Construction of a novel ZnCo2O4/Bi2O3 heterojunction photocatalyst with enhanced visible light photocatalytic activity

A novel ZnCo₂O₄/Bi₂O₃ heterojunction photocatalyst was prepared via balling method. The enhanced photocatalytic activity is mainly attributed to the broad photoabsorption and low recombination rate of photogenerated electron-hole pairs, which is driven by the photogenerated potential difference formed at the ZnCo₂O₄/Bi₂O₃ heterojunction interface.     

Novel ternary g-C3N4/Ag3VO4/AgBr nanocomposites with excellent visible-light-driven photocatalytic performance for environmental applications

Novel visible-light-induced photocatalysts were fabricated by integration of Ag₃VO₄ and AgBr semiconductors with graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) through a facile refluxing method. The fabricated photocatalysts were extensively characterized by XRD, EDX, SEM, TEM, FT-IR, UV–vis DRS, BET, TGA, and PL instruments. The photocatalytic performance of these samples was studied by degradations of three dye contaminants under visible-light exposure. Among the ternary photocatalysts, the g-C₃N₄/Ag₃VO₄/AgBr (10%) nanocomposite displayed the maximum activity for RhB degradation with rate constant of 1366.6 × 10⁻⁴ min⁻¹, which is 116, 7.23, and 38.5 times as high as those of the g-C₃N₄, g-C₃N₄/AgBr (10%), and g-C₃N₄/Ag₃VO₄ (30%) photocatalysts, respectively. The effects of synthesis time and calcination temperature were also investigated and discussed. Furthermore, according to the trapping experiments, it was found that superoxide anion radicals were the predominant reactive species in this system. Finally, the ternary photocatalyst displayed superlative activity in removal of the contaminants under visible-light exposure, displaying great potential of this ternary photocatalyst for environmental remediation, because of a facile synthesis route and outstanding photocatalytic performance.     

Preparation of upconversion Yb3+ doped microspherical BiOI with promoted photocatalytic performance

Bismuth oxychloride (BiOI) has a good visible light responsive property due to their relatively narrow band gap, and its photocatalytic performance was further improved by doping ytterbium ions (Yb³⁺). This may be due to strong optical absorption in UV–visible light, effective separation of the photoinduced electron-hole pairs, and the capacity to up-convert Near-IR light into visible-light of Yb³⁺ ions. In this study, a facile solvothermal method was adopted to synthesize Yb³⁺ ions doped BiOI photocatalysts. The doped photocatalysts with molar ratios of 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5% Yb³⁺ ions were prepared. The 2% Yb³⁺ ions doped BiOI exhibited the highest photocatalytic degradation efficiency on degrading Rhodamine B, which was two times higher than that of pure BiOI. Also Yb³⁺ ions doped BiOI showed high photocatalytic degradation on herbicide isoproturon. The prepared photocatalysts were characterized by SEM, XRD, UV–vis DRS. It indicated that the doping ions entered the lattice of BiOI crystals and improved the photocatalytic performance. The photocatalytic mechanism was also studied. This work provided the potential application of Yb³⁺ doped BiOI for the degradation of organic contaminants.     

Enhanced visible-light photocatalytic performance of Fe3O4 nanopyramids for water splitting and dye degradation

Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry - Iron oxide (Fe3O4) pyramid nanostructures were synthesized via a co-precipitation method, without using surfactants or template, for photocatalytic and...     

Ag3PO4-based nanocomposites and their applications in photodegradation of toxic organic dye contaminated wastewater: Review on material design to performance enhancement

Silver Orthophosphate (Ag₃PO₄) is a promising visible light driven photocatalyst. The morphology and structure of Ag₃PO₄ can be controlled by variety of synthetic methods for which it becomes the most extensively studied novel photocatalyst. Moreover, tailoring of Ag₃PO₄-based photocatalyst for performance enhancement attracts immense attention in recent times. The endeavour of this review paper to focus on the research progress of this material and the success gained so far by fabrication of Ag₃PO₄-based nanocomposite materials in photodegradation of selected toxic organic dyes. Some representative examples are discussed thoroughly. The underlying challenges and future perspectives are also brought into spotlight.     

ZnO-Bi2O3/graphitic carbon nitride photocatalytic system with H2O2-assisted enhanced degradation of Indigo carmine under visible light

Indigo carmine in aqueous solution was effectively degraded using ZnO-Bi₂O₃/Graphitic Carbon Nitride heterojunction structure by visible light/H₂O₂ system. The mechanism of photocatalytic degradation of Indigo carmine shows the responsible species for the degradation of Indigo carmine in the ZnO-Bi₂O₃-xC₃N₄/H₂O₂/visible light system (x = 0, 1, 2, and 3) is the hydroxyl radicals which were generated from the reaction of e⁻ and h⁺ with H₂O₂. Under optimal conditions, ZnO-Bi₂O₃-2C₃N₄/H₂O₂/Vis system degraded more than 93% of Indigo carmine in 180 min. Besides, the kinetic of the photocatalytic process was detailed. These results demonstrate that the ZnO-Bi₂O₃-2C₃N₄/H₂O₂/visible light system may become a promising approach to achieve efficient environmental remediation as an environmentally friendly oxidant.     

Enhanced photocatalytic degradation of azo dyes using nano Fe3O4

Nanosized magnetic Fe₃O₄ synthesized via sonochemical route was used as a photocatalyst for the degradation of azo dyes, methyl red and congo red. The novelty of the photo catalyst is its easy recovery by magnetic force and its recycling ability due to its long-term stability, in addition to its cost effectiveness, non-toxicity and non-carcinogenicity. A detailed feasibility study has been carried out on the photocatalytic degradation of the azo dyes at various pH and at various concentrations of photocatalyst, dye and H₂O₂. The presence of photocatalyst is found to significantly accelerate the degradation of azo dyes and the optimal dosage is found to be 0.075 and 0.2?g/l for methyl red and congo red, respectively. Langmuir?CHinshelwood kinetic analysis revealed pseudo-first-order kinetics for the photocatalytic degradation of the dyes and the degradation products were identified using spectral analysis. The degradation study revealed the following order of reactivity: Photo-Fe₃O₄?>?Photo-H₂O₂?>?Fe₃O₄?>?H₂O₂.     

Ultrasound-assisted synthesis of CoFe2O4/Ce-UiO-66 nanocomposite for photocatalytic aerobic oxidation of aliphatic alcohols

During the past years, light-driven selective oxidation of various alcohols has attracted increasing attention as a green and eco-friendly manner to convert visible light energy into valuable compounds. In this work, magnetic CoFe₂O₄/Ce-UiO-66 embedded structure composites are elaborately designed for the photocatalytic oxidation of aliphatic alcohols under visible-light irradiation and aerobic condition at room temperature. The CoFe₂O₄/Ce-UiO-66 structure was prepared using a simple and fast ultrasound-assisted technique in 60 min at room temperature. As compared with the unmodified CoFe₂O₄, the embedded composite exhibited better visible-light sensitization performance. The catalyst showed high chemical stability in the reaction conditions and can be recovered quickly and reused for at least five reaction runs in the aerobic oxidation reaction condition.     

氧化石墨烯量子点修饰氧掺杂多孔g-C3N4在光催化降解和抗菌中的应用（英文）

偶氮类合成色素具有遗传毒性、致癌性和致泻性,而食源性致病菌易引发细菌性感染和食物中毒事件,食品加工过程中产生的色素废水和致病菌废水若未经妥善处理就排入水体,会对水体及环境造成污染,废水中的偶氮类色素和致病菌还会通过食物链对人体健康产生威胁.因此,寻求更为高效、绿色、安全的处理技术和净化材料有效去除食品废水中高污染性和毒害性的偶氮类色素和致病菌显得尤为迫切.g-C3N4是一种具有可见光响应的有机半导体光催化材料,广泛应用于降解污染物、杀灭致病菌、催化有机反应等领域.然而,g-C3N4本身存在着比表面积小、光吸收性能差、光氧化能力低以及光生载流子迁移效率低等缺点,限制了其光催化性能.针对上述问题,我们对g-C3N4的空间和电子结构进行了设计,将形貌调控、元素掺杂和助催化剂修饰三种改性方法相结合,以获得兼具大比表面积、优异光吸收性能、强氧化能力以及快速光生载流子迁移能力的高活性g-C3N4基光催化体系.本文通过水热法制备了氧掺杂多孔氮化碳(PCNO),通过酸剥离法制备了氧化石墨烯量子点(ox-GQDs),最后通过自组装法将助催化剂ox-GQDs修饰到PCNO上,制备了ox-GQDs/PCNO复合光催化剂.零维的ox-GQDs可以通过氢键、π-π作用和化学键作用,与二维的PCNO实现紧密接触,均匀地分散在PCNO的表面和内部孔道上.由于ox-GQDs独特的上转换特性、电子捕获能力和过氧化物酶活性,ox-GQDs/PCNO复合光催化剂具有比PCNO更佳的光吸收性能、更高的电荷转移效率以及更强的光氧化能力.因此,ox-GQDs/PCNO复合材料在降解偶氮类色素和杀灭致病菌方面均表现出更为优异的可见光催化性能,活性最佳的复合材料ox-GQDs-0.2%/PCNO降解偶氮类色素苋菜红的速率常数约是PCNO的3.1倍,并且该材料能在可见光照射4 h内杀灭99.6%的大肠杆菌,远超过PCNO 31.9%的抗菌活性.另外,光生空穴、超氧自由基和羟基自由基被证实是ox-GQDs/PCNO体系在光催化反应中产生的活性物种,可以彻底矿化偶氮类色素并有效杀灭致病菌.本研究可以拓展g-C3N4基光催化剂在环境净化领域的应用前景,并为阐明ox-GQDs在复合光催化体系中的作用提供新的见解.     

Fe3O4 nanoparticles decorated smectite nanocomposite: Characterization,photocatalytic and electrocatalytic activities

Magnetite nanoparticles-decorated smectite nanocomposite was prepared by precipitation method and the obtained nanocomposite was used as both nanophotocatalyst for removal of rhodamine B from wastewater under UVA irradiation and electrocatalyst for the electrooxidation of chlorite ion on the carbon paste electrode. The raw smectite, bare magnetite and the synthesized nanocomposite catalyst were comparatively characterized by using XRD, FTIR, SEM, EDX, XPS, VSM, TG/DTG, DTA, DSC, electrophoretic mobility and BET techniques in detail. The XRD, SEM, electrophoretic mobility and VSM results indicated that the magnetite nanoparticles were uniformly distributed on the surface of smectite with a diameter of about 7 nm by electrostatic interactions and the prepared nanocomposite displayed well superparamagnetic behaviour with strong saturation magnetization at room temperature. The XPS, EDX, FTIR and thermal analysis data of synthesized nanocomposite further confirmed that the magnetite nanoparticles were successfully decorated on the smectite without formation of another ferric phase species. Furthermore, the surface area of magnetite smectite nanocomposite is higher than that of raw smectite, which is related to the magnetite nanoparticles decorated onto the smectite. The catalytic activities of all samples were comparatively investigated by using the degradation of aqueous rhodamine B solutions as a model pollutant in the heterogeneous photo-like-Fenton process which is well defined by the pseudo-first-order equation in kinetics. The resultant magnetite-smectite nanocomposite showed excellent magnetic separability and much better photocatalytic activity in a short period compared to the bare magnetite and smectite. The synergetic effect between magnetite and smectite showed high activity not only in photodegradation but also in electrocatalytic applications. Because the developed nanocomposite material exhibited enhanced catalytic activity towards to chlorite ion oxidation it was applied for the voltammetric quantification of chlorite ion in aqueous medium. After the optimization of the measurement parameters, the limit of detection and quantification of the method were calculated as 3.0 and 10.0 μM, respectively.     

Enhanced photocatalytic degradation of sulfamethoxazole by stable hierarchical Fe2O3/Co3O4 heterojunction on nickel foam

A facile approach was successfully employed to prepare Fe₂O₃/Co₃O₄ nanosheet arrays on nickel foams (Fe₂O₃/Co₃O₄@NF), which owned such advantages as narrow band gap energies and high separation rate of photoexcited electron-hole pairs. The combination of Fe₂O₃ and Co₃O₄ dramatically enhanced the photocatalytic activity towards sulfamethoxazole (SMZ) degradation, with the highest catalytic efficiency of k = 0.0538 min⁻¹, which was much higher than that of Fe₂O₃@NF (0.0098 min⁻¹) and Co₃O₄@NF (0.0094 min⁻¹). The introduction of Ni foam could not only act as the support to anchor photocatalyst, but also work as the electron mediator to promote the transition of electron-hole pairs. Reactive species trapping experiments combined with electron paramagnetic resonance analysis confirmed ^•O₂⁻ was primarily responsible for SMZ degradation. Furthermore, Fe₂O₃/Co₃O₄@NF was effective and almost unaffected by inorganic cations and anions in aqueous solution. This study could provide a facile and promising path for the construction of self-supported metal oxide-based heterojunction with high efficiency and strong stability.     

Photoluminescent Fe3O4/carbon nanocomposite with magnetic property

Fe(3)O(4)/carbon nanocomposite has been prepared by a facile chemical method, and characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The fluorescent and magnetic properties of the sample were investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy and vibrating-sample magnetometer, respectively. The results indicate that the Fe(3)O(4)/carbon nanocomposite exhibit good photoluminescent (emission ranging from 425 to 550 nm) and strong magnetic (saturation magnetization of 44.2 emu/g) properties.     

Fe3O4 anodes for lithium batteries: Production techniques and general applications

Iron oxides, such as Fe₃O₄, are putative anode materials for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). LIBs are extensively used as power sources for electronics. They typically consist of cells, with each cell built out of a lithium cathode and a graphite anode. However, graphite anodes suffer from the disadvantages of significant density, large volume, low energy density, and inferior safety levels. Iron oxides seem to be a promising substitute to the currently used graphite anodes due to their high capacity, extensive availability, good stability, and environmental tolerance. Nevertheless, several hurdles prevent their market expansion, such as inferior electronic/ionic conductivity, large volume changes, poor cycling performance, and low coulombic efficiency. Using Fe₃O₄ seems to be one alternative to address these challenges. This review will cover the current state of development of iron oxide electrodes with respect to design, production techniques, and general applications.     

离子刻蚀法制备具有高效催化性能的m-Bi2O4/BiOCl p-n异质结催化剂

光催化技术作为一种绿色的环境修复方法而备受关注,它直接利用太阳光作为能源,可有效地降解有机污染物.铋系化合物具有化学稳定性强、抑制光腐蚀、无毒和来源广泛等优点,被认为是一种环境友好的光催化剂,广泛用于降解染料、苯酚和其他有机污染物.BiOCl具有独特的内部结构,可形成内电场促进电子和空穴的移动,抑制其复合.但是BiOCl本身带隙能过大,只能被紫外光激发,对光的利用率较低,限制了其在环境治理中的应用.近两年来发现,m-Bi2O4带隙能小,可吸收大波长的可见光,催化性能好.为充分发挥m-Bi2O4的优异性质,改善BiOCl的性能,本文将BiOCl与m-Bi2O4复合制得新型催化剂,降低催化剂的带隙能,增强对光的吸收,提高量子效率,促进光生载流子的分离,抑制电子-空穴复合,从而提高催化剂性能,加速降解反应进程.本文通过离子刻蚀法制备具有p-n异质结的m-Bi2O4/BiOCl复合催化剂,通过调节HCl的加入量制得不同比例的催化剂,并考察了其在可见光下催化降解MO(甲基橙)的性能.结果表明,m-Bi2O4/BiOCl复合催化剂在可见光下表现出优异的光催化降解MO和四环素的性能,反应10内min可降解95％的MO,反应150 min内四环素的降解率为85.5％;该复合催化剂对MO和四环素的光降解效率分别是纯BiOCl的52.3和4.9倍.活性自由基捕获实验表明,空穴在光催化降解过程中起最主要的作用,其次是超氧自由基,羟基自由基对降解反应也起到一定的作用.采用XRD,SEM,EDS,TEM,SAED,FT-IR,Raman,XPS,BET,UV-vis和光电流等表征方法分析了催化剂的结构、形貌、化学组成、元素价态、孔结构、带隙能、光学性质和载流子复合效率.结果表明,与BiOCl的斜四方体相比,m-Bi2O4/BiOCl复合催化剂呈现纳米片状结构,氯离子进入晶格的内部,颜色也由BiOCl原来的深褐色变为黄色.m-Bi2O4/BiOCl为介孔结构,比表面积为112.90 m2/g,其吸收波长红移,由紫外光扩展至可见光区域,带隙能也由3.2降低为1.87 eV,能带弯曲形成p-n异质结,提高了电子-空穴的转移效率,抑制其复合;m-Bi2O4/BiOCl的光电流密度高于m-Bi2O4和BiOCl,电子-空穴的分离效率更高,因而其催化性能更优越.     

Enhanced visible photocatalytic degradation of diclofen over N-doped TiO2 assisted with H2O2: A kinetic and pathway study

Increasing discharge and inadequate removal of pharmaceutical compounds pose significant concerns over global aquatic systems and human health. The accomplishment of affordable and safe water requires a stringent elimination of these micropollutants. This study evaluated the performance of Visible/N-doped TiO₂ and Visible/N-doped TiO₂/H₂O₂ processes using a submerged photocatalytic membrane reactor (SMPR) with suspended N-doped TiO₂ to address the removal of diclofenac (DCF). The kinetic and pathway of photodegradation of DCF were of particular interest in this study. The initial DCF concentrations upon the experiments were also examined using a wide range of 5–50 mg/L and 20–100 mg L⁻¹ for Vis/N-doped TiO₂, and Vis/N-doped TiO₂/H₂O₂ process, respectively. The results indicated that higher initial concentration reduces the efficiency of the process, but one with H₂O₂ demonstrated an enhanced performance. The experimental data were found to fit well a pseudo-first-order kinetic model. Our findings demonstrated the analogous pathways of DCF for both processes. The Vis/N-doped TiO₂/H₂O₂ process tends to hasten the degradation rate as evidenced by the disappearance of some DCF byproducts at a similar irradiation period as compared to the other. The study provided useful information of the degradation rate and the potential formation of DCF intermediates upon the hybrid photocatalytic systems, therefore being of importance for scaling-up as well as evaluating potential detoxification of DCF upon the novel photocatalytic system.     

Preparation,characterization and heterogeneous catalytic applications of GO/Fe3O4/HPW nanocomposite in chemoselective and green oxidation of alcohols with aqueous H2O2

Graphene oxide ‐ Fe₃O₄ ‐ NH₃⁺H₂PW₁₂O₄₀ ^‐ magnetic nanocomposite (GO/Fe₃O₄/HPW) was prepared by linking amino ‐ functionalized Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles (Fe₃O₄ ‐ NH₂) on the graphene oxide (GO), and then grafting 12 ‐ tungstophosphoric acid (H₃PW₁₂O₄₀) on the graphene oxide ‐ magnetite hybrid (GO ‐ Fe₃O₄ ‐ NH₂). The obtained GO/Fe₃O₄/HPW nanocomposite was well characterized with different techniques such as FT ‐ IR, TEM, SEM, XRD, EDX, TGA ‐ DTA, AGFM, ICP and BET measurements. The used techniques showed that the graphene oxide layers were well prepared and the various stages of preparation of the GO/Fe₃O₄/HPW nanocomposites successfully completed. This new nanocomposite displayed excellent performance as a heterogeneous catalyst in the oxidation of alcohols with H₂O₂. The as ‐ prepared GO/Fe₃O₄/HPW catalyst was more stable and recyclable at least five times without significantly reducing its catalytic activity.     

增强可见光催化活性的Z型MoO3/Bi2O4复合光催化剂的制备（英文）

全球工业化进程的加快使人们饱受环境污染问题的困扰.半导体光催化技术作为一种高效、绿色、有潜力的新技术,在环境净化方面有着广阔的应用前景.Bi2O4是近年来新开发出的一种铋基光催化剂,在环境净化方面已有一些研究.但是,单体光催化剂通常存在光响应范围窄、光生载流子复合率高等问题,这些不足限制了Bi2O4的进一步应用.因此,需要通过适当的改性来拓宽其光响应范围和提高其载流子的分离效率,从而提高其光催化活性.构建Z型异质结被认为是提高光催化剂光生载流子分离效率并进一步提高光催化活性的有效方法.MoO3是一种宽禁带的n型半导体,具有独特的能带结构、光学特性和表面效应,是一种非常有前景的半导体光催化剂.虽然MoO3材料的光生载流子复合率高,带隙(2.7-3.2 eV)大,不利于其参与光催化反应,但MoO3与其他合适的半导体配位形成复合材料后能够有效提高其光生载流子的分离效率,从而提高其光催化活性.本研究采用简单的水热法制备了一种新型Z型MoO3/Bi2O4复合光催化剂,SEM和TEM分析结果表明,MoO3和Bi2O4紧密结合在一起.X射线光电子能谱分析表明,MoO3和Bi2O4之间存在很强的界面相互作用,这有助于电荷转移和光生载流子的分离.光致发光光谱、电阻抗和光电流测试也证明了MoO3/Bi2O4复合光催化剂的光生载流子分离效率更高,形成了更强的光电流.通过在可见光下降解RhB溶液评价了所合成光催化剂的光催化性能.15%MoO3/Bi2O4(15-MB)复合光催化剂表现出了最佳的可见光催化活性,在40 min内对10 mg/L RhB溶液的降解率达到了99.6%,其降解速率是Bi2O4的2倍.此外,15-MB复合光催化剂在经过五次循环降解RhB溶液后仍保持良好的光催化活性和稳定性,表明MoO3/Bi2O4复合光催化剂具有较强的应用潜力.通过自由基捕获实验确定了光催化反应中主要的活性自由基为 O2-和h+.通过莫特-肖特基测试和带隙计算得到MoO3和Bi2O4的价带和导带位置.最后,根据实验和分析结果提出了Z型MoO3/Bi2O4复合光催化剂在可见光下降解RhB溶液的机理.本研究为设计铋基Z型异质结光催化剂用于高效去除环境污染物提供了一种有前景的策略.     

高度分散的Fe2O3/SiO2的合成及对F-T反应的催化性能

以初湿浸渍法为基础,柠檬酸为分散剂,制备出Fe2O3在SiO2载体上高度分散的F-T催化剂,通过N2吸脱附技术、X射线衍射、扫描透射电镜和程序升温还原对催化剂的结构,形貌及组成进行表征,结果表明,在柠檬酸分散作用下,浸渍过程中Fe离子与SiO2载体之间的静电吸附作用使Fe离子稳定、均匀地分散于SiO2表面,在烘干、焙烧过程中未发生团聚现象,形成高度分散、均匀的纳米颗粒,粒径平均尺寸为1.1nm。以F-T合成反应作为模型反应对催化活性进行表征,该法合成的催化剂表现出较优异的稳定性,反应500h后CO转化率保持在35.1%。     

Bi掺杂NaTaO3中Bi的化学价态对其光催化性能的影响

分别采用NaBiO3和Bi(NO3)3为Bi源制备了Bi掺杂NaTaO3光催化剂,研究了Bi离子的价态对NaTaO3光催化分解水制氢性能的影响.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、拉曼光谱、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和紫外-可见吸收光谱研究了催化剂的晶体结构、Bi离子的化学状态和催化剂的光学吸收性能.以光催化分解水制氢反应研究了Bi离子掺杂NaTaO3的催化性能. XRD结果表明,对于两个不同Bi源掺杂的NaTaO3样品, Bi离子的掺杂没有改变催化剂的单斜相结构,但拉曼光谱证实Bi离子的掺杂致使Ta–O–Ta键角偏离了180o. XPS结果表明,以Bi(NO3)3为Bi源时, Bi离子以Bi3+掺杂于NaTaO3的A位;当以NaBiO3为原料时, Bi3+和Bi5+共掺杂于NaTaO3的A位.两种不同Bi源掺杂得到的样品在紫外-可见吸收光谱中给出了相似的光学吸收,但Bi3+的掺杂对NaTaO3光催化性能影响不大,而Bi3+和Bi5+共掺杂大大提高了NaTaO3的光解水制氢性能. Bi离子取代Na离子在A位的掺杂,在NaTaO3结构中引入了能够促进载流子分离的空位和缺陷;与此同时, Bi的掺杂导致Ta–O–Ta键角偏离180o而不利于载流子迁移.对于Bi3+掺杂的NaTaO3样品,这两种作用相互抵消,使得其催化性能与NaTaO3相比没有变化;而Bi3+和Bi5+的共掺杂和高价态Bi5+的掺杂引入了更多的空位和缺陷,提高了光生电子-空穴的分离效率,从而提高了光催化产氢性能.研究表明,光催化过程中载流子的迁移是影响催化性能的重要因素,而在ABO3钙钛矿结构的A位引入高价态离子是促进光生载流子分离的有效途径.