基于小分子化学反应工具构建CRISPR-Cas9功能调控体系的研究进展

CRISPR技术是目前基因编辑领域的一大研究热点,已在疾病治疗、作物改良等领域得到广泛的应用,CRISPR-Cas9系统是其中研究最为深入的一种类型.如何降低Cas9/sgRNA复合物在细胞内作用的脱靶性是CRISPR-Cas9技术发展面临的主要挑战之一.利用光或活性小分子诱发的小分子化学反应工具构建CRISPRCas9功能调控体系,通过对sgRNA, Cas9或Cas9/sgRNA复合物的功能进行调控,可以在细胞乃至活体水平上一定程度实现对CRISPR-Cas9作用的时间或空间特异性的操纵,大大降低非特异性基因编辑作用发生的概率,同时小分子对原体系的干扰较小,因此小分子化学反应逐渐成为操纵CRISPR-Cas9体系的一种重要的研究工具.本文总结和介绍了小分子反应工具用于CRISPR-Cas9功能调控系统构建的主要研究进展,并对其未来的发展进行了展望.     

调控CRISPR-Cas9系统用于基因编辑的研究进展

基于操作简便、成本低、快捷高效的优势,规律间隔成簇短回文重复序列及其相关核酸酶（CRISPR-Cas9）系统在基因编辑的基础研究和临床医学方面起到了极为重要的推动作用.在时空维度上调控CRISPR-Cas9发挥功能,对于减少CRISPR-Cas9系统的脱靶效应,提高基因编辑的特异性具有重要意义.本综述介绍了近年来利用化学分子以及光调控CRISPR-Cas9系统发挥功能,进而调控基因编辑的研究进展,并探讨了CRISPR-Cas9调控的前景和面临的挑战.     

光控CRISPR技术的研究进展

成簇规则间隔短回文重复序列和成簇规则间隔短回文重复序列相关(CRISPR-Cas)系统提供了用于可编程基因组编辑的多功能工具. CRISPR与光遗传学及光化学生物学技术的结合产生了很多新的成果. 光激活的CRISPR-Cas系统能够在空间和时间上更好地调控RNA引导的核酸酶的活性. 近年来, 科学家结合CRISPR和多种光学技术, 开发出了一系列光激活的CRISPR工具. 这些工具让研究人员能够在空间、 时间和基因组坐标上进行高分辨率的生命活动研究. 本文概述了CRISPR系统、 基因编辑技术、 光遗传学和光化学生物学的研究进展, 并对光诱导的CRISPR技术的发展进行了展望.     

CRISPR-Cas基因编辑技术在微生物组工程中的应用

微生物组工程是对复杂微生物群落进行改造,在基因组、代谢组及群落生态结构等多个层次上实现微生物组的精准调控.成簇规律间隔短回文序列(CRISPR)及其相关蛋白(CRISPR-Cas)系统是近期发展迅速的高效基因编辑工具.本文回顾了微生物组工程领域CRISPR-Cas系统的重要研究工作,重点关注CRISPR-Cas系统在微生物组的基因编辑和生态调控方面的应用.针对CRISPR-Cas系统在微生物组工程领域的应用挑战,本文从外源DNA递送方式和基因表达调控元件两个方面总结了微生物组工程的关键辅助方法与发展趋势,展望了微生物组工程领域所面临的挑战与机遇.     

基于CRISPR-Cas12a与G-四链体构建免标记电化学生物传感器检测microRNA

CRISPR-Cas12a是一种功能强大且可编程的分子诊断技术。本文基于CRISPR-Cas12a的附属切割活性与G-四链体/氯化血红素（Hemin）复合物,设计了一个免标记电化学生物传感器,实现对miRNA的强特异性检测。靶标miRNA-21与双链DNA探针上的Toehold区域结合并发生链置换反应,置换出双链DNA探针中较短的DNA。置换下来的DNA可以有效地激活CRISPR-Cas12a的附属切割活性。随后,具有附属切割活性的Cas12a切割电极表面上形成G-四链体/Hemin的DNA序列,导致电流信号减弱。在最优条件下,电流信号强度变化与10～100 pmol/L范围内的miRNA-21浓度呈良好的线性关系,检出限为4.2 pmol/L。该电化学生物传感器能够实现对单个碱基突变的miRNA-21或其它miRNA序列特异性识别,并可用于人血清样本（10%）中miRNA-21的检测。     

剖析化学诺贝尔人才成功的环境要素及启迪

1901年至今,作为化学学科最具权威、最有影响的国际大奖——诺贝尔奖,已颁发了94次,全世界共有141人获此殊荣。诺贝尔奖是一个国家科学与技术发展的象征,是一个民族具备知识创新能力的标志,也是人类精神和学识之顶礼膜拜。在当今世界上,没有哪个奖项比诺贝尔奖更能震撼国家的     

信息动态

2014年10月9日瑞典皇家科学院宣布把2014年诺贝尔化学奖授予埃里克·贝齐格、斯特凡·黑尔和威廉·莫纳,以表彰他们在超分辨率荧光显微技术领域取得的突破性成就.本刊编辑部特把诺贝尔奖委员会官网公布的公共资讯翻译后刊登于此,以飨读者.     

居里夫人-放射化学的奠基人——为纪念居里夫人获得诺贝尔化学奖100周年及2011"国际化学年"而作

居里夫人是唯一一位两度获得诺贝尔奖的女性科学家.她关于镭和钋的发现与研究开创了放射化学和核物理研究领域,对后世的科学发展起到了奠基作用.尤其是,居里夫人提出了"放射性"概念并依据"放射性是原子特性"的线索发现了新放射性元素钋和镭,证实了她关于"放射性是原子的一种特性并能够作为一种寻找新元素的方法"的假说.依据这个假说她...     

新教材新亮点——新版高中化学教科书引入诺贝尔奖相关内容的研究

引入诺贝尔奖相关内容是新版化学教材的一大亮点。分析了3套新版化学教科书利用诺贝尔奖相关内容作为教学资源的情况,并着重研究了苏教版教材,尝试发掘此类知识在化学教学中的重要作用,提出了相关建议。     

色谱分析的创始人

色谱法现在已经是分析化学和有机化学中的极重要的实验方法之一了。1937年,瑞士大化学家保罗·卡雷（PaulKarrer,1889—1971）在获得诺贝尔奖金时曾说过：“几乎没有一项发明对于天然有机物的研究工作,其作用之大超过色谱分析法的。”     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

Chemistry of heterocyclic compounds at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, over 50 years (Review)

The review contains a concise historical account and information on the most significant researches undertaken by the staff at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds. Dedicated to Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences B. A. Trofimov on his 70th jubilee. Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 10, pp. 1443–1502, October, 2008.     

A general and convenient synthesis of 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones and their use in amidoalkylation of hydrogen,heteroatom, and carbon nucleophiles

A general synthesis of previously unknown semicarbazone-based α-amidoalkylating reagents, 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones, has been developed. The synthesis involved three-component condensation of semicarbazones of aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes with the same or other aldehydes and p-toluenesulfinic acid. The scope and limitations of this reaction were investigated. The compounds obtained were demonstrated to be an efficient α-(4-semicarbazono)alkylating agents. They were reacted with H- (sodium borohydride), O- (sodium methylate), S- (sodium phenylthiolate), N- (pyrrolidine, sodium succinimide), P- (trialkyl phosphites), and C-nucleophiles (sodium diethyl malonate) to give the corresponding products of the tosyl group substitution, 4-substituted semicarbazones, including analogues of nitrofurazone. Among the prepared compounds tested in vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activity, three nitrofuryl-containing semicarbazones exhibited high biological activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 8–32 μg/mL.     

Synthesis of novel chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and their application in palladium-catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck couplings and asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde

A small library of new chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-imidazolium salts 1 is conveniently synthesized on multi-gram scale from inexpensive and commercially available chiral pool amino acids. The corresponding carbenes, generated by deprotonation of imidazolium salts 1, in combination with palladium(II) chloride were tested in the Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction. The most significant results in terms of yields and reactivities were achieved with low catalyst loading. The catalytic activities of these imidazolium salts were also investigated in the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. The use of MgO nanoparticles as an additive in conjunction with these ligands played a crucial role in increasing the efficiency of these reactions.     

Sulfur-directed metal-free and regiospecific methyl C(sp3)–H imidation of thioanisoles

Regiospecific and direct imidation of the methyl C(sp³)–H bond of thioanisoles is realized under mild and metal-free conditions with N-fluorobis(benzenesulfonyl)imide as an oxidant and nitrogen source. Proposed mechanism suggests that thionium ion intermediates and a Pummerer-type reaction are involved. The imidation has advantages such as high step-economy, excellent functionality tolerance, and regiospecificity, giving structurally diverse imidation products.