知识、能力、素质的关系研究──理论力学教学中能力培养浅析

以理论力学教学活动中的知识传授、能力培养、以及素质提高为例，研究在压缩学时、更新内容、改革教学的情况下如何培养学生的能力，提高学生的素质的问题．     

培养学生创造能力与创新精神的实践

学校教育不仅是知识的传授，更重要的是培养学生的综合素质和创新精神．进行创新教育并开展创新活动，是培养学生创造能力与创新精神的行之有效的方法．     

工科专业背景下材料力学建模能力的培养与实践1)

为了培养学生运用材料力学解决复杂工程问题的能力,在授课时要注重理论分析与试验的结合. 文章在试验观测的基础上,提出基本假定,对梁截面进行受力分析,通过截面的几何关系、材料的物理关系和梁的静力平衡关系,建立钢筋混凝土梁开裂载荷的力学模型,并通过试验对计算公式的准确性进行验证. 力学模型的建立过程体现了运用材料力学解决工程问题的一般方法,提高了学生的学习、科研兴趣,增强了学生的动手能力和试验观测、分析能力,也加深了学生对材料力学基本理论知识的理解,进而培养学生灵活运用材料力学知识解决复杂工程问题的能力.     

材料力学教学中加强力学建模能力的探索与实践

针对培养目标调整和学时减少的现实情况,从材料力学课程特点出发,在课堂教学环节的全程训练、力学建模与分析报告的综合训练、力学建模能力的考核评价等3 个方面,对材料力学教学中加强学生力学建模能力培养进行了有益的探索和实践. 结果表明,这些方法提高了学生学习兴趣和教学效果,对提升教学质量具有较高的参考价值.     

注重基础、立足工程、强化实践、融入模拟、激励创新——材料力学教学改革探索

材料力学是机械类、土木类和力学类等工科类专业的核心课程,课程秉承“强基础、重实践、融模拟、促创新”的理念;构建“融工程、融前沿、融思政”的教学资源与内容,夯实学生的力学理论知识,培养学生利用力学理论解决实际工程问题的能力,同时帮助学生塑造正确的世界观、人生观、价值观和职业观;将抽象的力学概念与三阶递进的课程实践融会贯通,培养学生的动手实践能力、探索精神和创新能力;将数值模拟技术引入课堂,初步培养学生利用数值模拟软件解决力学问题的能力。建立以传授知识为中心,以解决工程问题为导向,以创新实践为特点,以数值模拟软件为工具,以立德树人为根本的课堂。

     

理论力学教学与大学生素质教育

通过理论力学的教学可以培养大学生的审美能力、逻辑思维能力、分析问题解决问题的能力、清晰地表达问题的能力. 也可以提高大学生思维的灵活性和创造性,全面提高大学生的身心素质.     

改革教学方法提高学生分析实际问题的能力

本文介绍以理论联系实际的定性分析讨论课,培养学生定性分析能力的教学方法．     

适应专科特点,加强能力培养

本文根据高等工程专科学校的培养目标，介绍在材料力学教学和实验方面培养学生能力的尝试．     

谈力学教学模式的改革

指出了目前力学教学模式存在的几个主要弊端. 提出了三段式,研究式,三环式和讨论式等教学模式.教学实践表明,该模式对提高学生素质,提高学生创新和自学能力,提高学生学习兴趣,培养学生的工程意识都有较大帮助.     

面向21世纪的工程力学专业人才培养─—工程概论课程的探索与实践

论述工程力学专业设置“工程概论”课程的必要性及对面向21世纪工程力学专业人才培养的意义．并以流体力学专题为例,介绍了专题内容,讲授方式以及培养学生综合能力与素质的设想和点滴体会．     

Patterns,fabric, anisotropy,and soil elasto-plasticity

This paper proposes a new method in the theory of soil plasticity – an advance on Hill [The Mathematical Theory of Plasticity, Clarendon Press, Oxford]. The method assumes that soil fabric consists of inter-locking, inter-twining, inter-laced, juxtaposed, and superposed elementary units called “patterns”. A mechanics of patterns is developed. As well as elastic and plastic components, a third strain-increment component is deduced which helps explain non-associated flow. The proposed method leads to explanations of critical states, anisotropy, sensitivity, the Bauschinger effect, and swept-out memory. All these appear in the method as near-inescapable features of plastic solids. Results are illustrated in detail for plane strain biaxial processes.     

Steady,oblique, detonation waves

Normal and oblique, steady planar detonation waves have been theoretically and computationally examined using the Zeldovich, von Neumann, Döring model. Combustion is between a methane/hydrogen mixture and dry air assuming, first, complete combustion, then an equilibrium solution. Prescribed parameters are the upstream values for the pressure, temperature, and Mach number, the fuel/air equivalence ratio, a hydrogen/methane ratio, and the detonation wave angle. For a given upstream state, the angle varies from its normal wave value in increments of 10 ^o to non-integer wave angles that correspond to the Chapman-Jouguet state for complete combustion and for an equilibrium solution. For each solution, detailed results are provided for the upstream state, the state just downstream of the shock, and the two downstream states. Over 340 solutions in a report (Emanuel and Tuckness 2002) are provided, thereby establishing, for the first time, comprehensive tables that can be used to provide quick estimates, establish trends, and check CFD results. This paper describes the basis for the model, briefly outlines the analytical and numerical method, and discusses several insights.     

Diffusion models for innovation: s-curves, networks, power laws, catastrophes, and entropy

This article considers models for the diffusion of innovation would be most relevant to the dynamics of early 21st century technologies. The article presents an overview of diffusion models and examines the adoption S-curve, network theories, difference models, influence models, geographical models, a cusp catastrophe model, and self-organizing dynamics that emanate from principles of network configuration and principles of heat diffusion. The diffusion dynamics that are relevant to information technologies and energy-efficient technologies are compared. Finally, principles of nonlinear dynamics for innovation diffusion that could be used to rehabilitate the global economic situation are discussed.     

One-dimensional,time-dependent,homogeneous, two-phase flow in volcanic conduits

A one-dimensional, time-dependent, isothermal, homogeneous, two-phase flow model was developed to study magma ascent in volcanic conduits. The physical modeling equations were numerically solved by means of a TVD (total variation diminishing) predictor-corrector procedure and by means of a predictor-corrector technique based on the method of characteristics. The results from the transient model were verified with an analytical solution for wave propagation in conduits without friction and gravitational effects. The numerical solutions were also compared with those of a steady-state, homogeneous, two-phase model for basaltic and rhyolitic magma ascents in the fissures and circular conduits of Vesuvius and Mt St. Helens. An application of the model to magma decompression in conduits indicates very short times for gas exsolution, fragmentation, and shock wave propagation, implying that the modelling of gas exsolution should involve non-equilibrium kinetics effects. Future coupling of the transient magma ascent model with magma chamber and pyroclastic dispersion models should allow for more realistic simulations of the time-dependent behavior of real volcanic eruptions.     

Physiology,mechanics, and rheology

Biological systems possess rather specialized mechanical properties, acquired as part and parcel of the evolutionary development of the system as a whole. Their optimization permits the system to function physiologically in the context of a biologically essential, but mechanically often widely varying environment with adequate efficiency. The system's environment is its source of food and shelter; it represents the space in which it forages or preys on other creatures and in which it has to defend itself against still others. Thus, the system has to develop an adequately pliant, rheologically matched, energy-use efficient, mechanical interface between it and its surroundings. This must be an interface that both effectively excludes, but also effectively admits, the external. Internally, as well, it has to adapt the mechanical properties of cell and connective tissue to physiological function and the efficient performance of useful work. This will be illustrated by way of examples. Blood rheology is briefly discussed and put into the context of clinical hemorheology and epithelial protection; and function, by way of a mucus coating or a mucociliary clearance system, is reviewed in some detail. The importance of all aspects of rheological matching is demonstrated.Delivered as a Keynote Lecture at the Golden Jubilee Conference of the British Society of Rheology and Third European Rheology Conference, Edinburgh, 3–7 September, 1990.