On the (MgxNi1–x)SeO4 · 6 H2O and (MgxCu1–x)SeO4 · 5 H2O mixed crystal formation

Mixed crystals (Mg_xNi_1–x)SeO₄ · 6 H₂O and (Mg_xCu_1–x)SeO₄ · 5 H₂O have been prepared studying the solubility in the MgSeO₄–NiSeO₄–H₂O and MgSeO₄–CuSeO₄–H_2O systems at 25 °C. It has been shown that the monoclinic structure of MgSeO₄ · 6 H₂O is unstable and undergoes a change into tetragonal structure due to the included nickel ions (about 4 at %). The lattice parameters of (Mg_{xNi 1–x})SeO₄ 6 H₂O have been calculated. It has been established that the magnesium ions incorporate isodimorphously in the crystal structure of CuSeO₄ · 5 H₂O which could be an indication of the existence of MgSeO₄ · 5 H₂O isostructural with the triclinic CuSeO₄ 5 H₂O. The distribution coefficients of the salt components between the liquid and solid phases have been calculated.     

Electrical Conductivity and Thermal Dehydration Studies of Mixed Single Crystals of BaCu(C2O4)2 · 6 H2O,Ba1–xCuxC2O4 · 4 H2O and Ba1–2x(NH4)2xC2O4 · 4 H2O

The measurement of electrical conductivity for the investigation of the number of water molecules present in the mixed crystals of barium copper oxalate and barium ammonium oxalate lattice have been carried out in the temperature range 30 to 450 °C. The dehydration temperature and the number of water molecules removed out of the structure at a particular temperature is estimated from the sharp increase in conductivity at these points. The almost steep increase of conductivity is attributed to the increase in the number of mobile charge carriers H⁺ and OH^– ions generated from the escaping water molecules. The study of electrical conductivity in association with the thermal behaviour has been used to understand the mechanism of conduction.     

Thermal expansion,pyroelectricity and linear optical properties of Li2SeO4·H2O and Li2SO4·H2O

Large single crystals of polar Li₂SeO₄·H₂O were grown at 343 K from aqueous solution. Temperature dependent thermal expansion coefficients of Li₂SeO₄·H₂O and Li₂SO₄·H₂O were determined within the temperature range 133 K–313 K and coefficients of the pyroelectric effect within the temperature range 183–343 K. Refractive indices between 365 nm and 1530 nm as well as unpolarized absorption spectra of Li₂SeO₄·H₂O and Li₂SO₄·H₂O were measured and phase‐matching curves for second harmonic generation were calculated. Both compounds allow type I and type II phase‐matching at wavelengths from about 650 nm to the near infrared region. (© 2003 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Phase Interaction in the Systems Sodium Selenate – Copper Selenate – Water and Sodium Selenate – Zinc Selenate – Water at 25 °C

The phase equilibrium in the systems Na₂SeO₄–CuSeO₄–H₂O and Na₂SeO₄–ZnSeO₄–H₂O were studied and it was established that new phases were obtained – double salts with a composition: Na₂Cu(SeO₄)₂ · 2 H₂O and Na₂Zn(SeO₄)₂ · 2 H₂O. The fields of phase equilibrium of the double salts in the triple systems were determined. The composition of the new phases was investigated by the Schreinemackers' method of physico-chemical analysis, and the number of the water molecules of crystallization – by thermogravimetrical analysis. An X-ray diffraction analysis of the new phases obtained was done.     

Characterisation of the Six-coordinated Octahedral Site in Cd(C4H2O4) · 2H2O Crystals

Optical absorption spectra of Co(II) and Ni(II) doped cadmium maleate dihydrate (CMDH) are recorded at room temperature and liquid nitrogen temperature. The UV–VIS–NIR spectra are characteristic of the transition metal ions in solids. The results and analyses of the spectra indicate near octahedral site symmetry for cobalt ion and trigonally distorted octahedral site symmetry for nickel ion. The following crystal field parameters are derived. The IR spectra are characteristic of the host lattice CMDH.     

Phase equilibria in BaB2O4–LiF system and β–BaB2O4 bulk crystals growth

Solid state synthesis, differencial thermal analysis and visual polythermal analysis were applied to study the phase equilibria in BaB₂O₄–LiF system. A phase diagram BaB₂O₄–LiF has been plotted for the first time. The system has proved applicable for growing β–BaB₂O₄ bulk crystals.     

Crystal and molecular structure of the chiral compound 4–(2–methylbutyloxy)phenyl–4–(2-propenyloxy)-benzoate,C21H24O4

The enantiomeric [(S)-(–)-MBP3B] and the racemic form [(±)-MBP3B] of the title compound with the formula C₃H₅O–C₆H₄–CO₂–C₆H₄–OC₅H₁₁ were studied by single crystal analysis at room temperature. (S)-(–)-MBP3B crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group P2₁2₁2₁ with a = 7.835(3) Å, b = 11.093(6) Å, c = 44.820(3) Å and 8 molecules per unit cell. The structure was determined from 966 reflections with intensities > 3σ. The refinement with isotropic temperature factors leads to R = 0.094. The crystals of the racemic form are monoclinic, space group P2₁/a with a = 7.899(5) Å, b = 11.046(6) Å, c = 22.845(12) Å, β = 99.28(3)°, Z = 4.1236 diffractometer data (I > 3σ) were refined by least-squares methods with anisotropic temperature factors for the non-H atoms to R = 0.070. The packing arrangement for both forms shows a layer-like structure with very similar packing coefficients, k = 0.7085 for the pure enantiomer and k = 0.7014 for the racemic form.     

Crystal growth and physical properties of monoclinic L-arginine hydrochloride monohydrate,C6H14O2N4HCl · H2O,and L-arginine hydrobromide monohydrate,C6H14O2N4HBr · H2O

Single crystals of optical quality of L-arginine HCl · H₂O and L-arginine HBr · H₂O with dimensions up to 80 × 60 × 30 mm have been grown from aqueous solutions by controlled evaporation at about 310 K. The isotypic crystals exhibit a quite similar behaviour with respect to morphological, pyroelectric, dielectric, optical, thermal expansion, electrostrictive, electrooptic, elastic, thermoelastic and non-linear optical properties. A distinct anisotropy of the longitudinal elastic stiffness is observed with a maximum along the direction of the alignment of the arginine ions. Nearly in the same direction a minimum of thermal expansion, dielectric constant and index of refraction is found. The pyroelectric, electrostrictive, electrooptic and non-linear-optical effects are of only mediocre magnitude except the electrostrictive constant d₂₁₁ which surmounts the longitudinal electrostrictive constant d₁₁₁ of alpha-quartz by a factor three.     

The Ln–Ba–Cu–O (Ln = Lanthanoid) systems: Compounds and compatibilities in air at 900–980°C

Comparison of phases observed in air at 900–980°C in the Ln–Ba–Cu–O (Ln = Lanthanoid) systems is reported. On the basis of the occurrence of compounds found in these Ln₂O₃–BaCO₃–CuO systems they must be divided into at least three subgroups: the first is characteristic of La, Pr and Nd, the second specific for Sm and Eu, and the third common to the smaller lanthanoids, the Y-type elements, with some variation within the groups.     

The Thermal Decomposition of Polyhalite K2SO4 · MgSO4 · 2 CaSO4 · 2 H2O

The thermal decomposition of polyhalite (K₂SO₄ · MgSO₄ · 2 CaSO₄ · 2H₂O) was investigated by DSC/TG and X-ray powder diffraction. The decomposition of the polyhalite starts at 285 °C in releasing the crystal water within one step. Simultaneously the decomposition of the polyhalite into anhydrite and two solid solutions of the compositions K₂SO₄ · 1.76 MgSO₄ · 0.24 CaSO₄ and K₂SO₄ · 0.64 MgSO₄ · 1.36 CaSO₄ is taking place. The mechanism of decomposition runs through K₂SO₄ · MgSO₄ CaSO₄. This phase reacts immediately to the solid solutions, mentioned above.     

Elastic properties of the dithionates Na2S2O6 · 2 H2O,K2S2O6, Rb2S2O6, CaS2O6 · 4H2O and SrS2O6 · 4 H2O

Single crystals of the title compounds having optical quality and dimensions of several cm were grown from aqueous solutions. The elastic and thermoelastic constants were determined from ultrasonic resonance frequencies of thick plates. The true point symmetry of K₂S₂O₆ and Rb₂S₂O₆, which is screened by a hexagonal hypermorphy, could be clearly revealed to be trigonal (32) by the existence of the elastic constant c₁₄. In the case of CaS₂O₆ · 4H₂O and SrS₂O₆ · 4H₂O the constant c₁₄ of the specimens appeared too small to confirm the trigonal symmetry group required from electrooptic and non-linear optic effects unambiguously. The isotypy of K₂S₂O₂ and Rb₂S₂O₆ as well as that of CaS₂O₆ · 4H₂O and SrS₂O₆ · 4H₂O is confirmed by their elastic behaviour. The mean elastic stiffness of dithionates is closely related to that of the corresponding sulphates. In the vicinity of the second-order phase transition of K₂S₂O₆ near 235 K weak anomalies of the temperature derivatives of the longitudinal elastic stiffnesses are observed.     

Surface Evolution at the Phase Transitions in (NH4)3H(SeO4)2 Crystals

Crystallography Reports - The (NH4)3H(SeO4)2 crystals in the temperature range of 296–343 K and the evolution of their surface at phase transitions have been studied by atomic force...     

The Infra-red and Raman Spectra of the Solid Solutions in the KNO3–NH4NO3–H2O System at 298 K

The infra-red and Raman spectra of the solid solutions forming in the KNO₃–NH₄NO₃–H₂O system have been made. The spectra have been in agreement with the structure of mixed crystals settled previously.     

Crystallization and Characterization of Orthorhombic β‐MgSO4 · 7H2O

In solution, the growth rate and the crystal habit are influenced by a number of factors such as supersaturation, temperature, pH of the solution, cooling rate, agitation, viscosity, initial state of the seed crystal and the presence of impurities. The crystallization of orthorhombic β‐MgSO₄ · 7H₂O, from low temperature aqueous solution by slow cooling process was studied. The metastable zone width, the induction periods (τ) for different supersaturations and the effect of pH on the growth rate of the crystals were investigated. The increase of pH yielded bigger crystals. The structural, optical, thermal and mechanical properties of β‐MgSO₄ · 7H₂O have been studied using FT‐IR, X‐ray diffraction, TGA‐DTG and micro hardness analyses.     

Crystal Structure Determination of Nickel (2,2-Dipyridyl) Sulphate Hexahydrate [Ni(C10H8N2) · 4 H2O]SO4 · 2H2O

[Ni(C₁₀H₈N₂) · 4 H₂O]SO₄ · 2 H₂O, Mr = 418.7, monoclinic, P1 , a = 7.781(3), b = 9.421(3), c = 11.457(4) Å, α = 87.54(2)º, β = 96.40(2)º, γ = 102.58(2)º, ν = 814.5 Å, D_x = 1.26 g/cm³, Z = 2, (MoKx) = 0.71073 Å, μ = 7.0 cm⁻¹: T = 23 °C, R = 0.047 for 2139 reflections having intensities greater than 36. The structure was solved using the Patterson heavy-atom method and the remaining atoms were located in succeeding difference Fourier syntheses. The structure was then refined by full matrix least-squares using anisotropic temperature factors. Hydrogen atoms were located and their positions and isotropic parameters were refined.     

Crystal growth and magnetic properties of the copper coordination polymer [Cu(µ ‐C2O4)(4‐aminopyridine)2(H2O)]n

In this paper, we consider various ways of crystal growth of the polymer [Cu(µ ‐C₂O₄)(4‐aminopyridine)₂(H₂O)]_n. Single crystals of the size of 1.5×1.5×0.2 mm³ have been grown by a slow diffusion technique from solutions of the monoammine copper complex and of the mixture of potassium oxalate and aminopyridine with the stoichiometric ratio. Magnetic susceptibility and ESR measurements have been performed on single crystals large enough for investigating anisotropic properties. The susceptibility can be well described within the model of a Heisenberg antiferromagnetic spin chain. The magnetic measurements reveal a small concentration of paramagnetic moments reflecting the high quality of the single crystals. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)