MOF-1和Tb@MOF-1荧光探针的设计、 合成及对痕量Cr2O72-、 S2O82-离子的识别

采用5-((4-吡啶基)甲氧基)-异烟酸(H₂PLIA)、1,3,5-三(1-咪唑基)-苯(TIB)合成了金属有机骨架[Cd(PLIA)(TIB)]_n (MOF-1),MOF-1是具有理想一维孔道的二维结构化合物,其一维孔道由柔性三角形PLIA^2-配体和刚性三角形TIB配体间隔形成。利用MOF-1 易掺杂的优势,采用后修饰合成策略制备了Tb@MOF-1。对MOF-1 和Tb@MOF-1 进行了基本表征及荧光探针性能研究。2种探针材料具有相同的结构。MOF-1和Tb@MOF-1分别对水溶液中的Cr₂O₇^2-和S₂O₈^2-离子具有较强荧光识别能力,均有响应时间快,稳定性、选择性、灵敏度高的特点。研究了MOF-1和Tb@MOF-1对Cr₂O₇^2-和S₂O₈^2-的荧光识别机理,其不同可能与Tb³⁺离子掺杂有关。     

MOF-1和Tb@MOF-1荧光探针的设计、合成及对痕量Cr2O72-、S2O82-离子的识别

采用5-（（4-吡啶基）甲氧基）-异烟酸（H₂PLIA）、1,3,5-三（1-咪唑基）-苯（TIB）合成了金属有机骨架[Cd （PLIA）（TIB）]_n （MOF-1）。MOF-1是具有理想一维孔道的二维结构化合物,其一维孔道由柔性三角形PLIA^2-配体和刚性三角形TIB配体间隔形成。利用MOF-1易掺杂的优势,采用后修饰合成策略制备了Tb@MOF-1。对MOF-1和Tb@MOF-1进行了基本表征及荧光探针性能研究。2种探针材料具有相同的结构。MOF-1和Tb@MOF-1分别对水溶液中的Cr₂O₇^2-和S₂O₈^2-离子具有较强荧光识别能力,均有响应时间快,稳定性、选择性、灵敏度高的特点。研究了MOF-1和Tb@MOF-1对Cr₂O₇^2-和S₂O₈^2-的荧光识别机理,其不同可能与Tb³⁺离子掺杂有关。     

Cr2O3和CrO3/Cr2O3催化剂的2-氯-1,1,1-三氟乙烷气相氟化反应的活性物种和失活

采用沉淀法和浸渍法制备了2种铬基（Cr₂O₃和CrO₃/Cr₂O₃）催化剂,用于气相氟化2-氯-1,1,1-三氟乙烷合成1,1,1,2-四氟乙烷。研究发现含有低价铬（Cr³⁺）物种的Cr₂O₃催化剂上2-氯-1,1,1-三氟乙烷的稳态转化率为18.5%,而含有高价铬（Cr⁶⁺）物种和低价铬（Cr³⁺）物种的CrO₃/Cr₂O₃催化剂初始转化率达到30.6%,然而存在明显的失活。含有Cr⁶⁺物种的CrO₃/Cr₂O₃催化剂的2-氯-1,1,1-三氟乙烷氟化反应初始TOF值为1.71×10^-4 mol_HCFC-133a·mol_Cr（Ⅵ）^-1·s^-1,高于含有Cr³⁺物种的Cr₂O₃催化剂（4.16×10^-5 mol_HCFC-133a·mol_Cr（Ⅲ）^-1·s^-1）。Cr₂O₃催化剂在氟化反应前后催化剂的物相结构保持不变;而含有高价铬物种的CrO₃/Cr₂O₃催化剂经HF反应后生成了CrO_xF_y活性物种。然而,CrO_xF_y物种在反应中挥发或转化成稳定但无活性的CrF₃,从而导致催化剂失活。     

Cr2O3和CrO3/Cr2O3催化剂的2-氯-1，1，1-三氟乙烷气相氟化反应的活性物种和失活

采用沉淀法和浸渍法制备了2种铬基（Cr₂O₃和CrO₃/Cr₂O₃）催化剂,用于气相氟化2-氯-1,1,1-三氟乙烷合成1,1,1,2-四氟乙烷。研究发现含有低价铬（Cr³⁺）物种的Cr₂O₃催化剂上2-氯-1,1,1-三氟乙烷的稳态转化率为18.5%,而含有高价铬（Cr⁶⁺）物种和低价铬（Cr³⁺）物种的CrO₃/Cr₂O₃催化剂初始转化率达到30.6%,然而存在明显的失活。含有Cr⁶⁺物种的CrO₃/Cr₂O₃催化剂的2-氯-1,1,1-三氟乙烷氟化反应初始TOF值为1.71×10^-4 mol_HCFC-133a·mol_Cr(Ⅵ)^-1·s^-1,高于含有Cr³⁺物种的Cr₂O₃催化剂（4.16×10^-5 mol_HCFC-133a·mol_Cr(Ⅲ)^-1·s^-1）。Cr₂O₃催化剂在氟化反应前后催化剂的物相结构保持不变;而含有高价铬物种的CrO₃/Cr₂O₃催化剂经HF反应后生成了CrO_xF_y活性物种。然而,CrO_xF_y物种在反应中挥发或转化成稳定但无活性的CrF₃,从而导致催化剂失活。     

一种用于检测罗红霉素和B4O72-的高稳定性Cd(Ⅱ)配位聚合物

在溶剂热条件下,成功合成了一种稳定的配位聚合物[Cd₂(L)(bpb)(H₂O)₄]·0.5H₄L(1)(H₄L=1,1''-乙烷基联苯-3,3'',5,5''-四羧酸,bpb=1,4-二(4-吡啶基)苯)。1在不同的有机溶剂和水中表现出优异的稳定性。1可通过荧光猝灭检测水中的罗红霉素(ROX)和B₄O₇^2-,检测限分别为0.21和1.59μmol·L^-1。1可成功用于延河水中ROX和B₄O₇^2-的测定。此外,分析讨论了其传感机理。     

CrOx/SiO2催化剂上丙烷在CO2气氛中脱氢反应的研究

采用XRD、UV-vis DRS、ESR和微分吸附量热等技术,考察了铬担载量分别为2.5、5和10wt%的CrO_x/SiO₂催化剂的结构、表面性质和氧化还原性能。结果表明,催化剂表面上存在多种Cr的氧化态和聚集形式。随着Cr担载量从2.5wt%到10wt%的逐渐增大,催化剂表面占主导地位的Cr物种由CrO₃单体转为多聚CrO₃和Cr₂O₃晶相。在CO₂气氛中催化剂对丙烷转化率和丙烯选择性的大小顺序为2.5wt%CrO_x/SiO₂>5wt%CrO_x/SiO₂>10wt%CrO_x/SiO₂,反应过程中的原位ESR和UV-visDRS测定结果表明,催化剂表面的反应活性中心为Cr⁵⁺,Cr⁵⁺可由催化剂预处理过程中Cr³⁺的氧化及丙烷反应过程中CrO₃单体的还原产生,在反应中CO₂可使Cr³⁺重新氧化为Cr⁵⁺.     

Cr3+掺杂Ca4HfGe3O12宽带近红外荧光粉的发光特性及应用

近红外荧光粉在生物活体成像领域展现出重要的应用前景。但活体成像用近红外荧光粉存在种类匮乏、耐温性差等瓶颈问题。采用固相法合成了宽带近红外Ca₄HfGe₃O₁₂∶ xCr³⁺(0≤x≤0.09)荧光粉。X射线衍射和能谱分析的结果表明Cr³⁺离子成功进入Ca₄HfGe₃O₁₂晶格。在469 nm蓝光激发下，Ca₄HfGe₃O₁₂∶xCr³⁺荧光粉发射出690~1 200 nm的宽带近红外光，峰值波长为825 nm (⁴T₂-⁴A₂)，半高宽达到141 nm，Cr³⁺掺杂最佳浓度为0.03。依据激发光谱峰形和寿命衰减行为，证实Cr³⁺仅占据基质中一种阳离子格位。Ca₄HfGe₃O₁₂∶0.03Cr³⁺荧光粉的荧光量子效率为33.63%，该荧光粉发射光谱在400 K下的积分面积为室温下的60.5%，表明该样品具有优良的热稳定性。采用自制近红外荧光粉转换器件照射人手掌和滤波片遮挡的水果，观察到清晰地静脉血管和遮挡水果的轮廓。     

ZnAl2O4∶Mn4+材料的制备及发光性能

以共沉淀法与煅烧法联用,成功制备了一系列ZnAl₂O₄∶xMn⁴⁺样品。通过扫描电镜和X射线粉末衍射测试研究了样品的形貌和物相特征,结果表明尖晶石结构的ZnAl₂O₄中[AlO₆]的八面体位可以有效被Mn⁴⁺替代。通过荧光激发和发射光谱研究了样品的发光性能,发现Mn⁴⁺在ZnAl₂O₄体系中掺杂可以显示出明亮的红色发光(发射峰值位于680 nm处)。比较不同Mn⁴⁺浓度(Mn与Al的物质的量之比)掺杂样品的发光强度时发现,Mn⁴⁺最佳掺杂浓度为0.06%。通过德克斯特公式分析了发光强度与浓度关系,探究浓度猝灭机制,结果表明最邻近离子之间能量传递造成Mn⁴⁺浓度猝灭的发生。为了提高Mn⁴⁺的发光强度,选择了7种金属离子(Li⁺、Na⁺、K⁺、Ca²⁺、Sr²⁺、Sn²⁺和Ga³⁺)与Mn⁴⁺共掺杂进入ZnAl₂O₄基质中,其中效果较突出的为Li⁺和Ga³⁺,其共掺杂使Mn⁴⁺发光强度分别增强0.6倍和1倍。     

用于痕量监测Zr4+、Cr2O72-、Fe3+、HPO42-和指纹识别的功能化Eu3+/Tb3+配位聚合物荧光探针的构筑

采用芳香族π共轭及含氮原子有机连接剂,合成同构铽、铕发光配位聚合物(CPs){[Eu(PLIA)_1.5(H₂O)₂]·H₂O}_n (1)和{[Tb(PLIA)_1.5(H₂O)₂]·H₂O}_n (2),其中H₂PLIA=5-((吡啶-4-基甲基)氧基)苯-1,3-二甲酸。对合成的配合物进行了结构测定、表征和荧光痕量识别实验研究。2个同构配合物具有理想的三维框架结构,π…π堆积及氢键等弱相互作用增强了其化学稳定性;表征显示配位聚合物1和2具有良好的荧光性质、结晶性、热力学稳定性及结构完整性,可作为荧光传感的材料。1和2对水溶液中的Zr⁴⁺、Cr₂O₇^2-和Fe³⁺、HPO₄^2-具有选择性好、灵敏度高的荧光识别能力,其检出限分别为0.139 μmol·L^-1(1,Zr⁴⁺)、0.626 μmol·L^-1(1,Cr₂O₇^2-)、0.430 μmol·L^-1(2,Fe³⁺)、1.36 μmol·L^-1(2,HPO₄^2-)。探究了1和2作为探针的荧光猝灭机理。更有趣的是,1和2具有指纹识别性能,其荧光指纹纹路清晰连贯,细节明显,可被清晰观察。     

ZnAl2O4∶Mn4+材料的制备及发光性能

以共沉淀法与煅烧法联用,成功制备了一系列ZnAl₂O₄∶xMn⁴⁺样品。通过扫描电镜和X射线粉末衍射测试研究了样品的形貌和物相特征,结果表明尖晶石结构的ZnAl₂O₄中[AlO₆]的八面体位可以有效被Mn⁴⁺替代。通过荧光激发和发射光谱研究了样品的发光性能,发现Mn⁴⁺在ZnAl₂O₄体系中掺杂可以显示出明亮的红色发光(发射峰值位于680 nm处)。比较不同Mn⁴⁺浓度(Mn与Al的物质的量之比)掺杂样品的发光强度时发现,Mn⁴⁺最佳掺杂浓度为0.06%。通过德克斯特公式分析了发光强度与浓度关系,探究浓度猝灭机制,结果表明最邻近离子之间能量传递造成Mn⁴⁺浓度猝灭的发生。为了提高Mn⁴⁺的发光强度,选择了7种金属离子(Li⁺、Na⁺、K⁺、Ca²⁺、Sr²⁺、Sn²⁺和Ga³⁺)与Mn⁴⁺共掺杂进入ZnAl₂O₄基质中,其中效果较突出的为Li⁺和Ga³⁺,其共掺杂使Mn⁴⁺发光强度分别增强0.6倍和1倍。     

Ca2+-Mg2+-Zn2+体系在水溶性聚磷酸铵溶液中螯合规律的研究

近年来,水溶性聚磷酸铵在液体肥料和复合肥料的领域受到了广泛的关注,并在发达国家中得到了大面积的推广及应用。在pH值为5.5~8.0、温度为278.15 K~323.15 K的条件下,本文采用滴定法研究Ca_²⁺-Mg_²⁺-Zn_²⁺体系在聚磷酸铵溶液中的螯合规律。实验结果表明：相同质量分数的聚磷酸铵溶液对金属离子的螯合量会随着体系中Ca_²⁺、Mg_²⁺、Zn_²⁺的摩尔浓度的变化而变化;随着温度的升高而逐渐降低;随着pH的增加而逐渐增加;随着聚合度的升高而逐渐增加。采用傅里叶红外光谱对聚磷酸铵和A₁B₃C₃体系的螯合物进行表征。     

NH0-1+2-3离解能等的高级ab initio计算与评价

A recent experimental determination[1] of the dissociation energies (D0) for H2N-H, H2N+-H and H2N-H+, the ionization energies for NH3 and NH2 resulted in large deviations when compared with those of the earlier values and the QCISD(T)/6-311+G(3df,2p) ab initio calculations. We have performed some higher level ab initio calculations on these data by utilizing the Gaussian 92/DFT and Gaussian 94 pakages of programs and have assessed the available experimental values. Our calculations were carried out at the QCISD (TQ)/aug-cc-pVDZ, G2(QCI), QCISD(T)/6-311 ++G(3df,3pd) and QCISD(T)/aug-cc-pVTZ levels of theory. Geometries were optimized at both of the MP2(full)/6-31G(d) and the MP2(full)/6-31(d,p) levels, and were compared with those of the experiments if available. The MP2(full)/6-31G(d,p) tight-optimized geometries for the neutrals are closer to those of the experiments than those of the MP2 (full)/6-31G(d), and are in excellent agreement with the experimental results as shown in Table 1. In this case, we assumed that the optimized geometries for the cations would be better if p polarization functions are added to the hydrogen atoms. We firstly noted that the symmetry of the NH3+ cation was D3h, other than Cs. as reported in ref.[1]. All of the zero-point energies and the final geometries are calculated at the MP2(full)/6-31G(d,p) level of theory. We have also repeated the QCISD(T )/6-311 + G(3df,2p) calculations of ref. [1], because we could not identify their level of goemetry optimization. It is found that the total energy, -55.244 19 Hartrees, for NH2+(1A1 ) in ref.[1] might be in error. Our result is -55.336 29 Hartrees at the same level of theory. At our highest level [QCISD(T)/aug-cc-pVTZ] of calculations as shown in Table 3, the D0 (temperature at zero Kelvin) values of H2N-H, H2N+-H(3B1for NH2+ ) and H2N- H+ are 4.51, 5.49 and 8.00 eV, respectively. These data reported in re f.[1] were 4.97, 5.59 and 8.41 eV, respectively. Our result on D0(H2N-H) supports the work of ref.[2,3,5,6]. The ionization energies (IE) for NH3 and NH2 (3B1 for NH2+) at our highest level are 10.11 and 11.09 eV while in ref.[1] were 10.16 and 10.78 eV, respectively. For the latter, our result supports the experiment of ref.[3]. Our predicted D0 for HN2+-H and IE for NH2 (1A1 for each NH2+) are 6.80 and 12.39 eV, respectively. These values differ greatly from the predicted values (9.29 and 14.88 eV) of ref.[1] where the total energy of NH2+(1A1) might be in error. The D0 value for HN-H has not been found in ref.[1]. Our result supports the work of ref.[3]. We have also derived all of these values at the temperature of 298K and under the pressure of 101kPa at several levels of thoery as shown in Table 3. On examining the experiment of ref.[1] in detail, it is easy to find that all of the larger deviations might be from a too high value of the appearance potential of proton AP(H+). Indeed, ref.[1] has mentioned that the determintion of AP(H+), due to kinetic shift, would lead to a hihger value for the dissociation energy as has been pointed out by Berkowitz and Ruscic. In this work, we concluded that, besides some mistakes in the theoretical calculations of ref.[1], the dissociation energies for H2N-H and H2N-H+,the IE for NH2 (3B1 for NH2+) might also be unreliable and need to be re-examined.
     

一种检测CO32-比率荧光探针的合成及其在细胞成像中的应用

本文设计开发了一种以2,6-二甲酰基对甲苯酚为母体的新型荧光探针HMI,可用于高效识别EtOH-H₂O (8/2, v/v, HEPES 10 mM, pH =7.4)体系中的CO_3^2-。HMI在660 nm处显示发射带,加入CO_3^2-后,在600 nm的等吸收点激发时,原来在660 nm处的荧光淬灭,而以540 nm为中心的新发射带荧光显着增加,为比率型荧光探针。HMI对CO_3^2-表现出高选择性且具有较强的抗干扰能力。此外,荧光探针HMI对CO_3^2-荧光响应的检测限较低,可达到3.938×10^_-6 M。更具有意义的是,HMI探针对CO_3^2-的检测能够在实际水样中起到很好的应用,而且细胞成像研究表明,HMI可用于活体MCF-7细胞中CO_3^2-的成像。     

A mass spectrometric method to determine activities of enzymes involved in polyamine catabolism

An analytical method for the determination of three polyamines (putrescine, spermidine, and spermine) and five acetylpolyamines [N¹-acetylspermidine (N¹AcSpd), N⁸-acetylspermidine (N⁸AcSpd), N¹-acetylspermine, N¹,N⁸-diacetylspermidine, and N¹,N¹²-diacetylspermine] involved in the polyamine catabolic pathway has been developed using a hybrid tandem mass spectrometer. Heptafluorobutyryl (HFB) derivatives of these compounds and respective internal standards labeled with stable isotopes were analyzed simultaneously by TOF MS, based on peak areas appearing at appropriate m/z values. The isomers, N¹AcSpd and N⁸AcSpd were determined from their fragment ions, the acetylamidopropyl and acetylamidobutyl groups, respectively, using MS/MS with ¹³C₂-N¹AcSpd and ¹³C₂-N⁸AcSpd which have the ¹³C₂-acetyl group as an internal standard. The TOF MS method was successfully applied to measure the activity of enzymes involved in polyamine catabolic pathways, namely N¹-acetylpolyamine oxidase (APAO), spermine oxidase (SMO), and spermidine/spermine N¹-acetyltransferase (SSAT). The following natural substrates and products labeled with stable isotopes considering the application to biological samples were identified; for APAO, [4,9,12-¹⁵N₃]-N¹-acetylspermine and [1,4,8-¹⁵N₃]spermidine (¹⁵N₃-Spd), respectively; for SMO, [1,4,8,12-¹⁵N₄]spermine and ¹⁵N₃-Spd, respectively; and for SSAT, ¹⁵N₃-Spd and [1,4,8-¹⁵N₃]-N¹-acetylspermidine, respectively.     

氨基酸-BrO-3-Mn2+-H2SO4-丙酮体系的振荡反应

This paper, Using potentiometric method, first reports the oscillating behavior of five amino acids (L-methionine, L-cystine, L-tryptophan, L-serine, L-tyrosine) in a new oscillating system of amino acid-BrO_3~--Mn~(2+)-H_2SO_4-acetone. The effect of many factors on oscillation have been investigated. According to Arrhenius equation, the apparent activation energy of the oscillatary induction period and oscillation period of five oscillating systems are obtained within temperature range of 20～37 ℃.     

Freezing-point of mixtures of H 2 16 O and H 2 18 O

Freezing-point depression of mixtures of H ₂ ¹⁶ O and H ₂ ¹⁸ O were measured. The results showed that the freezing point of the mixture rose linearly with an increase in the molal concentration of H ₂ ¹⁸ O. The results suggested the formation of a solid solution of H ₂ ¹⁶ O and H ₂ ¹⁸ O by freezing, similar to that formed by H ₂ O–D ₂ O, and that H ₂ ¹⁸ O behaves as a different molecule than H ₂ ¹⁶ O.     

Determination of Four Active Oxygen Species Such as H2O2, •OH, •O2 −, and 1O2 by Luminol and CLA-Chemiluminescence Methods and Evaluation of Antioxidative Effects of Hydroxybenzoic Acids

Abstract

Simple and rapid chemiluminescence (CL) assays for H₂O₂, ?OH, ?O₂ ^? and ¹O₂ using 5-amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione (luminol) or 2-methyl-6-phenyl-3,7-dihydroimidazo[1,2-α]pyrazin-3-one (CLA) as CL reagents were developed. The means of the intra-assay relative standard deviations of ten replicate measurements of H₂O₂ (25-120 μM), ?OH generated from Fe(II) ion (2.5-10 μM) in the presence of 980 μM H₂O₂, ?O₂ ^? generated from hypoxanthine (HX) (7-50 μM) in the presence of 9 × 10^?3 units xanthine oxidase (XO) and ¹O₂ generated from NaOCl (3-12 mM) in the presence of 97.6 μM H₂O₂ were found to be 4.0%, 2.8%, 2.4% and 8.7%, respectively. To validate the proposed methods, the scavenging abilities of three standard antioxidative compounds, such as L-ascorbic acid, (±)-α-tocopherol and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were examined for four active oxygen species and compared with those by anelectron spin resonance (ESR) spin-trapping method. In addition, the CL methods were also applied to establish the relationships between the decrease of CL intensity and the structures as well as redox characters of syringic acid, 3-hydroxybenzoic acid, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid. From the obtained results, the scavenging effects to H₂O₂, ?OH, ?O₂ ^? and ¹O₂ of other dihydroxybenzoic acids were also evaluated.     

Ab initio investigations of the bound rovibrational levels of NeH 2 + , NeHD+, and NeD 2 +

Summary Bound rovibrational levels have been calculated for NeH ₂ ⁺ , NeHD⁺, and NeD ₂ ⁺ using three recent fits to an accurateab initio PES. The NeH ₂ ⁺ molecule behaves essentially as a linear molecule, the predicted rotational constant is 2.57 cm^–1. The fundamental frequencies are 811, 1189, and 1748 cm^–1 for the Ne-H ₂ ⁺ stretch, the Ne-H ₂ ⁺ bend and H ₂ ⁺ stretching modes, respectively.Dedicated to the 60th birthday of Prof. W. Kutzelnigg, Bochum     

电解液对全铅单液流电池电极性能的影响

研究Pb(II)和H+离子浓度对全铅单液流电池正、负电极在复合石墨基体上电化学行为的影响.结果表明,PbO2正极和Pb负极的电极过程受电化学和扩散混合控制.Pb(II)氧化沉积成PbO2时出现成核环,铅负极成核过电位小,充放电电压差远小于PbO2正极,电池极化主要来自PbO2正极.增加H+浓度有利于降低PbO2正极和Pb负极的极化,但析氧、析氢副反应和腐蚀加重.增大Pb(II)浓度有利于抑制析氧,但PbO2正极充电电压升高,充放电电压差增大.Pb(II)浓度较低时,充放电过程中PbO2沉积层少许脱落,充电电压进一步降低且更趋平稳.为此,电解液中HBF4浓度以2 mol L-1为宜,Pb(II)浓度应在0.9 mol L-1以上.     

High-Quality Conjugated Polymers Achieving Ultra-Trace Detection of Cr2O72− in Agricultural Products

In view of that conjugated polymers (CPs) are an attractive option for constructing high-sensitive Cr₂O₇²⁻ sensors but suffer from lacking a general design strategy, we first proposed a rational structure design of CPs to tailor their sensing properties while validating the structure-to-performance correlation. Short side chains decorated with N and O atoms as recognition groups were instructed into fluorene to obtain monomers Fmoc-Ala-OH and Fmoc-Thr-OH. Additionally, their polymers P(Fmoc-Ala-OH) and P(Fmoc-Thr-OH) were obtained through electrochemical polymerization. P(Fmoc-Ala-OH) and P(Fmoc-Thr-OH) with high polymerization degrees have an excellent selectivity towards Cr₂O₇²⁻ in comparison to other cations and anions. Additionally, their limit of detection could achieve 1.98 fM and 3.72 fM, respectively. Especially, they could realize the trace detection of Cr₂O₇²⁻ in agricultural products (red bean, black bean, and millet). All these results indicate that short side chains decorated with N and O atoms functionalizing polyfluorene enables the ultra-trace detection of Cr₂O₇²⁻. Additionally, the design strategy will spark new ideas for the construction of highly selective and sensitive Cr₂O₇²⁻ sensors.