Optical and structural properties of polycrystalline CVD diamond films grown on fused silica optical fibres pre-treated by high-power sonication seeding

In this paper, the growth of polycrystalline chemical vapour deposition (CVD) diamond thin films on fused silica optical fibres has been investigated. The research results show that the effective substrate seeding process can lower defect nucleation, and it simultaneously increases surface encapsulation. However, the growth process on glass requires high seeding density. The effects of suspension type and ultrasonic power were the specific objects of investigation. In order to increase the diamond density, glass substrates were seeded using a high-power sonication process. The highest applied power of sonotrode reached 72 W during the performed experiments. The two, most common diamond seeding suspensions were used, i.e. detonation nanodiamond dispersed in (a) dimethyl sulfoxide and (b) deionised water. The CVD diamond nucleation and growth processes were performed using microwave plasma assisted chemical vapour deposition system. Next, the seeding efficiency was determined and compared using the numerical analysis of scanning electron microscopy images. The molecular composition of nucleated diamond was examined with micro-Raman spectroscopy. The sp³/sp² band ratio was calculated using Raman spectra deconvolution method. Thickness, roughness, and optical properties of the nanodiamond films in UV–vis wavelength range were investigated by means of spectroscopic ellipsometry. It has been demonstrated that the high-power sonication process can improve the seeding efficiency on glass substrates. However, it can also cause significant erosion defects at the fibre surface. We believe that the proposed growth method can be effectively applied to manufacture the novel optical fibre sensors. Due to high chemical and mechanical resistance of CVD diamond films, deposition of such films on the sensors is highly desirable. This method enables omitting the deposition of an additional adhesion interlayer at the glass–nanocrystalline interface, and thus potentially increases transmittance of the optical system.     

Nanostructured CdS/CdSSe glass composite for photonic application

The present work describes the synthesis of CdS/CdSSe glass nanocomposites and its characterization. A few glass compositions were optimized and the optimized host glass was remelted along with different semiconductors like CdS and CdSSe at high temperature. The CdS/CdSSe is present in amorphous state in the glass matrix. The thermal treatments have been carefully optimized to obtain well-defined uniform crystal growth of CdS and CdSSe. The glasses with optimized conditions were fabricated and characterized thoroughly using UV, TG/DTA and TEM. The shift in absorption edge to the longer wavelength with heat treatment implies the increase in the crystal size. The band gap has been increased with decrease in the particle size. Crystal size of semiconductors obtained by TEM was 2.5-5 nm for the glass showing absorption edge cut-off at 475 nm (CM-475).     

磁性物质中冷无序能的作用

在研究物质的磁性时,考虑了电子之间的正交换能(A1>0,导致电子自旋平行排列)和负交换能(A2<0,导致电子自旋反平行排列)两项各自的物理作用,不是简单地只以它们的代数和为判据.提出冷无序能的概念:当A1>|A2|(A=A1-|A2|>0)时,A1为有序能,A2为冷无序能;当A1<|A2|(A<0)时,A2为有序能,A1为冷无序能.物质的磁性决定于热运动能、有序能以及冷无序能之间的竞争.考虑了冷无序能导致“冷无序”的物理功能,将冷无序能变换为等效温度,在统计物理的框架内处理了铁磁性、反铁磁性转变和自旋玻璃冻结问题.A2=0的体系具有Weiss铁磁性,|A2|A1=1的体系表现自旋玻璃磁性,1>|A2|A1>0的体系同时具有铁磁性和自旋玻璃磁性,1>A1|A2|>0的体系同时具有反铁磁性和自旋玻璃磁性. 关键词： 交换能 冷无序能 铁磁性 反铁磁性 自旋玻璃     

Glass transition and relaxation processes in supercooled water

Many of water's peculiar physical properties are still not well understood, and one of the most important unresolved questions is its glass transition related dynamics. The consensus has been to accept a glass transition temperature (T(g)) around 136 K, but this value has been questioned and reassigned to about 165 K. We find evidence that the dielectric relaxation process of confined water that has been associated with the long accepted T(g) of water (130-140 K) must be a local process which is not related to the actual glass transition. Rather, our data indicate a glass transition at 160-165 K for bulk water and about 175 K for confined water (depending on the confining system).     

Ni_(50)Al_(50)合金的液固转变及晶体生长过程的分子动力学模拟

采用分子动力学模拟技术研究了液态Ni50 Al50 合金在不同冷速下的凝固特点 ,模拟采用EAM作用势 ,计算了不同温度 ,不同冷速下Ni50 Al50 的偶分布函数。结果表明EAM作用势能很好地描述液态Ni50 Al50 的无序结构 ,在快速凝固条件下 ,液态Ni50 Al50 形成非晶 ,当冷速较慢时 ,液态Ni50 Al50 形成晶体 ,分析了不同冷速下体系的相变热力学及相变动力学特点。最后采用液固两层构型法 ,清楚地观察到Ni50 Al50 晶体生长的全过程。     

Giant photoplastic effect in vitreous semiconductors near the rigidity percolation transition

The negative giant photoplastic effect (giant photosoftening) has been experimentally observed in the As-Se system when films obtained by thermal evaporation of As₂₀Se₈₀ chalcogenide glass are irradiated by light from the region of the fundamental absorption edge. Correlation has been found between the photoplastic effect and rigidity percolation transition in the As-Se chalcogenide glass matrix. Such a correlation is not revealed when light irradiation changes the optical properties of these glass films. It has been shown that a nonlinear (non-Hookian) mechanism of the formation of the strain response is realized in the films subjected to the combined action of light and external mechanical loading.     

A hybrid OPCPA/Nd:phosphate glass multi-terawatt laser system for seeding of a petawatt laser

To enhance radiographic abilities on its Z-Accelerator, Sandia National Laboratories is incorporating a petawatt laser system into the existing Z-Backlighter laser facility. As part of this work, a short-pulse laser has been constructed to seed the larger Beamlet type Nd:phosphate glass slab amplifiers. This seed laser consists of an optical parametric chirped pulse amplification (OPCPA) system joined to a Nd:phosphate glass rod amplifier system in order to achieve multi-Joule sub-picosecond operation. The rod amplifier system has been modeled using the Miró code which shows good agreement with the experimental results. This system can achieve focal intensities up to 10¹⁸ W/cm² at a repetition rate of once every 20 min and has been applied to produce k-alpha X-rays in copper.     

Properties of laminate composites reinforced with glass fabrics treated with sol-gel transition silicate gel

Glass fabric was treated with sol-gel transition silicate gel to modify the composite interface. Micro roughness on the surface of the glass fabric was observed clearly by the atomic force microscope (AFM) at the surface of glass fabric which had been treated with a base catalytic silicate gel (b-SGSi). The specific surface area of this glass was 1.4 times that of the original glass fabric. The double cantilever beam (DCB) test was carried out on glass epoxy laminate composites, using b-SGSi glass fabrics and standard glass fabrics. In this test, the former laminate showed two fracture modes, stable and unstable crack growth, whereas the latter laminate showed only stable crack growth. In reference to the fracture toughness of the stable crack growth, the former laminate is about 1.4 times greater than that of the latter laminate. It was suspected that the difference was caused by the different interface bonding strength in the composite. The interfacial bonding was also tested by the soldering iron test and substantiated the superiority of b-SGSi glass fabric to standard glass.     

Influence of size effect and sputtering conditions on the crystallinity and optical properties of ZnO thin films

The effects of the thickness variation, substrate type and annealing on the crystallinity parameters, luminescent and optical properties of the zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films were reported. The thin films were deposited on the glass and the amorphous quartz substrates by the standard RF-magnetron sputtering method using ZnO targets in the argon atmosphere. It has been found that the films deposited on the glass substrate manifest a clear size effect. Both the structural and the optical parameters show clearly minima on their thickness dependences. It has been shown that annealing of the comparatively thick ZnO films leads to increase of the crystallite sizes that are followed by a considerable rise of the cathodoluminescence intensity. The corresponding model of the crystallite growth is proposed.     

Growth of silicon nanowires on UV-structurable glass using self-organized nucleation centres

We report on the growth of silicon nanowires on photostructurable glass by low-pressure chemical vapour deposition. Thereby, no additional catalyst was needed to stimulate the growth process. Instead, a self-organized crystallization process leads to the formation of metallic clusters and seed crystals within the glass, which are supposed to initialize the nanowire growth. The nanowires were contacted by direct deposition of Pt using a focussed ion beam system and characterized electrically.     

CdSe nanocrystals in novel phosphate glass matrix

The CdSe nanoparticles have been prepared in the novel glass matrix P₂O₅–Na₂O–ZnO–Li₂O. The prepared nanoparticles and glass matrix are characterized by differential thermal analysis, X-rays diffraction, UV–vis optical absorption, and infrared spectroscopy. X-rays diffraction and optical absorption show that both of the annealing temperature and time play an important role in nanoparticles’ growth. The well-annealed and high-temperature-annealed samples suggest Zn atoms to substitute Cd atoms to form an additional ZnSe–CdSe system. Infrared spectroscopy confirms the decrease of the Zn-content in the host glass due to growing of nanoparticles, causing long phosphate chains within.     

An optical and structural investigation into CdTe nanocrystals embedded into the tellurium lithium borophosphate glass matrix

Cadmium telluride nanocrystals that form in the TeO2-Li2O-B2O3-P2O5 glass matrix have been synthesized and studied.They are investigated by X-ray diffraction(XRD),optical transmission and infrared spectroscopy.It has been shown that the long annealing time effect on present samples leads to the growth of CdTe nanoparticles and an increase of tellurium oxide on the surface of nanocrystallites.On the other hand,the infrared spectroscopy shows that the phosphate and borate networks of the glass matrices are mo...     

高性能大口径顺磁旋光玻璃

旋光玻璃广泛用于激光的调制、偏转、开关和高功率激光系统的隔离器.旋光玻璃的主要性质为费尔德常数.含高顺磁离子的旋光玻璃具有大的费尔德常数,可见区高透过等优点.具有较大磁矩和较低f-d跃迁能隙的顺磁离子铽应具有大的费尔德常数.本工作以高Tb2O3含量的Tb2 O3-B2O3-Al2O3-SiO2为基本系统.研究玻璃的形成;测定了不同Tb3+离子浓度时的费尔德常数,符合线性关系;调整玻璃组成以避免析晶,发展了波长632 nm的费尔德常数为75.1～116.4 rad/(T·m)的TG20,TG28,TG32旋光玻璃系列.建立了10升规模铂坩埚高温熔炉,成形和退火设备.形成口径30 cm旋光玻璃的生产能力.产品的1054 nm光吸收小于0.008 cm-1,1 ns的激光破坏阈值大于8 J/cm2,透过波前畸变小于五分之一波长.所制造的旋光玻璃已用于美国Lawrence Livermore国家实验室,中国"神光Ⅱ"升级,英国Rutherford实验室的Vulcan Laser System和CNRS CEA Luli等高功率激光系统.     

低温制备微晶硅薄膜生长机制的研究

采用热丝化学气相沉积技术制备了一系列处于不同生长阶段的薄膜样品，用原子力显微镜系 统地研究生长在单晶硅衬底和玻璃衬底上薄膜表面形貌的演化.按照分形理论分析得到：在 玻璃衬底上的硅薄膜以零扩散随机生长模式生长；而在单晶硅衬底上，薄膜早期以有限扩散 生长模式生长，当膜厚超过某一临界厚度时转变为零扩散随机生长模式.岛面密度与膜厚的 依赖关系表明，在临界厚度时硅衬底和玻璃衬底上的岛面密度均出现了极大值.Raman谱的测 量证实，玻璃衬底上薄膜临界厚度与非晶/微晶相变之间存在密切的关系.不同的衬底材料直 接影响反应 关键词： 生长机制 微晶硅薄膜 表面形貌 热丝化学气相沉积     

Specific features of thermal dissolution of silver and gold thin films in silicate glass

It has been shown experimentally that the thermal dissolution of silver and gold thin films in silicate glass is accompanied by the formation of a monolayer of silver and gold micro- and nanocrystals, respectively, on the surface of the glass. These processes occur at temperatures well below the melting temperature of the metal. Microcrystals are formed predominantly at the edges of islands of the metal film, where there is a sufficient amount of the material for their growth. Silver and gold nanocrystals are formed in the case when atoms of the metal dissolved in the glass repeatedly emerge on the glass surface. Silver and gold dissolved in the glass exist not only in the form of atoms and ions but also in the form of charged and neutral molecular clusters.

     

动态荷载下石英玻璃的透光性及损伤演化研究

在一级轻气炮上,利用光透射测量技术观测了石英玻璃在冲击（低于它的Hunoniot弹性极限）以及冲击后再卸载过程中的透射率随时间变化特征.发现石英玻璃在18 GPa附近的冲击条件下,15 μs内保持了良好的透明性.但处于压缩透明状态的石英玻璃在卸载波的作用下其透明状态仅维持约07 μs,透射率在随后的08 μs内下降了约30%.这一现象是由石英玻璃在卸载波的作用下发生损伤所致.透光性的时间效应与玻璃中局部损伤及演化特性密切相关,球状粒子的生长和散射模型对这一现象给出了合理解释.对Dolan等人［关键词： 石英玻璃 冲击 卸载 散射     

Granular packing as model glass formers

Static granular packings are model hard-sphere glass formers. The nature of glass transition has remained a hotly debated issue. We review recent experimental progresses in using granular materials to study glass transitions. We focus on the growth of glass order with five-fold symmetry in granular packings and relate the findings to both geometric frustration and random first-order phase transition theories.     

Coexistence of aging states in spin glasses

The influence of temperature variations on the aging process of a Cu(Mn) spin glass has been investigated. It is found that the dynamics of the aging process is not very susceptible to small temperature variations around the measurement temperature. The astonishing possibility for the spin glass system to house two coexisting aging states is demonstrated.     

Laser annealing of dielectrics with metal nanoparticles

The effect of nanosecond excimer laser pulses on a composite layer of sodium-calcium silicate glass with silver nanoparticles has been investigated. Nanoparticles were synthesized by ion implantation. Based on measuring the optical absorption and reflection spectra of the composite layers, it is found that an increase in the number of laser pulses leads to a monotonic decrease in the size of silver nanoparticles. However, laser irradiation with a longer duration leads to the growth of nanoparticles with their subsequent destruction. The effects observed are discussed in terms of heating a glass composite layer as a result of the effective absorption of laser radiation.     

Meniscus instability in a thin elastic film

A new kind of meniscus instability leading to the formation of stationary fingers with a well-defined spacing has been observed in experiments with elastomeric films confined between a plane rigid glass and a thin curved glass plate. The wavelength of the instability increases linearly with the thickness of the confined film, but it is remarkably insensitive to the compliance and the energetics of the system. However, lateral amplitude (length) of the fingers depends on the compliance of the system and on the radius of curvature of the glass plate. A simple linear stability analysis is used to explain the underlying physics and the key observed features of the instability.