Electrochemical carboxylation of bicyclo[n.1.0]alkylidene derivatives

Electrochemical carboxylation of bicyclo[n.1.0]alkylidene derivatives (ring-fused alkylidenecyclopropanes) in a suitable aprotic solvent using a one-compartment electrochemical cell equipped with a platinum plate cathode and a zinc plate anode under an atmospheric pressure of carbon dioxide afforded either mono- or dicarboxylic acid in moderate to good yields.     

Electrochemical carboxylation of fluorocontaining imines with preparation of fluorinated N-phenylphenylglycines

A possibility of obtaining fluorine-containing N-phenylphenylglycine derivatives at yields of up to 85% via the electrochemical carboxylation of corresponding benzalanilines was shown. The influence of imine's electron structure, the nature of supporting electrolyte and cathodic material on such processes is examined. It was found, that increasing electron accepting ability of the substituents in benzylidene and aniline fragments of the imine molecule lead to decrease of amino acid yields. The dependence of the N-phenyl-p-fluorophenylglycine yield on the cathode material (Zn, GC, Cu, Ag, Pt) and on the nature of the supporting electrolytes (Bu₄NBr, Et₄NBr, Et₄NClO₄, PhCH₂Me₃NClO₄, LiBF₄, LiClO₄, NaBF₄ and KBF₄) was investigated. The highest amino acid yields were obtained at cathodes (GC and Zn) that do not exhibit specific adsorption of fluorine-containing imines, as well as in the presence of background salts (Alk₄NBr) whose cations do not show tendency to strong ion pairing with anion radicals formed by the electrochemical activation of the imines.     

Electrochemical carboxylation of cinnamate esters in MeCN

Electrochemical carboxylation of cinnamate esters has been carried out by cathodic reduction of CC bond in an undivided cell equipped with Mg sacrificial anode and using MeCN saturated with CO₂ as solvent. The yields and the ratio of mono- and dicarboxylic acids are strongly affected by various factors: cathodic material, current, charge, and temperature. The highest yield (78.9%) was obtained starting from ethyl cinnamate. Cyclic voltammograms have been measured and reaction pathways have been proposed.     

Transition metal promoted carboxylation of unsaturated substrates with carbon dioxide

The use of CO₂ as a C1 building block for the synthesis of useful chemicals is of great significance, and has attracted increasing attention in recent years. The transition metal catalyzed or mediated addition of CO₂ to unsaturated chemical bonds has proved to be a powerful and versatile protocol for the incorporation of CO₂ into various unsaturated organic substrates such as alkynes, alkenes, allenes, aldehydes, and 1,3-dienes. The hydrogenative, alkylative and arylative carboxylation, heterocarboxylation, and carboxylative cyclization with CO₂ have led to efficient and selective formation of various functionalized carboxylic acids and derivatives. This review focuses on recent advances in this area with emphasis on conceptual reaction design.     

无负载的纳米银电极：一种用于1-溴乙基苯与 CO2电羧化的高效催化剂

CO2作为主要的温室气体, CO2固定利用引起了广泛的关注,同时它还是一种丰富无毒的 C1资源,将其作为原料合成高附加值的化学品,不仅可以缓解温室效应,而且还可以缓解能源危机,具有重要的经济和战略意义.在 CO2的资源化利用中,制备2-苯基丙酸意义重大.2-苯基丙酸是一种重要的医药中间体,可用于合成布洛芬、酮洛芬等用途广泛的药剂.因此,其制备方法引起了人们的广泛关注.
　　在典型的合成2-苯基丙酸均相催化体系中,经常使用Co, Ni和Pd等过渡金属催化剂,虽然得到的目标产物产率较高,但催化剂成本高,且很难循环使用,从而限制了其实际使用.
　　电催化法为2-苯基丙酸的合成提供了一条新的途径.本课题组利用手性钴配合物作为催化剂电羧化不对称合成了手性2-苯基丙酸,其产率和 ee值分别为37%和83%.此外,我们还制备了 Co负载的纳米 Ag电极,以其为工作电极不对称羧化1-溴乙基苯与 CO2反应,得到目标产物2-苯基丙酸的产率为58%, ee值为73%.
　　在前期工作的基础上,本文利用无负载的纳米银电极(Ag NPs)为工作电极,电催化1-溴乙基苯与 CO2羧化制备2-苯基丙酸.银纳米电极是利用水合肼还原 AgNO3溶液经抽滤、干燥、压片而成.为了研究 Ag NPs催化 CO2与1-溴乙基苯反应,在一室型电解池中,以 Ag NPs为阴极,镁电极为牺牲阳极,以 CH3CN-TEAI (0.1 mol/L)溶液为电解质溶液,底物浓度为0.1 mol/L,饱和 CO2的氛围下进行恒电流电解,经后处理,可得目标产物2-苯基丙酸.为了提高2-苯基丙酸的产率,我们探讨了工作电极、电解电量、电流密度以及反应温度等条件对反应的影响,从而得到优化条件为反应温度0℃、电解电量2.5 F/mol、电流密度5 mA/cm2,此时2-苯基丙酸的产率可达98%.
　　在优化条件下,我们还研究了一系列苯基卤代物,如溴化苄、溴苯、α-溴苯乙酸、2-溴代萘、二苯基溴甲烷和1-氯乙基苯的电羧化反应.反应后可以得到相应的羧酸,并取得较好的收率(67%?88%).结果表明,纳米银电极对催化该类反应具有很好催化活性和普适性.本文所采用的条件都比较温和,无需高温或高压.
　　在最优条件下,所制纳米银电极可重复使用至少10次,且保持催化活性不变.经过 X射线衍射和扫描电镜表征发现,重复使用后纳米银电极的组成和微结构都保持不变.因此,该纳米银电极具有制备方法简单、催化活性高,稳定性好等特点,具备一定的应用前景.     

Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide on copper in methanol with various potassium supporting electrolytes at low temperature

The electrochemical reduction of CO₂ at a Cu electrode was investigated in a methanol-based electrolyte using such potassium supporting salts as CH₃COOK, KBr, KI and KSCN at extremely low temperature (−30 °C). The main products obtained from CO₂ by the electrochemical reduction were methane, ethylene, ethane, carbon monoxide and formic acid. The maximum Faradaic efficiency of ethylene was 19.9% in KI/methanol-based catholyte at −3.0 V vs. Ag/AgCl saturated KCl. The best methane formation (27.0%) was obtained in CH₃COOK/methanol electrolyte at −3.0 V. In the system containing a potassium halide, the efficiency of hydrogen formation, being a competitive reaction against CO₂ reduction, was suppressed to less than 8.1%. The product selectivity of the electrochemical reduction of CO₂ in methanol was greatly affected by the anionic species. This research can contribute to the large-scale manufacturing of useful organic products from readily available and cheap raw materials: CO₂-saturated methanol from industrial absorbers (the Rectisol process). Received: 11 November 1998 / Accepted: 1 February 1999     

Electrochemical activation and carboxylation of fluorine-containing aromatic imines

On the basis of a study of the processes involved in the electrochemical activation of a series of fluorine-containing aromatic imines with and without the presence of carbon dioxide it was shown that the initial stage of such processes is the formation of imine radical-anions, which can both undergo spontaneous transformations and react with CO₂ with the formation of fluorine-containing amino acids. A correlation was established between the effects of the electronic structure of the imines on the electrochemical characteristics of their reduction and on the stability of the radical-anions. A relationship was established between the parameters of electrochemical activation of the imines in the presence of CO₂ and the yields of the amino acids. Translated from Teoreticheskaya i éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 44, No. 5, pp. 265–271, September–October, 2008.     

Electrochemical carboxylation of benzylic carbonates: alternative method for efficient synthesis of arylacetic acids

Electrochemical carboxylation of benzylic carbonates was successfully performed as an alternative method for the synthesis of phenylacetic acids by using a one-compartment cell equipped with a Pt plate cathode and an Mg rod anode in CH₃CN to afford the corresponding phenylacetic acids in good yields.     

电化学方法固定CO2用于2-羟基-2-(4-甲氧基苯基)-丙酸甲酯的合成

在一室型电解池中, 以饱和CO₂的N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)为溶液, Mg为牺牲阳极, 不锈钢、钛、铜、镍和银为工作电极, 通过电化学方法固定CO₂, 在恒电流电解的条件下研究了对甲氧基苯乙酮的电羧化反应, 得到了重要的有机合成中间体2-羟基-2-(4-甲氧基苯基)-丙酸甲酯. 电羧化产率受支持电解质种类、电极材料、电流密度、电解电量和反应温度等影响. 经过反应条件的优化, 目标产物在恒定电流密度为5.0 mA/cm²的条件下产率达到63%. 同时, 以玻碳电极-Pt丝螺旋电极-Ag/AgI/I^-为三电极体系, 研究了对甲氧基苯乙酮的电化学行为, 根据底物在通入CO₂前后循环伏安图的变化推测了对甲氧基苯乙酮的电羧化反应机理.     

Development in the green synthesis of cyclic carbonate from carbon dioxide using ionic liquids

This brief review presents the recent development in the synthesis of cyclic carbonate from carbon dioxide (CO₂) using ionic liquids as catalyst and/or reaction medium. The synthesis of cyclic carbonate includes three aspects: catalytic reaction of CO₂ and epoxide, electrochemical reaction of CO₂ and epoxide, and oxidative carboxylation of olefin. Some ionic liquids are suitable catalysts and/or solvents to the CO₂ fixation to produce cyclic carbonate. The activity of ionic liquid is greatly enhanced by the addition of Lewis acidic compounds of metal halides or metal complexes that have no or low activity by themselves. Using ionic liquids for the electrochemical synthesis of the cyclic carbonate can avoid harmful organic solvents, supporting electrolytes and catalysts, which are necessary for conventional electrochemical reaction systems. Although the ionic liquid is better for the oxidative carboxylation of olefin than the ordinary catalysts reported previously, this reaction system is at a preliminary stage. Using the ionic liquids, the synthesis process will become greener and simpler because of easy product separation and catalyst recycling and unnecessary use of volatile and harmful organic solvents.     

Electrosynthesis of cinnamic acid by electrocatalytic carboxylation of phenylacetylene in the presence of [NiII(Me4-NO2Bzo[15]tetraeneN4)] complex: An EC′CCC′C mechanism

A Ni(II) complex, [Ni^II(Me₄-NO₂Bzo[15]tetraeneN₄)], was used for electrocatalytic reduction of CO₂ in acetonitrile solvent. Then, the reduced form of CO₂ (CO₂^?) was used for selective carboxylation of phenylacetylene to produce cinnamic acid at room temperature. The potential of the process is significantly less negative in comparison with those reported earlier. Using sacrificial magnesium electrode as anode, controlled potential coulometry was carried out in an undivided glass cell. The spectral characterizations of FTIR, ¹H NMR, and ¹³C NMR demonstrated that cinnamic acid was the main product of the electrolysis. With respect to other catalysts, which have been previously reported in the literature, application of the Ni(II) complex in carboxylation of unsaturated compounds has three advantages: (1) the selectivity in the production of cinnamic acid; (2) more increase in the reduction current indicating that the carboxylation of phenylacetylene is fast; and (3) the potential shift of electrocatalytic reduction of CO₂ to less negative values showing that the Ni(II) complex has an excellent electrocatalytic activity for CO₂ reduction. According to the voltammetric and coulometric results, an EC′CCC′C mechanism was proposed for the electrocatalytic synthesis of cinnamic acid.     

Electrochemical conversion of carbon dioxide catalysed by benzil

It has been shown it is possible to reduce carbon dioxide electrochemically using benzil as a homogeneous electron transfer agent. It was found that oxalic acid is the basic product formed during the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide. __________ Translated from Teoreticheskaya i éksperimental’naya Khimiya, Vol. 42, No. 1, pp. 29–32, January–February, 2006.     

Cyclic amidine hydroiodide for the synthesis of cyclic carbonates and cyclic dithiocarbonates from carbon dioxide or carbon disulfide under mild conditions

Hydroiodides of amidines can catalyze the reaction of carbon dioxide and epoxides under mild conditions such as ordinary pressure and ambient temperature, and the corresponding five-membered cyclic carbonates were obtained in high yields. The reaction of epoxide with carbon disulfide was also examined under the same conditions. Detailed investigation showed that the catalytic activity was highly affected by the counter anions of the amidine salts; the iodides were effective catalysts for both of the reaction of epoxide with carbon dioxide and carbon disulfide, whereas the bromide, chloride and fluoride counterparts exhibited almost no catalysis.     

Palladium-catalyzed carboxylative cyclization of α-allenyl amines in dense carbon dioxide

Carboxylative transformation of 2,3-allenic amines into 5-vinyl-1,3-oxazolidin-2-ones was promoted by palladium catalysts under a pressurized CO₂ condition. The presence of a stereogenic center adjacent to the allene group resulted in the formation of the corresponding cyclic urethane as a single trans-diastereomer.     

Electrocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide on conducting glass electrode modified with polymeric porphyrin films containing transition metals in ionic liquid medium

Electrocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide has been studied using modified electrodes with conducting polymers from tetra-amino-phenyl porphyrins containing transition metals (Zn(II) and Fe(III)), on an indium tin oxide electrode in BMImBF₄, as solvent and supporting electrolyte. Electropolymerized Fe porphyrin is active toward the reaction under survey, while Zn derivative shows poor activity. Spectroelectrochemistry experiments on electropolymerized Fe porphyrin films have shown intermediary species like Fe–CO₂ and Fe–CO at open-circuit potential. Potential-controlled bulk electrolysis carried out in ionic liquid shows that only carbon monoxide can be detected as reaction product in the gas phase and that Fe polymeric film shows a turnover number of 9.18, while the Zn film shows a value of 2.74, corroborating the poor activity observed in cyclic voltammetry.     

Electrochemical Carboxylation of 2‐Iodoaromatic Compounds

Abstract

The electrochemical reduction of a series of 2‐iodoaromatic substituted compounds in acetonitrile under an atmospheric pressure of carbon dioxide leads to ortho‐substitued aromatic carboxylic acid. The maximum yield of acid obtained by electrolysis performed in a diaphragm‐less cell at low temperature (5°C) with a sacrificial magnesium anode and by the use of a low current density was slightly higher than 70%.     

Electrocarboxylation of Anthrone to Anthracene-9-carboxylic Acid in the Presence of CO2

Electrocarboxylation of anthrone in the presence of CO2 to anthrance-9-carboxylic acid directly was carried out. The electroreduction behavior of anthrone was examined by cyclic voltammetry in the absence and presence of CO2. Then the influences of the supporting electrolytes, temperature, electrode material and anthrone concentration on the carboxylation yield were investigated. Under the optimized conditions, anthrancene-9-carboxylic acid was obtained in a good yield(96.1%).