磁性流体的非线性声参量B/A的研究

报导了水基和酯基磁性流体的非线性声参量B／A值随浓度和温度的变化关系。实验研究表明，磁性流体的B／A值随磁性颗粒浓度的增大而线性增大；磁性流体的B／A值随温度的升高而线性增大。还对超声波在磁性流体中传播的声速进行了精确测量。     

生物组织的组分和结构特性对非线性超声参量值的影响

非线性声参量是非线性声学的一个重要参量。本文利用有限振幅插入取代法测量了正常的和八种病变猪肝脏组织的非线性参量B/A值。利用混合定律对生物组织的组分进行了分析和预测。结果表明,非线性声参量对生物组织的病理状态反映敏感且B/A值依赖于组织的组分和结构特性的变化。     

非线性声参量成像及其在医学诊断中应用

本文介绍了我们对于反射模式非线性参量B／A的成像技术的研究结果，包括：(1)基于二次谐波的非线性参量层析成像(2)基于参量阵差频波的非线性参量层析成像(3)非线性参量的等深度C-扫成像。利用这三种成像方法对多种生物组织，特别对正常和病变的生物组织进行非线性参量成像。结果表明，非线性声参量成像可以比线性声参量更容易地判别生物组织的病理状态，从而展示了它在医学超声诊断中的应用前景。     

圆形平面换能器产生的二次谐波声场及对非线性声参量成像的影响

在利用二次谐波进行非线性声参量B／A层析成像中,发射换能器的声场特性,尤其是在近场区域的特性对成像结果的定性及定量分析极其重要。本文从理论及实验上分析了圆形平面活塞换能器在传播介质中产生的二次谐波声场,就其对非线性声参量成像的影响进行了分析和讨论．研究结果有助于在非线性声参量成像中降低重建误差,提高分辨灵敏度．     

非线性声参量B/A的参量阵成象

非线性声参量B／A描述了有限振幅声波在媒质中传播的非线性特性,有可能成为生物组织定征的一个新参量,有重要的应用前景。本文在声与声相互作用的理论基础上,研究了参量阵的非线性声参量成象,用滤波边投影算法对无损及损耗样品模型进行了计算机模拟成象,在成象过程中讨论了声波衰减对重建象的影响,并提出了衰减修正办法。     

有限振幅法研究损耗媒质的非线性声参量

用有限振幅插入取代法研究非线性声参量B/A,对于耗散媒介应计及样品的声衰减,本文在考虑了样品的声衰减和换能器的衍射对测量的影响后推导了非线性参量的修正公式。利用此公式研究了生物样品包括生物流体和动物软组织的B/A值及其与浓度和样品结构的依赖关系。     

利用复合换能器测量反射的二次谐波及介质的非线性参量

计算了有限振幅声波在层状媒质中的传播和反射,研究了用二次谐波反射模式的非线性声参量测量方法,设计制作了用于反射法测量非线性声参量的复合结构超声换能器,利用该换能器及有限振幅插入取代法建立了脉冲反射式测量非线性声参量Ｂ／Ａ的实验系统,对若干流体和生物样品进行了非线性声参量的测量,其结果与现有文献上的值吻合的很好。     

高声衰减生物媒质非线性声参量的研究

本文应用相对测量法,并加入衰减与衍射修正,测量与研究了高声衰减生物媒质的非线性声参量B/A。结果表明:心、肝、脾、肾、肌肉组织的B/A值为7左右;尿液、胆汁等水样液体的为6左右;脂肪组织的在9.6以上。分析了脂肪组织非线性声参量较大的原因,认为是由于其组织成份中类脂化合物较多所致。另外,结合本研究,讨论了Ichida等人对脂肪组织非线性声参量的研究结果。     

生物流体中声参量效应的研究

本文利用Fenlon理论分析了流体中低频泵浦波与高频弱声波非线性相互作用而产生的参量效应,计算了和差频边带声的声压表式,并由此导出计及媒质衰减时的非线性参量B/A的公式。理论计算表明和差频边带声压幅值随泵浦声压线性地增加,由此提供了一个测量非线性参量的方法,用此方法测量了若干生物流体和混合物的B/A值。     

非线性声参量层析成像与生物组织定征

结合有限振幅插入取代法和计算机层析成像技术提出非线性参量B／A的成像方法，用卷积滤波法可重建非线性参量层析图像．对正常肝和若干种病变的猪肝脏组织（肝硬化、肝炎和脂肪肝等）进行了实验成像．为了便于比较，文中还给出了衰减系数这一线性参量的层析图像．研究结果指出非线性参量B／A成像在生物组织定征中的有效性及在医学诊断中的应用前景．     

生物媒质中非线性声学参量B/A的研究

本文用插入取代法测量和研究了猪全血、牛全血、牛奶和各种分子量的聚乙二醇水溶液等多种液态生物样品中的非线性声学参量B/A值。聚乙二醇水溶液的B/A值随浓度线性增加,并呈现与分子量无明显依赖关系的特性。 关键词：     

生鲜乳中还原乳的近红外光谱法鉴别

探讨了利用近红外光谱技术快速、准确地进行生鲜乳中是否含有还原乳鉴别的可行性,并对还原乳检测过程中多元散射校正(MSC)的适用性进行了讨论。文章利用SIMCA判别分析方法,建立了掺入还原乳之生鲜乳的定性判别模型,结果表明：当掺入比例为10%时,正确率达到96.7%,当达到20%以上时,该方法的正确判别率可以达到100%;另外,利用偏最小二乘法(PLS)还建立了还原乳掺入量的定量检测模型(r＝0.971,RMSEP=7.76%,RPD=5.13),双尾T检验表明,定量模型预测值与样品真实值间无显著性差异。上述2种方法充分说明了近红外技术可以实现生鲜乳中是否含有还原乳的快速鉴别。     

酸化预处理对焦煤可溶有机质组成和结构的影响

为了探究酸化预处理对煤的可抽提物组成及大分子结构的影响,采用HCl、HF对山西古交焦煤进行酸化脱矿物处理,并选取不同浓度的四氢呋喃(T H F)对原煤(RC)及酸化煤(DC)进行溶剂抽提实验,借助色谱-质谱(GC-MS)、傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)等现代技术手段,对比分析了原煤、酸化煤的抽提物组成及抽余物的主要官能团和...     

In vivo B/A determination in a mammalian organ

Investigations of the ultrasonic nonlinearity parameter B/A have been restricted previously to in vitro preparations. The parameter B/A has now been determined in vivo in cat liver and found to have the same value as in vitro determinations. The finite amplitude method was used, with a substitutional procedure to improve accuracy.     

A brief study on the mixture rules of the acoustic non-linearity parameter B/A in binary biological mixtures

Using the improved thermodynamic method, the acoustic non-linearity parameter B/A of binary biological mixtures — such as pig blood, sheep blood and bovine blood — is measured in order to test the mixture rules proposed by Apfel and Sehgal. The results show that the B/A values of the above-mentioned blood decrease with an increasing volume fraction of water. The B/A value varies linearly with the volume fraction of protein. It is also shown that, treated as a binary mixture, the blood obeys the trend that the B/A value varies with the volume of water. This is in agreement with the rules proposed by Apfel and Sehgal. However, the measured B/A value is not exactly equal to that of the mixture rules.     

同步荧光技术检测鲜牛乳中掺杂复原乳的可行性研究

近年来随着人们对乳制品需求的不断增加,将复原乳冒充或添加在鲜乳中出售的现象也日益严重,亟需简单、快速的检测方法监测掺假行为。利用同步荧光技术,分别对两种鲜牛乳(未经杀菌的生牛乳和低温处理的巴氏杀菌乳)掺杂复原乳的情况进行了定性判别和定量分析。以各类样本及全部样本的判别正确率作为定性判别模型的评价指标;以相关系数(r)、校正均方根误差(RMSEC)和预测均方根误差(RMSEP)作为定量分析模型的评价指标。通过分析牛乳的三维荧光图谱确定同步荧光扫描的固定波长差Δλ值为80 nm;在对图谱进行二阶求导后,偏最小二乘-判别分析法(PLS-DA)对生鲜牛乳、巴氏杀菌乳和复原乳的种类判别总正确率可达100%,并且在判断两种鲜乳中是否添加复原乳时,校正集样品的正确率均可达到100%,预测集样品的正确率分别为75%和81.25%,鲜牛乳和复原乳的种类判别模型,以及鲜乳与掺假乳的定性判别模型均取得了良好的效果;PLS回归对同步光谱值与复原乳含量建立线性关系时,两种鲜乳定量模型的r值分别为0.911 2和0.936 7,RMSEC分别为0.042 2和0.038 4,RMSEP分别为0.054 8和0.057 5,鲜乳中复原乳含量的定量分析模型的r值均可达到0.9以上,能对添加量较高的样品进行预测。因此,同步荧光技术可以较为准确、快速的检测鲜牛乳中是否掺杂复原乳。     

Detection of sheep and goat milk adulterations by direct MALDI-TOF MS analysis of milk tryptic digests

In dairy field, one of the most common frauds is the adulteration of higher value types of milk (sheep's and goat's) with milk of lower value (cow's milk). This illegal practice has an economic advantage for milk producers and poses a threat for consumers' health because of the presence of hidden allergens as, for example, cow milk proteins, in particular, α(s1) -casein and β-lactoglobulin. The urgent need of sensitive techniques to detect this kind of fraud brought to the development of chromatographic, immunoenzymatic, electrophoretic and mass spectrometric assays. In the current work, we present a fast, reproducible and sensitive method based on the direct matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) MS analysis of milk tryptic digests for the detection of milk adulteration by evaluating specie-specific markers in the peptide profiles. Several pure raw and commercial milk samples and binary mixtures containing cows' and goats', cows' and sheep's and goats' and sheep's milk (concentrations of each milk varied from 0% to 100%) were prepared, and tryptic digests were analyzed by MALDI-TOF MS. The use of the new MALDI matrix α-cyano-4-chlorocinnamic acid allowed to detect cow and goat milk peptide markers up to 5% level of adulteration. Finally, from preliminary data, it seems that the strategy could be successfully applied also to detect similar adulterations in cheese samples. Copyright ? 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Influences of structural factors of biological media on the acoustic nonlinearity parameter B/A

The influence of structural factors of biological media on the acoustic nonlinearity parameter B/A have been studied at the tissue, cellular, and molecular levels, using the thermodynamic and finite amplitude methods. B/A was determined as the structural factors of the media were altered physically and biochemically, while chemical composition was maintained unchanged. Significant structural dependencies of B/A were observed at all three levels; 26% of the dry weight contribution to the total B/A (the B/A value with water contribution subtracted) is due to the cell-cell adhesive force in liver tissue, 20% is due to the hepatocyte cellular structure, and 15% is due to secondary and tertiary protein structure.     

A small volume thermodynamic system for B/A measurement.

A thermodynamic method capable of determining the B/A value of 4-ml sample volumes is described. The method involves a procedure in which the static pressure of the sample is altered in a short period of time, to approximate an adiabatic process, during which the ultrasonic velocity is measured. The velocity change so determined is used to calculate the B/A value. The B/A measurement error is less than 0.7%.     

Thermosonication as a pretreatment of raw milk for Minas frescal cheese production

Minas frescal cheese is extremely popular in Brazil, with high perishability and acceptability. Among emerging technologies, ultrasound stands out for its satisfactory results regarding microbiological safety and technological and sensory aspects. The combined mild temperature application, called thermosonication, can generate even more promising results. In this study, a high-intensity ultrasound system combined with thermal heating (TS, thermosonication) was applied for the treatment of raw milk to produce Minas Frescal cheese. US energy was delivered to raw milk samples using a probe operating at a 20 kHz of frequency and nominal power of 160, 400, and 640 W. The TS system was compared with conventional pasteurization (HTST, high-temperature short-time pasteurization) at 72 to 75 °C and 15 s. Soft cheeses were prepared with different samples: (a) raw milk (control), b) conventionally pasteurized milk (HTST), and c) TS treat milk in different nominal power (TS160, TS400, and TS640). The produced cheeses were evaluated for microbiological behavior, rheology, color parameters, and bioactive compounds. TS treatment in milk resulted in higher microbial inactivation and stability during storage, improved color parameters (higher lightness (L*), and whiteness index (WI). TS treatment also showed a higher generation of bioactive compounds (higher antioxidant, and inhibitory activities of α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and angiotensin-converting enzymes) than HTST. The impact of TS on rheological properties was similar to HTST, resulting in more brittle and less firm products than the cheese produced with raw milk. The positive effects were more prominent using a nominal power of 400 W (TS400). Therefore, TS proved to be a promising process for processing milk for Minas Frescal cheese production.