突破手套箱依赖的α-氨基酸N-羧基环内酸酐(NCA)快速开环聚合

多肽是由α-氨基酸以肽键形式连接在一起而形成的天然聚合物,具有多种重要生物功能。α-氨基酸N-羧基环内酸酐(NCA)开环聚合是制备多肽聚合物最便捷的方法,被多个领域广泛应用。传统的NCA聚合对水分非常敏感,通常使用严格干燥溶剂并在手套箱中操作;NCA聚合反应速率一般很慢,而且NCA单体本身不稳定,长时间的聚合会导致副反应的产生,并难以获得高分子量多肽聚合物。这些长期未解决的难点阻碍了NCA聚合材料的发展。最近,华东理工大学刘润辉课题组报道了六甲基二硅基胺基锂(LiHMDS)引发的NCA开环聚合方法,此方法聚合速率快,对水分不敏感,可在敞口容器中聚合,摆脱了对手套箱的依赖;该NCA聚合可合成高分子量多肽聚合物,产物具有多肽特征性的二级结构;另外,LiHMDS引发的NCA开环聚合为活性聚合,可实现多肽聚合物的端基功能化。     

基于β-环糊精的多肽支臂星状聚合物的制备及性能

以β-环糊精(β-CD)为起始原料, 通过磺酰化及乙二胺基取代等过程, 制备具有端氨基的中间体β-环糊精(6-en-β-CD); 再以6-en-β-CD为引发剂, 通过赖氨酸N-羧基环内酸酐(Lys-NCA)和谷氨酸N-羧基环内酸酐(Glu-NCA)的混合开环聚合(ROP)和脱苄氧羰基(Cbz)保护等反应, 制备了以β-CD为核、 混聚多肽为支臂的星状聚合物[6-聚(谷氨酸-赖氨酸)-β-CD]. 以基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF-MS)、 核磁共振波谱(NMR)和傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)等对星状聚合物及中间体结构进行表征; 同时采用圆二色光谱(CD)和噻唑蓝(MTT)法对该聚合物的二级结构和体外毒性进行了考察. 结果表明, 所得星状聚合物的重均分子量(M_w)为4626, 多分散系数(PDI)为1.10, 平均聚合度(DP)为27.1; 在水溶液中星状聚合物的二级结构是无规则线团; 在5 mg/mL浓度下, 细胞存活率可达到94%以上, 没有呈现明显体外细胞毒性, 具有潜在的药用前景.     

氨基酸环内酸酐开环聚合制备多肽聚合物及其应用进展

氨基酸类聚合物具有良好的生物相容性及可降解性,逐渐成为重要的生物医药材料.通过氨基酸环内酸酐(NCA)开环聚合可以得到聚氨基酸,或者氨基酸与非氨基酸共聚物.该方法具有简便、高效及产率高等优点,且聚合物分子量及分子量分布可控.本文归纳总结了NCA开环聚合的原理,NCA单体和多肽聚合物的合成方法,聚氨基酸在水凝胶、多肽膜、多肽粘结剂、抗菌肽及自组装等领域的应用,利用聚乙二醇、聚酯、硅氧烷和壳聚糖等修饰聚氨基酸的进展,并展望了该领域未来发展方向.     

基于内酰胺开环聚合的氨基酸聚合新方法

聚氨基酸是天然氨基酸单体或其衍生物通过酰胺键连接而成的一类聚合物的统称.由于其具有优良的生物相容性、生物可降解性等优点,在生物医学等领域显示出广泛的应用前景.发展经济有效的氨基酸聚合方法一直是高分子化学研究中的重要课题.比如,ε-聚赖氨酸侧链存在有大量氨基,它与微生物作用可以破坏细胞膜,具有非常卓越的抗菌性能,被广泛用作化妆品添加剂、食品防腐剂等.然而,因缺乏合适的聚合方法,直到21世纪初人们仍主要依赖于发酵法获得低分子量(Mn4000)的ε-聚赖氨酸.为了能将廉价可再生的赖氨酸转化为高附加值的ε-聚赖氨酸,近年来我们课题组提出了利用氨基酸的成环形成内酰胺单体,再通过内酰胺开环聚合制备聚氨基酸的方法,并成功地通过这种开环聚合方法合成了原先主要依赖于发酵法才能制备的ε-聚赖氨酸,具有重要的工业价值.与传统的α-氨基酸的N-羧基内酸酐(NCA)开环聚合法相比,基于内酰胺的氨基酸聚合新方法具有诸多优点:内酰胺单体的合成简单,无需使用光气或其衍生物;内酰胺单体稳定性好,其分离纯化及储存都非常容易;可以大规模的制备高分子量聚氨基酸;更为重要的是,利用内酰胺开环聚合可以制备γ-聚谷氨酸及ε-聚赖氨酸等通过NCA聚合无法获得的功能性聚氨基酸.我们相信,利用氨基酸的成环形成内酰胺,再通过内酰胺开环聚合制备聚氨基酸的方法代表着未来氨基酸聚合发展的重要方向.     

β-多肽聚合物的优化合成及其抗菌活性

为了解决不同结构的β-内酰胺单体由于反应活性差异而可能出现的聚合反应不完全的问题,选择了侧链带有疏水性基团、反应速率慢的β-内酰胺单体3,3,4,4-四甲基-2-氮杂环丁酮(TM)和侧链带有正电荷的β-内酰胺单体4-[(叔丁氧羰基氨基)甲基]-3-甲基-2-氮杂环丁酮(MM)制备得到β-多肽聚合物,通过考察反应物浓度、反应溶剂类型、引发剂类型等因素来优化聚合反应。实验结果表明,相对于目前常用的以锂作为反离子的引发剂,以钾作为反离子的引发剂可提高β-多肽聚合物的聚合反应速率和难聚合单体的转化率,增加反应物浓度和优化溶剂体系均可改善聚合反应速率。通过测定优化条件下所得聚合物的最小抑菌浓度(ρMIC),观察到聚合物对某些微生物的抗菌活性有所提高。     

基于多肽和温敏聚合物的光交联囊泡的制备及表征

It is an important challenge to balance the degradability and stability of polymer vesicles. We report a thermo-responsive vesicle based on poly[(N-isopropyl acrylamide-stat-7-(2-methacryloyloxyethoxy)-4-methylcoumarin)-b-(L-glutamic acid)] [P (NIPAM₄₅-stat-CMA₅)-b-PGA₄₂] diblock copolymer, which was synthesized by reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization and ring-opening polymerization (ROP). The membrane of the vesicle consists of thermo-responsive PNIPAM and photo-cross-linkable PCMA. The PGA chains in the vesicle coronas can colloidally stabilize the vesicles in water and can be postfunctionalized for further applications. Transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering studies confirmed the formation of vesicles. Overall, we prepared a new functional thermo-responsive vesicle based on polypeptide copolymers that may be used as nanocarriers for the facile loading of a range of molecules in future.     

聚合条件对N-羧基-L-丙氨酸-环内酸酐开环聚合产物分子量的影响

用光气法制备了N-羧基-L-丙氨酸-环内酸酐(L-Alanine NCA).系统研究了L-Alanine NCA开环聚合反应过程中引发剂、溶剂、温度对聚合物分子量的影响.用硝基苯作溶剂,三乙胺作引发剂,所得聚合物特性粘度[η]=1.18.实验中发现,L-Alanine NCA可以顺利地进行热聚合反应。反应具有速率快,转化率高,分子量大的特点。甲苯溶剂中反应5小时所得聚合物[η]=2.35,高于采用引发剂的聚合体系产物的相应值。     

两亲性类树枝状聚合物的合成与药物控释

结合阴离子开环聚合方法合成了内壳为聚（乙氧基乙基缩水甘油醚）,外层为聚环氧乙烷的两亲性类树枝状嵌段共聚物PEEGE-G2-b-PEO（OH）12. 使用核磁共振氢谱以及凝胶渗透色谱等表征了中间产物和目标产物. 选择阿霉素作为实验药物,研究了该聚合物的载药和控释行为. 聚合物的载药率和包覆效率分别为13.07%和45.75%,体外释放试验表现为持续性的释放,并受到释放介质pH影响.     

含糖聚合物可控合成研究进展

活性聚合技术的进步,使设计合成结构可控的含糖聚合物成为可能.本文介绍了阴离子聚合、阳离子聚合、原子转移自由基聚合、可逆加成断裂链转移聚合、硝基氧介导聚合、开环聚合和开环易位聚合等一系列可控/"活性"聚合技术在合成含糖聚合物中的应用,并对这一领域所取得的研究进展及现状进行了综述.     

肽自组装水凝胶的制备及在生物医学中的应用

短肽自组装水凝胶作为一种新型的生物材料,具有生物相容性高、免疫原性低、含水量高、降解产物可被机体重吸收利用、结构与天然细胞外基质类似等优点,使其在材料科学、生物医药及临床医学等领域具有广阔的应用前景。在这篇综述中,我们主要介绍了常用的几种制备稳定的肽自组装水凝胶方法,包括酶催化的水凝胶化、化学/物理交联的水凝胶化以及光催化的水凝胶化。进一步,我们介绍一些关于肽自组装水凝胶在药物递送和抗肿瘤治疗、抗菌和伤口愈合以及3D生物打印和组织工程中的应用。我们希望通过本文的论述能引起更多的人对肽自组装水凝胶的关注,以推进其在生物医学领域应用的发展。     

Advances in the Synthesis and Characterization of Polypeptide-Based Hybrid Block Copolymers

Linear polystyrene-block-poly(Z-L-lysine) copolymers with a very narrow molecular weight distribution (polydispersity index < 1.03) could be obtained via the ring-opening polymerization of Z-L-lysine-N-carboxyanhydride using ω-(primary amino hydrochloride)-polystyrenes as macroinitiators in N,N-dimethylformamide as the solvent at 40-80 °C. The block copolymer samples were analyzed by means of NMR, size exclusion chromatography, and analytical ultracentrifugation.     

新型尾式多肽卟啉的合成与光谱性质研究

以5-(4-氨基苯基)-10,15,20-三苯基卟啉和叔丁氧羰基(Boc)保护的氨基酸为原料,合成了3种新型尾式多肽卟啉。通过FT-IR,FAB-MS,1H NMR,UV-Vis及元素分析对产物进行了表征并研究了其光谱性质。结果表明,所合成的尾式多肽卟啉产率高达90%以上,在位于可见光红光区的650nm附近均具有较强的荧光发射,符合光敏剂在光学方面的要求,有望成为新型潜在的具有靶向作用的光敏剂。     

Recent Advances in the Synthesis and Biomedical Applications of Heterocyclic NO-Donors

Nitric oxide (NO) is a key signaling molecule that acts in various physiological processes such as cellular metabolism, vasodilation and transmission of nerve impulses. A wide number of vascular diseases as well as various immune and neurodegenerative disorders were found to be directly associated with a disruption of NO production in living organisms. These issues justify a constant search of novel NO-donors with improved pharmacokinetic profiles and prolonged action. In a series of known structural classes capable of NO release, heterocyclic NO-donors are of special importance due to their increased hydrolytic stability and low toxicity. It is no wonder that synthetic and biochemical investigations of heterocyclic NO-donors have emerged significantly in recent years. In this review, we summarized recent advances in the synthesis, reactivity and biomedical applications of promising heterocyclic NO-donors (furoxans, sydnone imines, pyridazine dioxides, azasydnones). The synthetic potential of each heterocyclic system along with biochemical mechanisms of action are emphasized.     

Unlocking the Drug Potential of the Bryostatin Family: Recent Advances in Product Synthesis and Biomedical Applications

Bryostatins are a class of naturally occurring macrocyclic lactones with a unique fast developing portfolio of clinical applications, including treatment of AIDS, Alzheimer's disease, and cancer. This comprehensive account summarizes the recent progress (2014–present) in the development of bryostatins, including their total synthesis and biomedical applications. An emphasis is placed on the discussion of bryostatin 1 , the most-studied analogue to date. This review highlights the synthetic and biological challenges of bryostatins and provides an outlook on their future development.     

水滑石(LDHs)及其衍生物在生物医药领域的研究进展

生物医学涉及到人类健康相关的多个领域:临床医疗、公共卫生、医药研发等多个方面.其中在医药研发领域,基于插层结构的纳米药物载体的研发已经成为重要发展方向之一.水滑石(LDHs)及其衍生物具有成本低、合成简单、载药高效、细胞膜透过率高、生物相容性好、易降解等优点,在生物医药领域得到了广泛关注.本文主要介绍了LDHs及其衍生物的制备方法,以及在抗菌治疗、生物成像和肿瘤治疗等方面的应用.此外,还简述了LDHs材料的规模化生产方法和现状,进一步分析了LDHs的实际应用前景.最后,对LDHs材料在生物医药领域的未来发展方向进行了展望.     

Recent Advances in the Synthesis and Biomedical Applications of Chain-End Functionalized Glycopolymers

Glycopolymers as multivalent clusters of carbohydrate derivatives have been proven effective tools in the study of carbohydrate-based biological processes and have shown great potential in biomedical applications. It has been found that the shape and size of glycopolymers, as well as the density and relative positioning of their glycan appendages, are very important regarding their effectiveness in bio-interactions. Recently, a variety of chain-end functionalized polymers have been explored for the preparation of structurally well-defined glycopolymers that have potential protein modification and microarray fabrication applications. This review summarizes recent advances in the synthesis and biomedical applications of chain-end functionalized glycopolymers.     

Development of a Water-Dispersible Supramolecular Complex of Polyphenol with Polypeptides for Attenuation of the Allergic Response using a Mechanochemical Strategy

The prevalence of allergic disorders has increased worldwide in recent decades. Polyphenols, including resveratrol and curcumin, are posited to have potential as therapeutic agents for allergy; however, their use has been limited by poor water solubility. Accordingly, a highly concentrated, water dispersible, supramolecular complexes of polyphenols with polypeptides (poly-L-lysine, poly-γ-glutamic acid) and gelatin using high-speed vibration milling are developed. The complex exhibits resistance to photobleaching and thermal radiation. Treatment of a rat basophilic leukemia cell line (RBL-2H3) with polypeptide complexes containing resveratrol is suppressed allergic responses in vitro. Moreover, aerosolized administration of polypeptide complexes demonstrates excellent bioavailability and inhibition of immediate hypersensitivity reactions in ear tissue in vivo. Furthermore, the method avoids the use of organic solvent and therefore reduces undesirable biological responses.     

Polypeptides with High Zwitterion Density for Safe and Effective Therapeutics

The commonly used “stealth material” poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) effectively promotes the pharmacokinetics of therapeutic cargos while reducing their immune response. However, recent studies have suggested that PEG could induce adverse reactions, including the emergence of anti‐PEG antibodies and tissue histologic changes. An alternative stealth material with no or less immunogenicity and organ toxicity is thus urgently needed. We designed a polypeptide with high zwitterion density (PepCB) as a stealth material for therapeutics. Neither tissue histological changes in liver, kidney, or spleen, nor abnormal behavior, sickness or death was induced by the synthesized polymer after high‐dosage administration for three months in rats. When conjugated to a therapeutic protein uricase, the uricase–PepCB bioconjugate showed significantly improved pharmacokinetics and immunological properties compared with uricase–PEG conjugates.     

Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Polypeptides for Use as Functional and Structural Materials

Polypeptides inspired by the natural functional and structural proteins present in living systems are promising materials for various fields in terms of their versatile functionality and physical properties. Designing and synthesizing mimetic sequences of specific peptide motifs in proteins are important for exploring the functionality of natural proteins. Chemoenzymatic polymerization, which utilizes aminolysis (i.e., the reverse reaction of hydrolysis catalyzed by proteases), is a useful technique for synthesizing artificial polypeptide materials and has several advantages, including facile synthesis protocols, environmental friendliness, scalability, and atom economy. In this review, recent progress in chemoenzymatic polypeptide synthesis for the production of functional and structural materials for various applications is summarized in conjunction with the current status of technical challenges in the field.