顺反异构的转化与应用

作为立体化学的一部分，顺反异构反应是一类重要的有机反应。在其教学过程中，对顺反异构体间性质和结构变化的讲解，有助于学生理解顺反异构现象。从介绍偶氮苯分子、共轭多烯分子和芳香亚胺分子的顺反异构在如分子马达等领域的应用，增强学生学习该部分知识的兴趣，了解有机化学的发展。     

晶格能的键参数拓扑指数关联

拓扑指数或分子连通性指数法在研究有机化合物结构与性能关系方面,已作了大量工作,并得到了广泛的应用。拓扑指数只与分子的几何结构有关,而不考虑原子的性质;键参数法虽然研究无机化合物结构与性能方面已获得了巨大的成功,但键参数法只考虑原子的性质,而不考虑分子的几何结构,使它们的应用受到了一定的限制。Berysz,张宏光和辛厚文等在将键参数和拓扑指数结合起来方面和了有益的尝试。本文提出了一种将分子的几何结构与组成分子的原子性质较好结合起来的键参数拓扑指数。     

烯烃顺反异构的拓扑方法研究

在烯烃的顺式与反式异构体中, 处于碳碳双键两端的顶点间的距离是不同的. 可根据几何原理计算与双键相连的顶点间的空间距离, 并以此构造分子图的修正距离矩阵来区分这种差异.按照我们已报导的顶点度-距离指数(VDI)和边度-距离指数(EDI)的计算方法, 用修正距离矩阵(MD)代替距离矩阵(D), 得到修正的顶点度-距离指数(MVDI)和修正的边度-距离指数(MEDI). 这两个参数能较好地区分烯烃顺反异构体的分子结构信息.对烯烃顺反异构体的沸点(b. p.)、折光率(nD 20)、密度(D20)及摩尔折光率(nM)等物化性质进行定量相关, 得到模型方程的相关系数(R)分别为0.9981、0.9570、0.9884和0.9999. 同时, 交叉验证和随机抽样预测结果表明模型具有良好的稳定性和较强的预测能力.     

键参数拓扑指数与常用元素的标准电极电位

采用元素键参数拓扑指数关联了第一、二和七主族元素的标准电极电位;采用无机化合物键参数拓扑指数关联了第四周期过渡元素和标准电极电位,结果显示,键参数拓扑指数与元素的标准电极电位之间有较好的线性相关性。     

一种新的分子拓扑指数及其在QSPR/QSAR研究中的应用

通过引入量子数、键参数,认为分子的性质与其中各原子的电负性、价电子数、成键电子数、价层主量子数及各化学键的键长有关,提出了一种新的分子拓扑指数mAY.采用该拓扑指数对饱和烷烃、烷基苯、烷氧氯硅烷、卤代苯、含氮杂环化合物、碱金属卤化物及卤化锡的性质/活性进行了相关关系的研究.结果表明,mAY与有机物和无机物的性质/活性间具有良好的相关性.     

取代乙烯顺反异构体键能和稳定性的密度泛函理论研究

对十甲种取代乙烯（XX’CCYY’）顺反异构体进行了DFT-B3LYP/6-31G（d)水 平的几何全优化的总能量、总键能的计算。结果表明，对无共轭大π键的二取代乙 烯，其顺式异构体的总能量比反式异构体的低，前沿轨道能隙、总键能和总π键能 均比反式异构体的大，而对有共轭大π键的体系，其情况则刚好相反。表明对于前 者其顺式异构体比反式异构体稳定，而对于后者则反式异构体比顺式异构体稳定。     

椅式(8,8)单壁碳纳米管内偶氮苯的顺反异构化

采用ONIOM(B3LYP/6-31+G*:UFF)方法对偶氮苯受限于椅式单壁碳纳米管CNT(8,8)内的结构、电子光谱和热致顺反异构化势能面进行了计算.结果表明,反式偶氮苯进入CNT(8,8)碳纳米管内是一个放热过程.由于碳纳米管的限制作用,偶氮苯分子的苯环绕CN键有一定的旋转,反式偶氮苯的平面结构发生扭曲,但其它结构参数变化不明显.受限于碳纳米管内的偶氮苯的顺反异构体能量差比非受限状态下增加了8.1 kJ.mol-1,表明碳纳米管的限制作用对偶氮苯顺反异构体的相对热稳定性有一定影响.光谱计算表明,受限于碳纳米管内的偶氮苯最低的三个单线态吸收波长仅蓝移1-5 nm.异构化势能面计算发现,偶氮苯在CNT(8,8)碳纳米管内发生反式到顺式异构化的能垒增加,由顺式回复到反式异构体的能垒无明显变化,表明CNT(8,8)碳纳米管的限制作用可以抑制偶氮苯从反式到顺式异构体的热致异构化过程.此外,受限状态下的偶氮苯主要通过CNN键角反转发生热致异构化.     

碱金属卤化物中键参数拓扑指数与F心能带的相关性研究

从键参数拓扑指数Ｈ４１及Ｆ心的箱势阱模型出发，推测在碱金属卤化物中Ｈ４１与Ｆ心的能带Ｅ（Ｆ）之间应存在一种正相关关系，计算结果验证了理论分析的结果。Ｅ（Ｆ）与Ｈ４１之间良好的线性相关性进一步说明了键参数拓扑指数具有关联无机化合物的性质。     

改进的分子连接性方法

通过用Mulliken键级来加权分子连接性指数中的点价,使分子轨道理论与分子连接性指数有机地结合起来,将分子连接性指数改进成为一种量子拓扑指数。对比发现,分子连接性指数的点价与Mulliken键级具有相近的物理意义,而Mulliken键级更具有独特的优越性。利用改进的分子连接性指数对几种具有代表性的烃类与其体积、疏水常数以及热力学性质进行了关联,得到了满意的结果。     

烯烃的热力学性质与价键拓扑指数的关系研究

烯烃的热力学性质与价键拓扑指数的关系研究倪才华冯志云＊（荆州师专化学系４３４１００）在有机化合物结构与性能研究中，用拓扑指数研究饱和烷烃的物理化学性质已有了较多尝试。因为饱和烷烃分子中键的类型只有Ｃ－Ｃσ单键和Ｃ－Ｈσ单键，在省氢分子图上，任意一根化...     

THE TRANS → CIS PHOTOISOMERIZATION OF PROTONATED RETINYL SCHIFF BASES

Schiff bases were prepared from all- trans -retinal (I) and pyrrolidine perchlorate (II) and from I and n-butyl amine, protonated with anhydrous hydrogen chloride gas, Ill. Initial quantum yields of trans → cis photoisomerization (Φ°PI) were determined and primary photoproducts and product ratios were measured in aerated methanol. Φ°PI of all- trans -III is independent of excitation energy. All analyses were made using high-pressure liquid chromatographic (LC) methods. It was necessary to hydrolize the Schiff bases to corresponding retinals prior to LC analysis.     

Chromatographic analysis of cis/trans carotenoid isomers.

Cis/trans configurations of carotenoids are known to effect the biochemistry of carotenoids in certain situations. Methodology for separating carotenoid cis/trans isomers is of importance to nutritionists and food scientists because cis isomers of provitamin A carotenoids have lower provitamin A activities than the all-trans form. Traditional food processing and preservation methods, especially thermal treatments, induce the formation of cis isomeric forms. However, many challenges, are apparent for identifying and analyzing cis/trans isomers present in foods and other biological tissues. The development of current chromatographic methods for the separation of carotenoid cis/trans isomers is reviewed. For the separation of beta-carotene isomers, most procedures employ either Ca(OH)2 or Vydac C18 columns. In general, polymeric C18 columns allow for the detection of cis carotenes, while monomeric C18 columns provide for some separation of certain xanthophylls. The main cis isomers detected in foods are the 13-cis and 9-cis forms, although other forms have also been found (mainly 15-cis and various di-cis isomers). More studies involving the metabolism and physiological consequences of cis/trans isomers in the diet are needed. However, due to limitations in current techniques, further method development in the area of separation, detection and quantitation of cis/trans carotenoid isomers will be required.     

Separation of cis/trans geometrical fatty acid isomers by silver-exchanged zeolite Y

The separation of cis and trans isomers is relevant for biological and nutritional applications, silver-exchanged zeolite Y was prepared and applied for the treatment of mixtures of cis and trans geometrical isomers of mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs). cis FAMEs were adsorbed into zeolite with a high degree of selectivity (cis/trans ratio in the range of 1.9-3.2). The effectiveness was due to the synergism of the π-complexation between the silver ion and the double bonds and the different FAME structures trapped into the zeolite cages. Some indication of the complex stabilities came from theoretical studies using unsaturated lipids. A prototype cartridge was also designed for application in the fractionation of cis/trans FAME mixtures.     

Radical carbonylation/reductive cyclization for the construction of tetrahydrofuran-3-ones and pyrrolidin-3-ones

Beta-hydroxyalkyl aryl chalcogenides obtained by regioselective ring-opening of epoxides with benzeneselenolate or -tellurolate were found to undergo efficient hetero-Michael addition when treated with ethyl propiolate. Subsequent carbonylation/reductive cyclization of the resulting vinylogous carbonates in the presence of AIBN/TTMSS and carbon monoxide (80 atm) afforded 2,5-disubstituted tetrahydrofuran-3-ones, predominantly as cis isomers (cis/trans = 4/1-9/1). Starting from a polymer-supported diaryl diselenide, the methodology was also successfully extended to solid-phase synthesis. Vinylogous carbamates prepared by hetero-Michael addition of aziridines to electron-deficient alkynes were regioselectively ring-opened with benzeneselenolate from the sterically least hindered side. Radical carbonylation/reductive cyclization of the resulting N-vinyl-beta-amino-alkyl phenyl selenides afforded 2,5-disubstituted pyrrolidin-3-ones, predominantly as cis isomers (cis/trans = 3/1-12/1).     

PURPLE MEMBRANE ANALOGS SYNTHESIZED FROM C17 ALDEHYDE

Abstract— All- trans , 11- cis and 9- cis isomers of the C₁₇ aldehyde analogs of retinal bound with purple membrane apoprotein, probably through a Schiff base linkage at the normal retinal binding site. The complex formed from C₁₇ aldehyde and purple membrane apoprotein was slowly decomposed by 10m M hydroxylamine. The C₁₇ aldehyde competitively inhibited the regeneration of purple membrane from all- trans -retinal and purple membrane apoprotein. The differential ability of the different isomers to inhibit the regeneration suggests that purple membrane has a binding site for the side chain of retinal in addition to the Schiff base binding site.     

Light-driven molecular hinge: a new molecular machine showing a light-intensity-dependent photoresponse that utilizes the trans-cis isomerization of azobenzene

[reaction: see text] A new class of molecular machine exhibits a hingelike motion upon photoirradiation. The motion (close and open) can be operated by alternate irradiation with UV and visible light. The trans/trans and cis/cis isomers are thermally stable at 40 degrees C, and the photochemical closure reaction (from trans/trans to cis/cis isomer) is dependent on the intensity of the light used because of the short-lived intermediate (trans/cis isomer).     

WAVELENGTH DEPENDENCE OF THE INTERSYSTEM CROSSING EFFICIENCY FOR RETINAL ISOMERS

Abstract— The quantum efficiencies of intersystem crossing (_ISC) fur four isomers of retinal, the all- trans , 9- cis , 11- cis and 13- cis , have been measured using both 265 nm and 353 nm excitation. The values for the all- trans and 9- cis isomers are independent of the excitation wavelength but the values for the 11- cis and 13- cis isomers show a marked increase in the efficiency of ISC for 353 nm excitation compared with the 265 nm excitation.     

Crystallinity and thermal properties of polyamides containing cis- and trans-1,3-cyclohexane rings

The cyclohexane ring-containing polyamide 1,3-CBMA-6 was synthesized from 1,3-cyclohexane-bismethylamine (1,3-CBMA) and adipic acid (6), and effects of cis/trans isomers of the ring on crystallinity and thermal properties were studied. Polymers with high cis and high trans contents, respectively, were made by polymerizing the 1,3-CBMA-6 salts of 98% cis and 93% trans derived from the salt of 75/25 (cis/trans) by fractional crystallization. A polymer with 97% cis content was highly crystalline, with a melting temperature of 253°C, while one with 93% trans contents was amorphous. In contrast to this, little difference was found in the glass transition temperature of 97 and 84°C. These results indicate that the isomers affect the conformation of the molecular chains, which determines the crystallinity and melting temperature, but they do not much affect the mobility of the chains as manifested by the glass transition.     

Stereochemically general approach to adjacent bis(tetrahydrofuran) cores of annonaceous acetogenins

A series of six 2,5-disubstituted adjacent bis(tetrahydrofuran) stereoisomers with trans/erythro/cis, trans/threo/trans, or cis/threo/cis relative stereochemistry have been synthesized from known dihydroxycyclooctenes via ring opening/cross metathesis and Pd(0)-mediated asymmetric double cycloetherification. The stereochemistry of four of these isomers has been found in the biologically active annonaceous acetogenin natural products. [reaction: see text].     

Syntheses of shuttlecock- and bowl-equipped phenylazopyridines and photomodulation of their coordination ability to Zn-porphyrin

Shuttlecock- and bowl-equipped 4-(phenylazo)pyridine derivatives, which bear substituents that allow the pyridine moiety to protrude in the trans form but hinder it in the cis form, have been designed and synthesized. These molecules show cis/trans photoisomerization despite the presence of bulky substituents. ¹H NMR titration with Zn-porphyrin showed that the trans isomers coordinate to Zn-porphyrin much stronger than the cis isomers.