p/ ₁ ^v /p ₁₂ ^v =2^–v/2, between the one and two-electron moments in position and momentum spaces, where v is an arbitrary number for which the moments are well-defined.     

Nuclear repulsion effects in molecular bonding

Potential energy curves of a single electron moving in the joint Coulomb field of two fixed nuclei of equal arbitrary charge, Z, have been calculated exactly using a scaling relationship derived in an earlier paper. The resulting potential curves display some interesting features. For Z<1 the 2p antibonding orbital becomes bonding, while the 1s potential well becomes deeper. For larger Z, the 1s orbital eventually becomes antibonding but the potential curve passes through a number of distinct intermediate stages before a purely repulsive potential is reached.     

On a large difference in enthalpic virial coefficient among some isomers of alkoxyalcohol

Molar excess enthalpies for aqueous solutions of 3-methoxy-1-butanol (3-MB) and 1-methoxy-2-butanol (M-2B) have been measured at 298.15 K over the whole concentration range with a flow microcalorimeter. From the experimental data, we evaluated the enthalpic interaction parameter h_xx and obtained the following order:h _xx (3 MB) h_xx(M-2B)This large difference in h_xx. provided us some new factors which might have the influence on hydrophobic interaction: fundamental frame, hydroxyl group, and ether oxygen atom.

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Zusammenfassung Mittels eines Fluß-Mikrokalorimeters wurden bei 298.15 K im gesamten Konzentrationsintervall die molaren Überschußenthalpien für wäßrige Lösungen aus 3-Methoxy-1-Butanol (3-MB) und 1-Methoxy-2-Butanol (M-2B) gemessen. Anhand der experimentellen Daten erstellten wir den Enthalpiepaar-Wechselwirkungsparameter h_xx und erhielten folgende Reihenfolge: h_xx(3-MB) h_xx(M-2B)Diese große Abweichung bei h_xx legte uns einige neue Faktoren nahe, die einen Einfluß auf die hydrophobe Wechselwirkung haben können: Grundgerüst, Hydroxylgruppen als auch Sauerstoffatome.