反射式可调激光衰减器的研究

针对1 064 nm激光波长,设计出一种基于斜入射时偏振光在介质分界面上不同反射率原理的连续可调激光衰减器,角度控制精度为6、损伤阈值为100 W/cm2（连续）、0.1 J/cm2(10 ns脉冲)。实际测量了衰减器的透过率,透过率范围为8.510-5～1。分析了衰减器对传输光束质量的影响,并针对衰减器的性能改善进行了探讨。     

光强连续可调的圆偏振光衰减器

利用1/4波片及偏光棱镜,设计了光强连续可调的圆偏振光衰减器,通过该器件可获得偏振度高且光强连续可调的圆偏振光.该衰减器解决了632.8 nm多膜氦氖激光器出射光为非完全自然光且偏振面随时间做随机变化导致实验误差的问题,为偏光信息测试系统提供了相对稳定的激光光源.     

变角度薄膜衰减器的应用研究

对可应用于神光Ⅱ精密化项目的变角度薄衰减器进行了理论分析、数值计算,在小激光装置上进行了闭环自动衰减控制实验。模拟实验证实了该衰减器具有精密连续可调、大口径、高能量负载、高光束质量的特点,这是其它光学衰减器难以做到的。     

折叠波导行波管切断匹配的设计

 利用电磁模拟软件,计算得到了H面渐变与E面渐变的楔形衰减器匹配效果,指出在相同渐变长度下,E面渐变匹配效果优于H面渐变。H面渐变衰减器反射主要来源于电场集中处,而E面渐变衰减器主要来源于渐变前部尖端处。在此基础上设计出了一种变形的匹配衰减器,即在E面渐变衰减器渐变开始处向前延伸一块薄片。计算结果与测试结果表明:与H面渐变和E面渐变的楔形衰减器相比,所设计衰减器在近截止频率处的匹配效果得到了明显的改善。     

新型高性能光控高温超导微波可变衰减器研制

 提出了一种用于高温超导系统的新型星载光控高温超导微波可变衰减器，详细介绍了设计过程，并针对测试结果进行了分析。该衰减器的实质是利用液氮温区高温超导薄膜极低的微波表面电阻和卓越的激光响应特性，实现优良的衰减功能。在器件结构的设计上引入过渡材料和透明有机材料以保证器件良好的接地性能以及激光光束的对准。主要结论如下：光控高温超导微波可变衰减器在液氮温区工作，电路尺寸为12 mm×8 mm×0.5 mm，可单独使用也可集成于高温超导系统中，可大幅减小系统的体积与质量；高温超导衰减器的插损小于0.2 dB，比常规衰减器低1个量级；高温超导衰减器的可变衰减步进值小于0.01 dB，比常规衰减器低1～2个量级。根据激光功率大小对衰减器插损变化特性的影响，该衰减器也可以实现步进式调谐。     

常用微波衰减器脉冲功率容量测试

提出了一种微波衰减器脉冲功率容量的测试方法,该方法可概括为利用定向耦合器组测试比对法,测试系统主要由微波源、定向耦合器组、衰减器、检波器及示波器等器件及设备组成。选取了广泛应用于高功率微波测试系统的波导衰减器及同轴衰减器进行了功率容量测试。初步测试结果表明:在X波段,对于μs量级脉冲宽度的单脉冲,衰减材料为羟基铁的BJ-100矩形波导式衰减器的脉冲功率容量可达50 kW,厚膜电阻为衰减材料的N型接头的同轴式衰减器的功率容量可达10 kW以上。     

新型可变光衰减器的温度特性研究

介绍一种新型光衰减器的工作原理、结构及温度特性.实验中采用在线温度特性测试法得到了新型光衰减器的插入损耗随温度变化的特性曲线.提出通过改进工艺的办法来优化新型光衰减器结构和提高光衰减器温度稳定性的方案.     

氙灯光源太阳模拟器辐照衰减器设计方法

针对应用于太阳模拟器辐照衰减器设计上的不足,提出一种新的衰减器设计方法,旨在提高其辐照均匀性.基于光学扩展量计算衰减器上的网孔面积,对会聚光路的辐射通量进行调制;利用聚光镜环带法,理论上分析衰减器上的辐射分布;利用网孔非均匀分布的结构对会聚光路的辐射分布进行调制,给出具体设计参数;对比分析了网孔均匀分布和非均匀分布对辐...     

基于微流控技术的新型可调光衰减器

基于微流控技术提出了一种新型可调光衰减器核心芯片结构,利用微流体和可压缩空气实现光衰减的可控调节,并基于此核心芯片设计了两种应用不同驱动技术的微流控光衰减器。通过高斯光束传播理论、亥姆霍兹方程、光场耦合理论与Mathematics软件分析了光衰减器内部光场分布特性,考虑了流体端面衍射影响,给出了流体端面位置与衰减量的关系及响应时间等性能参数。理论表明基于微流控技术的可调光衰减器衰减范围大于50dB,系统响应时间约为0.01s,具有衰减范围大、响应快、插入损耗小、回波损耗大的优点。所提出的光衰减器为寻求小体积、高性能、易集成、灵活可调的新型光通讯器件提供了新的思路。     

脉冲高电压幅值测量的不确定度分析

 在脉冲高电压幅值测量的不确定度评定中,从测量和标定溯源的角度出发将不确定度来源分为示波器测量不确定度和探头不确定度。以初级实验平台单路样机三板线入口电压的测量为例,按照探头不确定度的来源分别分析了三板线电压测量随机效应产生的不确定度,D-dot探头和电阻分压器标定时的系统效应和随机效应产生的不确定度,示波器和衰减器的校准不确定度,示波器的分辨力不确定度。同时进行了测试和标定系统的频率响应分析,以证明被测信号在测试系统的频率响应范围之内。以相关实验数据为基础计算了各个不确定度分量、合成标准不确定度以及扩展不确定度。按工程测量要求取包含因子为2,可得三板线入口电压测量值为1.89 MV,扩展不确定度为3.9％。     

Attenuation of ultrasound in skeletal muscle

Ultrasonic attenuation in fresh and 5% formalin fixed beef skeletal muscle has been measured, as a continuous function of frequency, in the range 1–8 MHz, for muscle fibre orientations both parallel and normal to the direction of propagation. Good agreement was found in all cases between two independent sets of measurements employing transmission and reflection techniques respectively. The data are consistent with a power law dependence of attenuation coefficient on frequency, with an exponent that is not significantly different from unity. For propagation normal to the fibres attenuation values are found as 1.1 ± 0.15 and 1.6 ± 0.15 dB cm^?1 MHz^?1 for fresh and fixed tissue respectively, the corresponding values for parallel propagation being 2.9 ± 0.23 and 4.1 ± 0.25 dB cm^?1 MHz^?1.     

Universal amplitude ratios of critical sound attenuation

The universal amplitude ratios for ultrasonic attenuation above and below the critical point are determined for uniaxial magnets, the gas liquid critical point, binary mixtures and related universality classes. For uniaxial ferromagnets also the scaling functions are computed. The theory is based on time dependent Ginzburg-Landau models and the ?=4?d-expansion. Depending on the universality class the universal amplitude ratio assumes values in the range 1/15 to 15. In systems with continuous internal symmetry Goldstone mode singularities are found.     

Theoretical investigation of the dependence of attenuation of pulsed laser radiation by fullerene-containing solutions on the pulse duration

The dependence of attenuation of laser radiation by fullerene-containing solutions on the laser pulse duration is theoretically studied. The investigation is carried out for a wide range of variations in the pulse durations: from 250×10^?15 to 10^?8 s. The contribution of two mechanisms (reverse saturable absorption and induced scattering associated with thermal nonlinearity) to the attenuation of radiation is studied. It is shown that reverse saturable absorption makes a considerable contribution to the attenuation in the whole range of durations under consideration, whereas induced scattering exists only in the range of durations that are longer than some nanoseconds. It is shown that the law of similarity with respect to the product of the intensity and the pulse duration for attenuation of laser radiation is approximately fulfilled in the whole range of durations, i.e., the attenuation depends on the energy density. Additionally, the elementary theory of reverse saturable absorption is developed and the limiting values of the absorption coefficient and the maximum attenuation are obtained.     

Estimation of acoustic attentuation in liver using one megabyte of data and the zero-crossings technique

Statistical fluctuations due to scatter-induced frequency variations in reflected acoustic pulses are a major problem when estimating acoustic attenuation. Disagreement exists in the ultrasound community as to how much data is sufficient to overcome these statistical fluctuations. The range of attenuation values for normal livers and a tissue equivalent phantom, using 1 megabyte of data per liver and the zero-crossings technique, was investigated. The significance of statistical fluctuations and their effects on attenuation are discussed.     

Broadband measurements of acoustic attenuation in water-saturated sands

A method for the measurement of acoustic attenuation in water-saturated granular media as a continuous function of frequency is described. Results for a range of water-saturated sands are presented together with acoustic velocity data and discussed in relation with porosity and grain size variations.     

Ultrasonic monitoring of suspension polymerization of vinyl chloride

Attenuation and velocity of bulk longitudinal ultrasonic waves were measured during the commercial suspension polymerization of vinyl chloride in the frequency range of a few hundred kHz to one MHz. The reproducibility of ultrasonic measurements is determined mainly by the reproducibility of polymerization technology. Measurements of attenuation during the polymerization process indicate such effects as local cavitation, boiling or foaming of the vinyl chloride polymerization system. The ultrasonic attenuation against polymerization time curve predicts morphological properties of the final polyvinyl chloride product. It was found that the magnitude of the ultrasonic velocity is in close correlation with the degree of conversion of vinyl chloride, and ultrasonic velocimetry can effectively be used for continuous monitoring of conversion degree during polymerization.     

Exvivo ultrasound attenuation coefficient for human cervical and uterine tissue from 5 to 10 MHz

Attenuation estimation and imaging in the cervix has been utilized to evaluate the onset of cervical ripening during pregnancy. This feature has also been utilized for the acoustic characterization of leiomyomas and myometrial tissue. In this paper, we present direct narrowband substitution measurement values of the variation in the ultrasonic attenuation coefficient in ex vivo human uterine and cervical tissue, in the 5-10 MHz frequency range. At 5 MHz, the attenuation coefficient values are similar for the different orientations of uterine tissue with values of 4.1-4.2 dB/cm, 5.1 dB/cm for the leiomyoma, and 6.3 dB/cm for the cervix. As the frequency increases, the attenuation coefficient values increase and are also spread out, with a value of approximately 12.6 dB/cm for the uterus (both parallel and perpendicular), 16.0 for the leiomyoma, and 26.8 dB/cm for the cervix at 10 MHz. The attenuation coefficient measured increases monotonically over the frequency range measured following a power law.     

Transmitted power allocation/control for multi-band MC-CDMA

Transmit power allocation over multiple subcarriers is an effective way to improve system error probability performance and to save power in traditional multi-carrier systems. In this paper, we derive the optimum power allocation algorithm for multi-band MC-CDMA systems, where optimum is defined as minimal BER under the constraint of fixed transmitted power, assuming knowledge of power attenuation of different sub-bands. With a two-band MC-CDMA system and Rayleigh channel fading, we show that a BER performance improvement based on the optimum allocation can only be attained over a limited range of transmit power and a limited range of sub-band power attenuation difference values. This performance improvement is also modest compared with a uniform power allocation, which suggests that the uniform power allocation is near optimal for transmit power control under our assumptions. Two simple transmitted power control algorithms are provided, and the controlled transmit power for a two-band system is shown to be a linear function of the power attenuation difference between the two bands for a large range of these attenuation differences. The small non-linear range implies that in using a multi-band channel, any savings in total transmitted power can occur only when the power attenuation difference between the two bands is small.     

X—射线荧光分析散函数法的原理及其应用：—Ⅲ.连续背景幂？…

本文在宽的基体变化范围内对波长为０．０８１ｎｍ的连续散射Ｘ－射线进行了研究,表明质量衰减系数与连续散射强度之间不再遵守传统散射内标法所假定的反比例关系,而是呈一种幂函数关系。理论证明和实验结果一致。提出了用０．０８１ｎｍ处的散射强度的函数校正基体效应的方法,用于地质样品中微量锶的测定,结果显示,在较大的基体变动范围内,本不与传统散射内标法相比准确度提高近４倍,克服了传统方法适应基体变化范围小的缺点     

Ultrasound Attenuation in Biological Tissue Predicted by the Modified Doublet Mechanics Model

Experimental results have shown that in the megahertz frequency range the relationship between the acoustic attenuation coefficient in soft tissues and frequency is nearly linear. The classical continuum mechanics （CCM）, which assumes that the materiaJ is uniform and continuous, faJls to explain this relationship particularly in the high megahertz range. Doublet mechanics （DM） is a new elastic theory which takes the discrete nature of material into account. The current DM theory however does not consider the loss. We revise the doublet mechanics （DM） theory by including the loss term, and cMculate the attenuation of a soft tissue as a function of frequency using the modified the DM theory （MDM）. The MDM can now well explain the nearly linear relationship between the acoustic attenuation coefficient in soft tissues and frequency.