基于广义条件AR(p)利率下的生存年金精算现值模型及其应用

本文利用时间序列理论将投资利率为条件 AR(p)模型推广为广义条件 AR(p)模型 ,得到利息力模型的一阶矩和二阶矩 ;针对年末支付的定期生存年金 ,利用生存年金理论得到广义条件 AR(p)利率模型下生存年金的精算现值模型 ,这对保险人合理制定保费标准和规避风险等问题具有重要理论指导意义和实际应用价值 .     

一类随机利率模型下的年金精算现值

年金在日常生活中被广泛应用,但已往大多研究的是固定年金以及随机利率下的确定年金.本文在前人研究成果的基础上考虑了利率随机波动对生命年金的影响,运用随机利率模型,得出年金精算现值较为简单的递推关系式,并举例说明利率的随机波动对年金精算现值的影响程度,结果表明利率的波动对年金的定价影响非常大,绝对不容忽视.     

变额年金的最优控制

在幂效用函数和指数效用函数的条件下,讨论保险人在年金积累期和年金给付期的投资策略,建立保险人变额年金投资的最优控制模型,得出变额年金的最优控制策略.     

基于教育基金保险的期权定价

本文基于文献[1]引入一种基于教育年金保险的欧式看涨期权,它赋予合约持有人在约定时间以约定价格购买一份连续支付一定年限的教育年金的权利,本文运用保险精算和期权定价的二叉树方法对其进行的定价,并说明这种合约方便于一些低收入家庭进行教育投资.     

具有储蓄功能的养老保险精算模型

本文建立了一个综合养老保险精算模型 ,把几种保险产品统一在模型中 ,模型包括延期支付的年金部分 ,终身寿险部分和还本部分 ,保险公司可以根据不同的实际情况 ,调整参数 ,通过不同参数的组合 ,获得不同的养老保险产品 .还本部分的引入 ,使得这种保险产品具有储蓄的性质     

中国隐性养老金债务精算模型及其应用研究

根据当前中国养老金发放的实际情况 ,利用生存年金理论 ,改进了国外传统生存年金系数模型 ,得到测算‘老人’养老金债务和‘中人’过渡性养老金债务的精算模型 .利用该模型 ,测算出 2 0 0 0年中国隐性养老金债务规模 ,并对影响养老金债务的因素进行敏感性分析 ,提出缩减隐性养老金债务规模的思路 .     

相依情形下多生命状态年金现值的比较北大核心CSCD

在多生命状态各个体余寿相依的情形下,通过比较边际分布或相依结构,研究终身年金趸缴保费精算现值的差异.采用Copula函数作为相依结构的表示,分别研究:(1)假设各投保集团个体余寿之间相依结构相同的情形下,根据余寿向量在随机序意义下的大小,比较各投保集团终身年金趸缴保费精算现值的大小;(2)假设两个投保集团个体余寿有相同的分布,但个体余寿之间相依结构不相同的情形下,比较其终身年金趸缴保费精算现值的差异.     

Comparing present values of life annuity of multi-life status under different dependent structure

在多生命状态各个体余寿相依的情形下,通过比较边际分布或相依结构,研究终身年金趸缴保费精算现值的差异.采用Copula函数作为相依结构的表示,分别研究:(1)假设各投保集团个体余寿之间相依结构相同的情形下,根据余寿向量在随机序意义下的大小,比较各投保集团终身年金趸缴保费精算现值的大小;(2)假设两个投保集团个体余寿有相同的分布,但个体余寿之间相依结构不相同的情形下,比较其终身年金趸缴保费精算现值的差异.     

基于Lee-Carter模型的互助养老年金研究

基于经典的双线性随机Lee-Carter模型,采用经济学的协整理论,对中国大陆男性人口死亡率进行预测,克服了ARIMA模型预测的局限性.在随机利率和Lee-Carter模型的基础上度量退休年金和生命年金的长寿风险,并为此提出应对策略,引入由消费者承担系统长寿风险、年金池承担个体长寿风险的群体自助养老年金(GSA),然后对其进行实证分析发现,与普通年金相比,GSA模型分担模式拥有较高的给付额.     

基于跳跃扩散死亡率模型的新型年金定价及其风险评估

由于各个年龄段的人口死亡率呈现出的明显下降趋势,依赖静态生命表的传统精算方法已经无法实现年金收支上真正的精算等价,这无疑会严重影响到保险公司的风险管理和稳健运营.因此文章尝试从死亡率的随机建模和死亡率衍生产品创新的角度来准确度量风险并进而厘清风险的权责和分摊.首先,文章将建立带跳跃过程的随机死亡率模型,以中国实际死亡率的历史数据,对模型参数进行最大似然估计,并运用Bootstrap方法对参数估计的精确程度进行检验;其次,文章在产品设计层面探讨动态的支付调整,即在年金产品中嵌入一个欧式死亡率期权,给予保险公司根据真实死亡率调整赔付额度的权利.文章的研究结果表明新型年金能够有效分散长寿风险,提高承保双方的效用,对促进商业年金的发展具有重要的现实意义和参考价值.     

Using fuzzy random variables in life annuities pricing

This paper develops life annuity pricing with stochastic representation of mortality and fuzzy quantification of interest rates. We show that modelling the present value of annuities with fuzzy random variables allows quantifying their expected price and risk resulting from the uncertainty sources considered. So, we firstly describe fuzzy random variables and define some associated measures: the mathematical expectation, the variance, distribution function and quantiles. Secondly, we show several ways to estimate the discount rates to price annuities. Subsequently, the present value of life annuities is modelled with fuzzy random variables. We finally show how an actuary can quantify the price and the risk of a portfolio of annuities when their present value is given by means of fuzzy random variables.     

Parameter Estimation of Multivariate Regression Model with Fuzzy Random Errors

In many real-world problems, observations are usually described by approximate values due to fuzzy uncertainty, unlikeprobabilistic uncertainty that has nothing to do with experimentation. The combination of statistical model and fuzzy set theory is helpful to improve the identification and analysis of complex systems. As an extension ofstatistical techniques, this study is an investigation of the relationship between fuzzy multiple explanatory variables and fuzzy response with numeric coefficients and the fuzzy random error term. In this work we describe a parameter estimation procedure carrying out the least-squares method in a complete metric space of fuzzy numbers to determine the coefficients based on the extension principle. We demonstrate how the fuzzy least squares estimators present large sample statistical properties, including asymptotic normality, strong consistency and confidence region. The estimators are also examined via asymptotic relative efficiency concerning traditional least squares estimators. Different from the construction of error term in Kim et al.\cite{21}, it is more reasonable in the proposed model since the problems of inconsistency in referring to fuzzy variable and producing the negative spreads may be avoided. The experimental study verifies that the proposed fuzzy least squares estimators achieve the meaning consistent with the theory identification for large sample data set and better generalization regarding one single variable model.     

模糊随机需求的连续盘点存储策略研究

考虑到需求的模糊随机性,建立模糊随机需求情况下连续盘点存储策略的模糊随机成本模型。利用模糊随机变量的期望值理论,推导出了其成本期望值模型的解析表达式,进而给出了最优再订货点所属区间的判别条件以及最优再订货点和经济订货量的计算式;基于此,设计了一模糊随机需求的连续盘点最优存储策略算法。最后结合数值算例,分析了模糊随机需求概率分布及缺货成本对最优存储策略的影响。     

不确定规划的研究现状及其发展前景

本文简要介绍不确定规划理论、算法以及应用研究的现状，描绘了不确定规划理论的基本框架。首先介绍处理各种不确定性的数学工具；接着阐述不确定规划的建模机理与求解方法，然后提出了不确定规划中值得进一步研究的一些问题，最后展望了不确定规划的发展前景。     

基于遗传算法的随机模糊立体运输问题

随机模糊立体运输问题的研究是为了解决现实生活中双因素不确定性问题,在遗传算法的基础上,运用可信性理论建立随机模糊运输问题的机会约束规划模型.通过算例进行VC++编程模拟计算,验证了此模型的可行性,最终提出了基于遗传算法解决随机模糊立体运输问题的模型.     

Longevity risk management for life and variable annuities: The effectiveness of static hedging using longevity bonds and derivatives

For many years, the longevity risk of individuals has been underestimated, as survival probabilities have improved across the developed world. The uncertainty and volatility of future longevity has posed significant risk issues for both individuals and product providers of annuities and pensions. This paper investigates the effectiveness of static hedging strategies for longevity risk management using longevity bonds and derivatives (q-forwards) for the retail products: life annuity, deferred life annuity, indexed life annuity, and variable annuity with guaranteed lifetime benefits. Improved market and mortality models are developed for the underlying risks in annuities. The market model is a regime-switching vector error correction model for GDP, inflation, interest rates, and share prices. The mortality model is a discrete-time logit model for mortality rates with age dependence. Models were estimated using Australian data. The basis risk between annuitant portfolios and population mortality was based on UK experience. Results show that static hedging using q-forwards or longevity bonds reduces the longevity risk substantially for life annuities, but significantly less for deferred annuities. For inflation-indexed annuities, static hedging of longevity is less effective because of the inflation risk. Variable annuities provide limited longevity protection compared to life annuities and indexed annuities, and as a result longevity risk hedging adds little value for these products.     

可变模糊集合理论与可变模型集

在对立模糊集定义基础上给出以相对隶属函数表示的模糊可变集合定义,给出可变模糊聚类迭代模型、可变模糊模式识别模型、可变模糊对立识别模型.它们是可变模糊聚类、识别、优选决策、评价相统一的理论模型集,是可变模糊集的基础模型与核心内容,可用于自然、管理、人文、社会等各种学科中关于模糊聚类、识别、优选决策、评价、预测等众多实际领域.     

Production and payment policies for an imperfect manufacturing system with discount cash flows analysis in fuzzy random environments

ABSTRACT

This paper considers an imperfect manufacturing system with credit policies in fuzzy random environments. The supplier simultaneously offers the retailer either a permissible delay in payments or a cash discount and retailer in turn provides its customer a permissible delay period. We used an alternate approach – discount cash flow analysis to establish an inventory problem. It is assumed that the elapsed time until the machine shifts from ‘in-control’ state to ‘out-of-control’ state is characterized as a fuzzy random variable. As a function of this parameter, the profit function is also a random fuzzy variable. Based on the credibility measure of fuzzy event, the model with fuzzy random elapsed time can be transformed into a crisp model . We establish several theoretical results to obtain the solution that provides the largest present value of all future cash flows. Finally, numerical example is given to illustrate the results and obtain some managerial insights.     

Fuzzy Random Variables: A Scalar Expected Value Operator

Fuzzy random variable has been defined in several ways in literature. This paper presents a new definition of fuzzy random variable, and gives a novel definition of scalar expected value operator for fuzzy random variables. Some properties concerning the measurability of fuzzy random variable are also discussed. In addition, the concept of independent and identically distributed fuzzy random variables is introduced. Finally, a type of law of large numbers is proved.     

The valuation of life contingencies: A symmetrical triangular fuzzy approximation

This paper extends the framework for the valuation of life insurance policies and annuities by Andrés-Sánchez and González-Vila (2012, 2014) in two ways. First we allow various uncertain magnitudes to be estimated by means of fuzzy numbers. This applies not only to interest rates but also to the amounts to be paid out by the insurance company. Second, the use of symmetrical triangular fuzzy numbers allows us to obtain expressions for the pricing of life contingencies and their variability that are closely linked to standard financial and actuarial mathematics. Moreover, they are relatively straightforward to compute and understand from a standard actuarial point of view.