Retention mechanism of a cholesterol-coated C18 stationary phase: van't Hoff and Linear Solvation Energy Relationships (LSER) approaches

This study examines the effect of temperature on the dynamic cholesterol coating of a C18 stationary phase and the effect of this coating on the retention mechanism. In general, an increase in temperature results in a decrease in the mass of cholesterol coated on the stationary phase. Typically, an increase in temperature from 25°C to 55°C results in a nearly 60% reduction in the mass of cholesterol loaded. The inclusion of temperature, along with loading solvent composition and cholesterol concentration in the loading solvent, allows for loading a targeted amount of cholesterol on the stationary phase over an order-of-magnitude range. In addition to loading studies, the retention mechanism of small non-ionizable solutes was examined on cholesterol-coated stationary phases. A van't Hoff analysis was performed to assess retention thermodynamics, while a LSER approach was used to examine retention mechanism. With 50/50 water/organic mobile phases, the addition of cholesterol results in an increase in the entropic contribution to retention, with a decrease in the enthalpic contribution. The opposite trend is seen with 40/60 water/organic mobile phases. LSER system constants are also affected by a cholesterol coating on the stationary phase, with some changing to favor elution and others changing to favor retention.     

计算机模拟研究目标转换因子分析分辨重迭溶出伏安峰

本文用计算机模拟研究目标转换因子分析分辨重迭溶出伏安峰．设计了两个计算机程序（ＳＰＧＲＥＬＥＰ）和（ＥＬＥＣＴＴＦＡ）用于伏安图模拟和目标转换因子分析，采用了伏安图全部信息和矩阵处理技术．ＥＬＥＣＴＴＦＡ程序用于确定组分数，验证组分种类和进行未知重迭溶出伏安图的定量分析．实验结果表明本方法是成功的，甚至对严重重迭溶出伏安图亦可奏效．     

因子分析-氢化物发生原子吸收法分析砷的形态

报道了用流动注射氢化物发生原子吸收法（ＦＩ－ＨＧＡＡＳ）对砷４种形态,Ａｓ,ＤＭＡ,ＭＭＡ）的混合体系进行测量后,根据吸光度加和性原则,用因子分析法（ＴＦＡ）对测定值进行解析,从而测定了混合体系中砷存在形态的数目、种类和含量。实验结果表明,不同酸度介质中不同形态砷校正曲线的斜率可作为相应的目标检测向量,应用于μｇ／Ｌ级低浓度砷的形态分析,平均回收率为９３．９％,结果令人满意。     

Quantitative Structure-Retention Relationship Studies with Biopartitioning Micellar Chromatography Systems by Amended Linear Solvation Energy Relationships in Consideration of Electronic Factor

Linear solvation energy relationship (LSER) amended by the introduction of a molecular electronic factor was employed to establish quantitative structure-retention relationship of biopartitioning micellar chromatography (BMC) system. The chromatographic indices, log k, were determined by LC on a C18 column for sixty-five structurally diverse compounds, including neutral (32), acidic (19) and basic (14) compounds. Two micellar mobile phases composed of 0.04 mol L^?1 polyoxyethylene (23) lauryl ether (Brij35) were adjusted by phosphate buffer to pH 7.4 and pH 6.5, respectively. When the mean net charge per molecule (δ) was introduced into LSER as the sixth variable, the LSER regression coefficients and predictive capability were significantly improved. However, the δ coefficients of the amended LSER were quite different for acidic and basic compounds, indicating that the molecular electronic factor had a markedly different impact on the retention of acidic and basic compounds in the studied BMC system. This may attribute to the extra interaction for ionized compounds with the free silanol groups in the stationary phase. The comparison of calculated and experimental retention indices suggested that the amended LSER could reproduce adequately the retention of the structurally diverse solutes investigated in BMC.     

气体色谱分析的多图谱归一定量法和气体组分的相对校正因子

本文报道一种扩展的气相色谱归一化定量分析方法，使两台或两台以上色谱仪对同一样品的诸多组分所完成的多张色谱力痛应用归一定量法进行计算，从而在进行多组分测定（尤其是气体样品的分析）时大大减少工作量，本方法的关键是样品中某一组分在多张图谱中均有分离很好的峰。     

基于计算最大差异光谱的目标转换因子分析用于解析混合物红外光谱

基于因子分析的目标转换法[1]利用抽象光谱构成的矩阵具有使纯物种光谱向自身逐步逼近的性质[2],用于混合物红外光谱的解析,简单明确[3]．在进一步的探索中,我们发现该算法对原始光谱的构成具有较强的依赖性．本文特别构造了这样的体系,即在混合物样品中剔除了某一物种占优势的样品,应用新算法后,避免了对采样的依赖性．1方法与原理根据自模拟曲线分辨算法（SelfModelingCurveResolution,SMCR）[4~6],纯物种光谱可写成式中,Akj为抽象正交光谱,Xik为系数,Fij为纯物种光谱,n为物种数．根据吸光度不能为负这一限制条件,可以…     

Solvation model for estimating the properties of (vapour + liquid) equilibrium

A solvation energy relation (SERAS) has been developed for correlating the properties and (vapour + liquid) equilibrium (VLE) of associated systems capable of hydrogen bonding or dipole–dipole interaction. The model clarifies the simultaneous impact of hydrogen bonding, solubility and thermodynamic factors of activity coefficients derived from the UNIFAC-original model. The consistency test has been processed against binary VLE data for six isobaric systems of hydrogen bonding (I to III) and dipole–dipole interaction (IV to VI) types, and two isothermal systems of both types (VII and VIII). Systems II, III, and VIII show negative non-ideal deviations. The reliability analysis has been conducted on the performance of the SERAS model with 5- and 10-parameters. The model matches relatively well with the observed performance, yielding mean error of 9.7% for all the systems and properties considered.     

银-铜-铁-镍体系测定条件的旋转设计优化和目标转换因子分析法的同时测定

利用二次通用旋转组合设计的方法 ,建立了吸光度与显色剂、增敏剂用量以及p H值之间的数学模型 ,进而得到使吸光度最大的显色剂用量、增敏剂用量及 p H值。在此优化的基础上 ,用目标转换因子分析分光光度法对银、铜、铁、镍的合成样品的合谱进行了解析处理 ,得到较为满意的结果。     

Effect of Ionic Liquid on Retention of Solutes on C_(18) Column Based on Linear Solvation Energy Relationships

Several chromatography systems with ionic liquids and a mixture of water with the modifier as mobile phase were characterized via the linear solvation energy relationships(LSER) model. The effects of the ionic liquids and modifier(methanol) concentrations on the retention of 10 solutes(caffeine,pyridine,aniline,phenol,methylparaben,acetopenone,m-cresol,p-cresol,o-cresol,and benzene) were discussed. The LSER model demonstrated high potential to predict retention factors with high squared correlation coeffici...     

Calculation of Relative Solubility of Semipolar Solvents by Abraham Solvation Parameter Model for Extractables and Leachables Analysis in Chemical Characterization of Medical Devices

Journal of Solution Chemistry - Organic solvents of different polarities (polar, semipolar, and nonpolar) are typically used in extraction studies on medical devices for chemical characterization...     

迭代目标转换因子分析法在吸附伏安法中的应用──混合色素的同时测定

将迭代目标转换因子分析法应用于混合色素溶液吸附伏安波谱的解析,完成了苋菜红、日落黄、柠檬黄和胭脂红混合色素在磷酸氢二钠-柠檬酸缓冲溶液(pH=5.7)中的吸附伏安法同时测定,取得了较满意的结果。     

单扫描示波极谱—目标因子分析法同时测定三种维生素

利用单扫示波极谱技术与目标因子分析方法在ｐＨ１０的０．１ｍｏｌ／ＬＮＨ３Ｃｌ－ＮＨ３．Ｈ２Ｏ缓冲液中，于－１．４Ｖ～－１．９Ｖ进行阴极扫描，测定了维生素混合液中的维生素ＰＰ（烟酰胺），维生素Ｂ１３（乳清酸）和维生素Ｂ１（硫胺素）。     

目标转换因子分析与库检索相结合用于红外混合体系定性分析

将库检索与目标转换因子分析相结合利用抽象浓度的分布信息确定可能解域，其最大可能解即为体系包含的物种。可能解域的确定大大减少了计算量，应用于严重重叠的甲苯和乙苯二组份和苯，甲苯及乙苯三组份混合体系，结果令人满意。     

Solubility of H2S in 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-methylimidazolium ionic liquids with different anions

The solubility of hydrogen sulfide in a series of 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-methylimidazolium ([HOemim]⁺)-based ionic liquids (ILs) containing different anions, viz. hexafluorophosphate ([PF₆]⁻), trifluoromethanesulfonate ([OTf]⁻), and bis-(trifluoromethyl)sulfonylimide ([Tf₂N]⁻) at temperatures ranging from 303.15 to 353.15 K and pressures of up to about 1.8 MPa was measured by a volumetric based static apparatus. The solubility data were correlated using two models: (1) the Krichevsky–Kasarnovsky equation and (2) the extended Henry's law combined with the Pitzer's virial expansion for the excess Gibbs energy. Henry's law constants (at zero pressure) in mole-fraction and molality scales were obtained at different temperatures by means of these two models. Using the solubility data, the partial molar thermodynamic functions of solution, i.e. Gibbs energy, enthalpy, and entropy were calculated. Comparison showed that the solubility of H₂S is greater than that of CO₂ in the corresponding ILs studied in this work and that the solubility of both gases increases as the number of trifluoromethyl (–CF₃) groups in the anion increases, i.e. the solubility behavior of both gases follows the order [HOemim][Tf₂N] ≥ [HOemim][OTf] > [HOemim][PF₆] > [HOemim][BF₄].     

目标因子分光光度法同时测定中成药复方五味子中三项活性成分

将目标因子分光光度法应用于五味子提取液中五味子甲素、五味子乙素、五味子醇甲等三项活性成分的同时测定,介绍了基本原理和具体的分析步骤,运用计算机VC 语言对试验数据进行回归分析。试验结果表明,目标因子分光光度法对样品各组分的平均回收率在98.9%-106.7%之间,样品不经分离即可同时测定。     

Improvement in Aqueous Solubility of Retinoic Acid Receptor (RAR) Agonists by Bending the Molecular Structure

Aqueous solubility is a key requirement for many functional molecules, e. g., drug candidates. Decrease of the partition coefficient (log P) by chemical modification, i.e., introduction of hydrophilic group(s) into molecules, is a classical strategy for improving aqueous solubility. We have been investigating alternative strategies for improving the aqueous solubility of pharmaceutical compounds by disrupting intermolecular interactions. Here, we show that introducing a bend into the molecular structure of retinoic acid receptor (RAR) agonists by changing the substitution pattern from para to meta or ortho dramatically enhances aqueous solubility by up to 890‐fold. We found that meta analogs exhibit similar hydrophobicity to the parent para compound, and have lower melting points, supporting the idea that the increase of aqueous solubility was due to decreased intermolecular interactions in the solid state as a result of the structural changes.     

Lack of Linear Free Energy Relationships in the p-Toluenesulfonic Acid Mediated Chromium(VI) Oxidation of Organic Sulfides

Summary.  The oxidation of methylphenyl sulfide by imidazolium dichromate in acetonitrile mediated by p-toluenesulfonic acid is first order in IDC and TsOH and zero order in MeSPh in the concentration range studied. The IDC oxidation of 14 para-, meta-, and ortho-substituted phenylmethylsulfides at 20–45°C conforms to the isokinetic relationship but not to any of the linear free energy relationships; the isokinetic temperature lies within the experimental temperature range. Received April 18, 2000. Accepted (revised) July 12, 2000     

Headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME): a microscale sampling technique for determination of monoterpene hydrocarbons in coniferous needles by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS)

A headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) technique has been applied for the microscale sampling (single needle for Picea omorica, two needles of Picea abies) of volatile monoterpene hydrocarbons (MTHs) from conifer needles. A simple device consisting of a closed headspace vial equipped with an integral cutting device was used for the collection, homogenisation, and HS-SPME sampling. The highly sensitive gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric (GC/MS) analyses (LODs in tenths of ng g^–1 FW were obtained for 3×S/N criteria) of individual needles confirmed the space distribution of MTHs in different parts of a single sprout (base, centre, apex) and among the left, central and right sprout of a whorl. The highest concentrations of MTHs were found in the apical (leading) sprout (S) of a whorl. The serious increase of MTHs content near the base of the left (SNL) sprout and nearly zero concentrations in the central parts of both the side sprouts of P. abies corresponded to the morphology of the whorl. On the other hand, similar concentrations of MTHs were found in the apex of the side (SNL and SNR) sprouts. The distributions of MTHs obtained after HS-SPME and solvent extraction followed the similar trends for both species. HS-SPME is more suitable for the evaluation of distribution of volatiles in microscale experiments due to the more precise separation of needles into correct categories and elimination of averaging effects of the larger quantities of needles needed for the solvent extraction. The precision was improved by one order of magnitude due to the reduction of uncontrolled losses of volatile species during the sample treatment.     

New External Calibration Curves (ECCs) for the Estimation of Molecular Weights in Various Common NMR Solvents

New external calibration curves (ECCs) for the estimation of aggregation states of small molecules in solution by DOSY NMR spectroscopy for a range of different common NMR solvents ([D₆]DMSO, C₆D₁₂, C₆D₆, CDCl₃, and CD₂Cl₂) are introduced and applied. ECCs are of avail to estimate molecular weights (MWs) from diffusion coefficients of previously unknown aggregates. This enables a straightforward and elaborate examination of (de)aggregation phenomena in solution.